Thaj chaw tseem ceeb nyob hauv Mari yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Volga thiab nws sab laug, Vetluga. Cov neeg Finno-Ugric no tau tawg mus thoob plaws txhua thaj chaw nyob sib ze thiab cov koom pheej, ntau tus neeg sawv cev nyob hauv Urals. Cov ris tsho Mari yog suav nrog hauv pab pawg ntawm cov khaub ncaws hauv tebchaws ntawm cov neeg hauv cheeb tsam Volga.
Ethnos structure
Zoo li txhua haiv neeg, Mari muab faib ua tej pawg. Nws feem ntau yuav tsum ua nrog qhov chaw koj nyob. Peb qhov kev faib loj tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv: meadow (feem ntau ntau), roob thiab mari sab hnub tuaj. Thawj nyob rau hauv lub Volga-Vyatka interfluve, lub thib ob nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Mari El, lub thib peb yog cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm lub Volga cheeb tsam mus rau sab hnub tuaj cheeb tsam - Bashkiria thiab lub Urals. Mari costume ntawm txhua pab pawg muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Tab sis cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov khaub ncaws yog tib yam rau txhua tus Mari. Ntxiv mus, cov txiv neej thiab poj niam cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov neeg no nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm txawv ntawm ib leeg nyob rau hauv decorations.
Khaub ncaws,haum rau txhua tus poj niam txiv neej
Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws yog raws li hauv qab no: lub tsho thiab lub tsho, ib txoj siv nrog pendants thiab headdress, bast bast khau thiab canvas los yog woolen onuchi. Hnub so, khau tawv tawv tau hnav. Tab sis qhov txiav ntawm lub festive costume kiag li rov ua txhua hnub. Thiab tsuas yog cov decorations ua nws elegant. Cov txiv neej Mari feem ntau koom nrog kev ua ub ua no sab nraum zoov, uas txhawb kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg nyob ze, thiab yog li ntawd Mari cov txiv neej hnav ris tsho zoo li lub tebchaws Lavxias. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom lag luam tsim tau pib tshwm hauv cov txiv neej hnav khaub ncaws. Tab sis kom txog rau thaum lub 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub teb chaws tau tshwm sim ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv kev txiav thiab kho kom zoo nkauj, thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm tej yam khaub ncaws hnav.
Kev hais lus los ntawm kev ua neej nyob
Cov khaub ncaws ntawm ib lub tebchaws tau tsim los ntawm ntau yam, xws li kev lag luam kev lag luam, keeb kwm thiab huab cua. Txoj kev ua haujlwm uas muaj nyob ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, lub tunic txiav ntawm lub tsho tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov ntaub woven ntawm lub tsev loom tsuas yog khoov ntawm lub xub pwg nyom, thiab txiav tawm tau ua rau lub taub hau. Tsis tau txiav tawm armholes, fabrics khoov raws ob sab tau sewn rau, yog li lub tes tsho tau txais. Thaum pib, cov ntaub yog woven rau qhov ntev ntawm lub tsho nws tus kheej thiab lub tes tsho. Mari costume tau muab faib ua txhua hnub, festive thiab ceremonial khaub ncaws. Lawm, tus nkauj nyab lub tshoob tiab yog qhov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws. Nws tau nplua nuj nrog paj ntaub, braid, braid, hlaws, niam-ntawm-pearl plhaub, pluab thiab txhua yam uas cov craftswomen's fantasy tau hais, tab sis nrog nruj ua raws li cov qauv. Mari ximkhaub ncaws feem ntau yog dawb. Cov ris tsho Mari (daim duab txuas) yog xis thiab zoo siab.
Qhov txawv ntawm
Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws hauv tebchaws tau hais los ntawm ntuj thiab huab cua. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau saum toj no qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv, muaj xws li ib tug demi-season caftan (myzher), ib tug plaub tsho tiv no (zhga), lub caij ntuj no khau thiab headdress. Cov khoom no muaj qhov sib txawv txiav - ncaj nraub qaum thiab detachable ntawm lub duav. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg muaj lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb cov ntsiab lus - qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub rov qab yog trapezoidal, wedges tau muab tso rau, cov duab ntawm dab tshos yog txawv. Qhov no tsis tsuas yog siv rau cov ris tsho sab nrauv xwb. Yog li, piv txwv li, lub tsho hauv qab (tuvyr) ntawm cov nyom, roob thiab sab hnub tuaj Mari txawv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev txiav ntawm caj dab, qhov ntev ntawm lub tsho nws tus kheej.
txiv neej suit
Txij thaum ub, cov tsoos Mari txiv neej cov khaub ncaws suav nrog tuvyr (lub tsho), qhov ntev uas poob qis hauv caug, tab sis thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nws mus txog nruab nrab ntawm tus ncej puab. Cov ris tsho (yolash) kuj txawv - rau cov nyom thiab roob lawv tau sewn nrog cov kauj ruam nqaim, rau sab hnub tuaj - nrog rau qhov dav, uas tau muab los ntawm kev txiav los yog gusset.
Cov khaub ncaws xws li yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub pua tsev dawb (vyner), uas yog woven los ntawm hemp, tsawg dua los ntawm linen. Rau kev tsim cov khau, hnav khaub ncaws tsiaj tawv, bast, thiab ntaub plaub tau siv. Cov yam ntxwv yog Mari bast khau, woven ntawm xya bast, frills (ropes,qhwv ib ncig ntawm ceg) lawv tau ua los ntawm tib yam khoom.
Onuchi hnav daim ntaub nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, ntaub hauv lub caij ntuj no. Hauv cov xwm txheej huab cua hnyav dua, hnav khau boots. Cov kaus mom rau cov txiv neej kuj feem ntau hnov, ntawm ntau yam duab. Tom qab ntawd, cov tsoos Mari costume tau sib haum xeeb ua ke los ntawm kev lag luam-ua khau thiab kaus mom. Nws tsim nyog ntxiv tias txhua qhov qhib ntawm lub tsho hauv qab (caj dab, qhov kawg ntawm lub tes tsho, hem) yuav tsum tau txiav nrog ornaments. Nws muaj cov ntawv sau los ntawm dab phem. Nws yog paj ntaub los yog braid.
Txoj kev ntawm poj niam costume
Cov lus cais, raws li ib txwm muaj, tsim nyog tus poj niam cov khaub ncaws, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab originality. Cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov neeg ntawm thaj av Volga, Mari, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, ntxiv rau kev txiav tshwj xeeb, muaj lwm yam ntxwv ntawm nruab nrab Russia - cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khaub ncaws tau ua (hemp thiab linen, bast, felted khoom). Kev siv dej plhaub hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, ze rau sab qaum teb - dej pearls. Lub undershirt, tus yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam Volga, nyob rau hauv lub Mari version nyob rau hauv cov poj niam attire, txawv nyob rau hauv lub txiav ntawm lub tes tsho thiab hem. Cov xim dawb dav dav ntawm ib pab tub rog, zoo li tsis muaj lwm yam khaub ncaws, yog nplua nuj nrog cov yam ntxwv Mari paj ntaub (kev ncig xyuas), ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub hostess - nws teej tug mus rau ib tug tej yam haiv neeg pab pawg neeg, social status. Qee lub sij hawm lub nraub qaum ntawm qee qhov ntawm cov khaub ncaws kuj tau them nrog paj ntaub. Thiab tau kawg, txhua pab pawg hauv zos ntawm Mari muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv, cov duab thiab kev npaj ntawm paj ntaub.
Txiv kab ntxwv - "ib tsab ntawv dhau los" thiab ntxim nyiam
Cov xim ntawm cov ntaub plaub lossis cov ntaub lo lo ntxhuav siv los xaws cov ntaub yog txhua qhov ntxoov liab, xim av. Cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov neeg ntawm thaj av Volga, suav nrog Mari, yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai. Nws nqa cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txog cov neeg no, raws li nws rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ua ntej keeb kwm, thaum thawj cov duab kos tau tshwm sim, maj mam tig mus rau hauv cov khoom dai uas tuaj yeem qhia tau tias cov neeg hauv zos ntshai dab tsi, lawv ua dab tsi, lawv nyob ib puag ncig lawv.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws
Dab tsi ntxiv, ntxiv rau qhov ntev thiab txiav ntawm lub tsho qis, cov khaub ncaws ntawm txiv neej thiab poj niam ntawm Mari txawv? Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, Mari txiv neej hnav ris tsho tau ua tiav los ntawm lub kaus mom felted. Cov poj niam headdress tsim nyog cov lus sib cais, vim nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov khaub ncaws. Nws tau muab faib ua poj niam thiab ntxhais, yog li ntawd, ntxiv rau kev sib raug zoo thiab haiv neeg, nws kuj qhia txog hnub nyoog ntawm hostess.
Koj tuaj yeem sau ib tsab xov xwm cais txog lawv qhov sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, Mari cov poj niam siv ntau yam phuam qhwv caj dab thiab ntaub qhwv - qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm archaeological pom. Cov ntxhais muaj ob hom ntaub qhwv - ntawm cov ntaub plaub thiab tawv tawv. Lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov hlaws thiab npib.
Cov poj niam hnav hemispherical takiya, uas yog ib feem ntawm ntau cov tsoos tsho ntawm cov neeg hauv cheeb tsam Volga. Mari cov poj niam lub taub hau nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm tau ua tiav los ntawm ib txoj phuam qhwv diagonally, muab tso rau ntawm takiya thiab khi hauv qab lub puab tsaig. kaus momCov poj niam sib yuav yog txawv txawv - ncej, taw, spatula, phuam. Thiab tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau muab faib ua ob peb subspecies. Yog li, magpie, paub los ntawm crosswords, belongs rau cov chav kawm ntawm spade-puab sawv daws yuav, thiab feem ntau ancient headdress ntawm lub Marikas, lub shurka, siab heev (40 cm) thiab belongs rau lub kaus mom thav duab. Cov tsoos ris tsho ntawm cov neeg ntawm thaj av Volga, suav nrog Mari, muaj qee yam sib xws - cov kaus mom ntawm cov tawv ntoo lossis tawv tawv tau hnav los ntawm Mordovian, Udmurd, Kazakh cov poj niam. Thaum pib, nws yog Scythian headdress.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab ci ntsa iab
Yam yuav tsum tau ua ntawm tus poj niam hnav khaub ncaws yog siv, ib daim ntaub thiab ib daim ntaub. Needless hais, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus no tau ua tib zoo dai kom zoo nkauj. Koj tuaj yeem tham txog txoj siv sia ntev heev. Dab tsi lawv tsis tau dai rau ntawm lawv: hnab ris los yog hnab nyiaj, nqaim ib txoj hlua thiab ob txoj phuam, txhuam zoo nkauj thiab nplhaib. Outerwear tau girdled nrog intricate sashes. Aprons, zoo li lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khaub ncaws, tau embroidered thiab embroidered nrog braid, lace, decorated nrog hlaws dai thiab npib. Lub npog ntsej muag tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv, feem ntau nws muaj cov nyiaj npib. Cov ntsiab lus pom zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov duab txuas nrog. Cov ris tsho Mari zoo nkauj heev. Mari cov poj niam ua tiav nws nrog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub - nplhaib, qhwv ntsej, thiab lwm yam.
