Biblion (Greek) – phau ntawv, teka (Greek) – cia. Library - yog dab tsi? Ib chav khaws cia cov phau ntawv, cov ntawv sau, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xov xwm digital rau kev siv ntiag tug lossis pej xeem.
History
Lub hnub qub qub yog suav tias yog qhov chaw yug ntawm thawj lub tsev qiv ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev Babylonian nroog Nippur, ib tug sau ntawm av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj hnub rov qab mus rau 2500 BC twb nrhiav tau. e. Ib lub thawv papyri tau pom nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov ntxa ze ntawm Thebes. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Ramesses, nyob rau hauv lub tshiab Kingdom, muaj 20 txhiab papyri. Cov ntsiav tshuaj ntawm tus huab tais Assyrian raug suav hais tias yog lub tsev qiv ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los nto moo tshaj plaws hauv Nineveh.
Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Alexandria tau suav tias yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov phau ntawv qub thiab papyri. Nws yog ib feem ntawm qhov chaw cob qhia, uas suav nrog chav pw, chav kawm, nyeem ntawv, noj mov. Tsim los ntawm Ptolemy. Nws suav nrog 200 txhiab daim ntawv nyeem thiab 700 txhiab cov ntaub ntawv rau lub tsev kawm ntawv. Kev tua hluav taws raug rhuav tshem hauv 270 AD. e.
Tag nrho cov khw muag ntawv thaum ub tau khaws cia ntawm cov tuam tsev. Raws li nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov tsev qiv ntawv tsuas yog txuas nrog monasteries. Nyob ntawd, nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb qhuav cellars, dawb ceev vaj lug kub thiabCov ntawv sau txog Txiv Plig Tshaj Lij ntawm lub Koom Txoos. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau luam cov ntawv sau thaum ub, cov ntawv Latin thiab Greek uas poob rau hauv tes ntawm cov hauj sam. Tus nqi ntawm cov phau ntawv tau siab heev uas lawv tau muab khi rau ntawm phab ntsa thiab txee kom tsis txhob muaj tub sab.
Printing tau tsim nrog kev tsim ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv, thiab nws yog lub sijhawm tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv. Kev muaj cov ntaub ntawv, tus nqi tsim nyog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab ntawv tseeb tau cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho kab lis kev cai, kev kawm thiab kev paub txog tus kheej ntawm txhua tus tib neeg.
Type of libraries
- State.
- Municipal.
- Private.
- pob nyiaj.
- Private.
- Kev kawm.
Txiv Neej:
- Public.
- Baby.
- University.
- Industry: kho mob, kev, kev ua liaj ua teb.
- rau qhov dig muag.
- Youthful.
- Kev kawm.
National Library yog dab tsi? Repository ntawm tag nrho cov xovxwm ntawm lub teb chaws. Cov tsev tshaj tawm raug cai yuav tsum muab cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg nrog ntau cov ntawv luam ntawm lawv cov khoom. Tsis tsuas yog phau ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj memo, ntawv xov xwm, ntawv xov xwm.
Kev ua si
Pab tus nyeem ntawv thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv rau kev nyeem lossis kev kawm ntxiv. Muaj ob hom kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg siv khoom:
- Muab cov ntawv luam tawm rau koj txhais tes (tsev) rau ib lub sijhawm.
- Muab sijhawm los nyeem phau ntawv hauv chav nyeemHall.
Cov khoom xav tau ntau dua yog nyob rau hauv pej xeem sau, thiab tus qhua nws tus kheej tuaj yeem xaiv yam tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv. Lwm yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog nyob rau hauv phau ntawv depository thiab yog muab raws li qhov kev thov. Cov ntawv luam tawm uas tsis tshua muaj neeg tshaj tawm uas puas lossis muaj cov ntaub ntawv zais hauv lub xeev yuav tsum tau tso cai tshwj xeeb.
Mob tsev qiv ntawv yog dab tsi? Lub khw muag ntawv ntawm lub log? Hauv cov chaw nyob deb, qhov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv hauv zos tsis tshua muaj lossis tsis muaj nyob hauv, lub tsheb npav tawm nrog cov ntaub ntawv xav tau. Qhov no yog ib qho classic rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv lossis cov dab neeg niaj hnub no. Nws muaj lub luag haujlwm los lees txais kev txiav txim los ntawm cov neeg nyeem.
"Yog tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev puas tsuaj thoob ntiaj teb tsis muaj dab tsi nyob hauv ntiaj teb tab sis cov tsev qiv ntawv, ces tus neeg yuav tuaj yeem rov qab los," D. Likhachev sau.
Library. Cov tsev qiv ntawv yog dab tsi
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv yog qhov ntim ntawm cov peev nyiaj (ntau phau ntawv), lub hom phiaj, pob nyiaj siv thiab qhov tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws. Cov kev tsim nyog ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, qhov zoo ntawm kev khaws cia thiab kev muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm rau cov pej xeem kom tag nrho yog nyob ntawm kev siv nyiaj txiag. Nrog rau kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev tau txais cov ntaub ntawv.
Txhawm rau pab cov neeg nyeem tau zoo dua, lub tsev qiv ntawv siv cov ntawv teev npe. Cov no yog daim npav uas yog cov ntaub ntawv qhia. Sau cov tsiaj ntawv los ntawm tus sau, nrog rau phau ntawv npe, cov ntsiab lus, thiab xyoo tso tawm.
Tam sim no muaj ob hom ntaub ntawv txee: kev siv phau ntawv thiab hauv xov tooj cua. Lub txee hluav taws xob ua haujlwm tau zoo dua, nws tso cai rau koj kom pom cov ntaub ntawv koj xav tau sai, nws ruaj khov thiabtsis siv ntau qhov chaw hauv lub computer. Tab sis tsis yog txhua lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj lub sijhawm los yuav khoom siv computer vim muaj nyiaj tsawg.
Children's libraries
Lub tsev qiv ntawv me nyuam yaus yog dab tsi? Cov nyiaj khaws cia suav nrog cov phau ntawv rau cov menyuam yaus nyeem ntawv, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv pom zoo rau tsev kawm ntawv thiab kev nyeem ntawv ntxiv. Cov no yog cov dab neeg classic thiab niaj hnub thiab cov dab neeg hais txog menyuam yaus, tsiaj txhu, dab neeg los tsim kev xav.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv tsev kawm ntawv yog dab tsi thiab nws txawv ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv me nyuam li cas? Qhov txawv yog feem ntau ntawm cov nyiaj txiag. Yog hais tias cov me nyuam cov phau ntawv depositories yog lub nroog cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab tau txais cov nyiaj rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev, ces lub tsev kawm ntawv cov tsev qiv ntawv cov nyiaj txiag yog tsim los ntawm cov nyiaj txiag ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Ntxiv rau cov ntawv kos duab thiab kev kawm, lawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev qhia rau cov xibfwb.
Electronic Library
Lub tsev qiv ntawv hluav taws xob yog dab tsi? Cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv (phau ntawv, cov ntawv xov xwm, ntawv xov xwm) hauv cov qauv digital, uas tau npaj rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim sau. Nws yog nruab nrog kev tshawb nrhiav thiab navigation ua haujlwm. Qhov no tuaj yeem yog lub vev xaib uas niaj hnub ntxiv cov ntawv, ob qho tib si kos duab thiab tshawb fawb. Cov peev nyiaj yuav suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm, txaus siab rau lawv tus kheej thiab xav tau los ntawm cov neeg siv.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv online yog dab tsi (lossis hluav taws xob) thiab cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb:
- cov ntaub ntawv muaj ntau tshaj plaws;
- preservation of national cuab yeej cuab tam;
- ua haujlwm tau zoo rau kev kawm,kawm tus kheej, ua haujlwm.
thawj cov haujlwm hauv tsev qiv ntawv digital tau tshwm sim thaum ntxov 90s. Yeej tsis muaj lub xeev kev txhawb nqa thiab nyiaj txiag. Tab sis cov haujlwm ua tiav thiab nrov tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Lavxias Foundation rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Humanitarian Science Foundation.
Kev muaj koob meej ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv online tau loj hlob txhua hnub, niaj hnub no muaj ntau dua ib txhiab qhov chaw muag, sib pauv lossis muab cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim.
tsev qiv ntawv niaj hnub
Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm kev siv tshuab hluav taws xob, cov neeg siv niaj hnub no yuav tsum tau muab cov ntaub ntawv zoo. Lub tsev qiv ntawv Lavxias niaj hnub tam sim no nyob rau theem ntawm kev txhim kho. Txawm hais tias tus qauv twb tau tsim lawm, muaj kev nyuaj hauv kev ua haujlwm. Nyiaj txiag feem ntau.
Project "Model Library" - yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib tug qauv ntawm ib tug niaj hnub repository ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau pej xeem siv. Tus qauv tau pom zoo nyob rau ntawm lub rooj sib tham thib rau xyoo ntawm Lavxias Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Lub Tsib Hlis 2001. Lub hom phiaj: muab cov neeg siv nrog cov ntaub ntawv thov. Thawj qhov kev paub tau ua nyob rau hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv nyob deb nroog ntawm thaj av Pskov.
Txoj kev ntawm kev saib xyuas: luam tawm, yees duab thiab kaw suab, kos duab, cov haujlwm. Hloov ntawm tus kheej los yog hauv online. Lub Hom Phiaj: txhawm rau txhim kho lub neej zoo ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog thiab cov neeg nyob deb nroog, kev txhim kho cov kev xav tau tshiab, niaj hnub kev txawj ntse, ua kom yooj yim hloov mus rau qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm lub neej, kev pab nrhiav haujlwm lossis kev ua haujlwm ntxiv,sib ntaus sib tua nyob qis, tau txais kev paub.
Cov xwm txheej los tsim cov tsev qiv ntawv niaj hnub no tuaj yeem ua tau raws li:
- cov neeg ua haujlwm muaj tswv yim;
- kev txhawb nqa rau tsoomfwv hauv nroog;
- muaj qhov chaw thiab khoom siv;
- developed infrastructure.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv niaj hnub yog dab tsi? Lub tswv yim no muaj lub ntsiab lus dav. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub siab xav ua kom tau raws li tus qauv ntawm cov teb chaws tsim kho heev. Txhawm rau ua haujlwm tau zoo, koj yuav tsum tau hloov kho txhua yam haujlwm. Automate cov ntaub ntawv ua tiav, muab cov peev txheej ntawm xov xwm hluav taws xob.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau lub tsev qiv ntawv niaj hnub
Cov kev xav tau tseem ceeb suav nrog kev nkag mus tau siab tshaj plaws rau cov pej xeem. Hauv ib lub vojvoog ntawm 3 mais (lossis 20 feeb ntawm ko taw) yuav tsum muaj lub tsev qiv ntawv lossis ceg ntoo. Nws tseem yuav tsum nyob rau qhov yooj yim rau cov neeg siv, ntawm kev hla kev hla lossis ze ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb pej xeem.
Chav tsev ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv yuav tsum sib cais, qhov ntsuas kub thiab kev nyab xeeb (humidity) yuav tsum tau saib xyuas hauv qhov chaw cia. Thaj tsam tsis tsawg tshaj li 80-110 sq. m. Cov cuab yeej ua tiav: rooj, rooj zaum, racks, khoom siv. Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws - tsawg kawg yog 1 lub tshuab tua hluav taws rau 40-50 sq. m pem teb, hauv txhua chav. As well as a fire alarm.
