Mints yog cov tuam txhab tsim khoom, cov haujlwm tseem ceeb uas yog minting npib, tsim khoom xaj, khoom plig thiab lwm yam cim tshwj xeeb. Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam rov qab mus rau yav dhau los nyob deb, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj lub tshuab nyiaj txiag. Niaj hnub no, mints yog cov tuam txhab thev naus laus zis uas muab nyiaj npib raws li qhov kev thov ntawm Lub Xeev Cov Nyiaj Txiag. Txhua tus neeg tsim khoom ua haujlwm hauv hom kev cais nruj me ntsis.
Nyob mints thiab keeb kwm me ntsis
Mints tuaj yeem yog lub xeev tus tswv, uas ua tiav cov xaj ntawm Central Bank. Muaj cov koom haum ntiag tug zoo sib xws uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv xaj thiab khoom plig, cov paib thiab daim ntawv tso cai. Txhua hom kev lag luam yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb cov cim siv rau txhua lub npib. Cov tswv cuab ntawm cov nyiaj npib ntawm lub xeev thiab thaj chaw hom yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev pab los ntawm cov cim. Thawj qhov kev hais tawm ntawm pawg no ntawm kev tsim khoom hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 5 BC. Thawj mints tau tshwm sim hauv Athens. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 2 BC, ntau lawm tau tsiv los ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm Theseus mus rau Juno. Twb tau 115 xyoo tom qab Tswv Yexus yug los, lub tshav puam yoghauv Roman Colosseum. Tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv Rome, Lyon, Constantinople, Sicily thiab Aquileia, lawv tau nthuav dav thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
thawj lub tshav puam hauv tebchaws Russia: qhov kev xav ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm
Nws yog teeb meem heev uas xav txog qhov mint zoo li yav dhau los. Daim duab tsis tau thaij thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, cov duab kos tsis tau khaws cia. Tsuas muaj kev xav thiab kev xav xwb. Muaj qhov tseeb uas qhia tau hais tias cov lag luam raug xa mus rau hauv tes ntawm cov neeg ntiag tug, uas nws cov dej num tau raug saib xyuas nruj heev. Cov neeg koom nrog minting npib tau raug zam los ntawm se thiab cov dej num. Lawv muaj cai tsis raug foob rau txhua qhov kev ua tshwj tsis yog kev tua neeg, nyiag, thiab kev dag ntxias. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm qhia tau hais tias thawj mints nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm niaj hnub Russia yav dhau los ua haujlwm hauv cov nroog Greek ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd xws li Feodosia thiab Gorgippia, niaj hnub no hu ua Anapa. Cov kab ntawm cov kev lag luam no tau pom hauv Derbent thiab Tmutarakan.
Thawj Lub Tsev Hais Plaub hauv Moscow: theories thiab conjectures
Kev npaj minting ntawm cov nyiaj npib hauv Moscow, raws li kev kwv yees ua ntej thiab kev tshawb fawb, pib thaum lub sij hawm kav Ivan Donskoy (1362-1389). Tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog lub tsev hais plaub no thiab nws qhov chaw nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, qhov tseeb ntawm nws lub xub ntiag tau tsim los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov nyiaj npib ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Thawj cov nyiaj Moscow tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog Lavxias thiab Arabic inscriptions, ntau heevtechnologically ua stamp sib txuas.
Mentions from history
Cov mints ntawm Russia, qhov muaj uas tau sau tseg, tau tsim nyob rau hauv 14th-15th centuries. Lub sijhawm ntawd, lub tebchaws tau coj los ntawm John III. Minting ntawm npib tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Moscow, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv xws li lub zos xws li Pskov, Novgorod thiab Tver. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th mus rau lub xyoo pua 17th, minting ntawm npib tau muab tso rau mintzmeisters. Qhov kev coj ua no kuj muaj nyob hauv Europe. Tseem muaj pov thawj hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th tsis tsuas yog lub xeev cov tuam txhab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Moscow, tab sis kuj nyiaj txiag kev cob qhia ntawm ib tug princes ntawm Kalita tsev neeg. Thawj lub tsev hais plaub "sovereign" tau tshwm sim tom qab ib qho ntawm thawj qhov kev hloov pauv nyiaj txiag ntawm Elena Glinskaya nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm 1535 txog 1538. Lub tuam txhab nyob rau ntawm txoj kev Varvarka. Qhov kev tshwm sim no yog qhov pib ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Lavxias teb sab nyiaj txiag system. Cov mints ntawm Russia ntau centuries dhau los muab nyiaj npib ntawm tib qhov hnyav thiab sab nrauv tsim, uas yuav tsum tau txais kev lees paub thoob plaws hauv tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev. Chasing yog nqa los ntawm tes, thiab nyiaj hlau yog cov khoom siv rau kev tsim khoom. Cov hlau tau pib txiav rau hauv daim ntawm tib qhov loj, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau nias. Tom ntej no, phau ntawv khob tawm ntawm cov duab thiab cov ntawv sau rau ntawm qhov khoob khoob tau pib.
Centralization ntawm nyiaj txiag kev lag luam
Hauv xyoo 1595, ib lub koomhaum hu ua Monetary Order tau tsim. Lub koom haum siv kev tswj hwm ntawm minting npib sawv cev ntawm lub xeev. Cov kauj ruam no dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm txhua tusCentralization ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Tag nrho cov nyiaj ntsuab uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws tau txais cov npe nom tswv uas lawv xav tau los cim lawv cov khoom.
- Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Moscow - "M" lossis "MO".
- Novgorodsky yard - “V. TAB SIS."
- Pskov yard - "PS".
npib kev lag luam ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv 15th-20th centuries
Cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas txiav txim siab mint tau yooj yim dua los muab tom qab txhua lub lag luam muaj nws tus kheej lub cim cim. Cov kev lag luam hauv qab no uas tau pab nyiaj npib tuaj yeem hais tau:
- Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Liab, lossis Suav. Nws nyob ze ntawm phab ntsa Kitai-Gorod. Nyob rau obverse thiab thim rov qab ntawm cov nyiaj npib muab cov cim "KD", "MMD", "MM". Kev tsim khoom ua haujlwm los ntawm 1697 txog 1979. Lub tsev hais plaub muab kub, nyiaj thiab tooj liab nyiaj ntawm lub teb chaws hom nrog txawv denominations. Lawv kuj ua npib tshwj xeeb. Lub Mint muab nyiaj rau cov xeev B altic thiab Prussia.
- Kadashevsky yard hauv Kadashevsky kev sib hais haum. Nws tseem hu ua Khamovny, Zamoskvoretsky, Naval thiab Admir alty. Nyob rau obverse thiab thim rov qab, cov paib "MM" thiab "MD", "MDZ" thiab "MDD", "M" thiab "Moscow", "Mint" tau muab tso rau. Kev tsim khoom ua haujlwm los ntawm 1701 txog 1736. Qhov teeb meem ntawm kub, tooj liab thiab nyiaj npib ntawm ntau yam denominations tau ua tiav. Copper npib tau minted nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb ntau lawm department txij thaum 1704.
- Imbankment tooj liab vaj nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Kremlin. Xws li cov cim xws li "ND" thiab "NDZ", "NDD" tau minted rau ntawm cov nyiaj npib. Nws ua hauj lwm los ntawm 1699 txog 1727, uanpib ntawm tag nrho cov denominations.
- Lub St. Petersburg, los yog Imperial, Mint tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress hauv 1724. Cov npe ntawm cov npib yog "SPB" thiab "SPM", "SP" thiab "SM". Nws ua hauj lwm kom txog rau thaum qhov teeb meem ntawm cov nyiaj ntawm tsoom fwv tsarist raug tso tseg. Nws tau koom nrog hauv kev rov ua cov nyiaj npib tooj liab.
- Ekaterinburg tsev hais plaub tau muab nyiaj npib nrog cov npe "EM" thiab "Yekaterinburg". Nws ua haujlwm los ntawm 1727 txog 1876. Qhov teeb meem ntawm npib tau ntxiv los ntawm kev tsim cov voj voog rau lwm cov mints.
Nws tsim nyog hais txog cov lag luam xws li Imperial Mint thiab Anninsky ("AM"), Kolyvansky ("KM" thiab "Kolyvan Copper") thiab Suzunsky ("SM") Sestrovetsky ("SM") thiab Kolpinsky ("KM"), Tauride ("TM") thiab Tiflis, Warsaw ("VM", "MW") thiab Helsingfors.
Cov khoom uas tsis siv lawv lub cim
Lub mintmark ua rau nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov twg thiab thaum twg ib qho nyiaj npib ntawm ib pawg tau muab tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia, cov tsev hais plaub tau nthuav dav uas tsis siv lawv tus kheej insignia, tab sis affixed lub stamp ntawm lwm yam lag luam nyob rau hauv lub monetary units. Cov no yog Bank Yard thiab Rosencrantz Plant, Paris Court thiab Strasbourg, Birmingham thiab Izhora, Brussels thiab Avesta Tsev Hais Plaub. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov mints, xws li Krasny lossis Petersburg, tuaj yeem siv hauv lawv txoj haujlwm insignia ntawm Kadashevsky thiab Embankment Medny Dvor, lwm lub koom haum zoo sib xws, uas cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm.historians.
Nyiaj hauv RSFSR thiab USSR
Hauv RSFSR, cov kev xaiv tau pab txiav txim siab uas mint muab nyiaj:
- "A. G." - Cov no yog cov npe ntawm Hartmann, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tus thawj coj ntawm kev faib nyiaj npib mus txog xyoo 1923.
- "P. L." - lub npe ntawm Latyshev, tus thawj coj txij li xyoo 1924.
- T. R. - tus thawj coj ntawm Thomas Ross, lub taub hau ntawm minting redistribution ntawm London lub tsev hais plaub.
Lub mintmark thaum lub sijhawm muaj nyob ntawm USSR yog ob hom:
- "LMD" lossis "L" - Leningrad Mint.
- "MMD" lossis "M" - Moscow Mint.
Cov paib zoo li no yog thiab yog hom cim ntawm cov nyiaj npib uas yog ib qho kev tsim khoom tshwj xeeb. Lub cim tuaj yeem ua rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, lossis nws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm monogram, kos duab lossis kos npe.
niaj hnub Russia
Nyob rau hauv Russia niaj hnub no, cov npe hauv qab no tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov nyiaj npib: "MMD" thiab "SPMD" - uas qhia lawv tso tawm ntawm Moscow lossis St. Petersburg Mint. Txij li xyoo 1991, nws tau raug coj los ua cov cim xws li "M", "L", "MMD" thiab "LMD" ntawm cov nyiaj. Pib txij lub sijhawm xyoo 1997, cov no yog “M”, “S-P” thiab “MMD”, “SPMD”. Ob lub cim kawg tau siv rau cov nyiaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm monogram. Lavxias teb sab npib, pib los ntawm 1997, yog decorated nrog inscriptions "M", "S-P", "MMD" thiab "SPMD" nyob rau hauv monogram hom. Ntawm cov npib me me nrog cov denominations ntawm 1, 5, 10 thiab 50 kopecks, lub cim tuaj yeem pom ntawm sab xis hauv qab lub hoof. Cov paib "M" thiab "S-P" ntawm npib nrog lub ntsej muag tus nqi ntawm 1, 2 thiab 5 rubles yog nyob rau hauv txoj cai paw ntawm dav dawb hau. Monogram "SPMD" tuaj yeem pom ntawm daim ntawv hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Russia nrog lub ntsej muag tus nqi ntawm 10 rubles. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm obverse, txoj cai hauv qab no inscription "10 rubles".
Yuav ua li cas nyiaj npib tawm xyoo 2015
Lub Tuam Txhab Nyiaj Txiag Hauv Tebchaws Russia, txij li xyoo 1992, tau tshaj tawm cov nyiaj npib ua kev nco txog ntawm ob qho tseem ceeb thiab tsis muaj nuj nqis txhua xyoo. Ntxiv mus, peev nyiaj npib tau muab tso tawm, uas yog tag nrho minted los ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, raws li ua ntej, txhua tus ntawm lawv yog cim nrog mint cim. Cov txheej txheem minting yog ua raws li ib feem ntawm kev tshaj tawm tseem ceeb thiab tau npaj rau tag nrho xyoo dhau los. Txoj kev npaj rau kev tshaj tawm cov nyiaj npib tau pom zoo los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Central Bank thiab tom qab ntawd muab tso rau hauv lub vev xaib official ntawm tom kawg. Txhua lub npib sau tau muab tawm ntawm Moscow lossis St. Petersburg mints. Qhov no ua rau nws yooj yim dua los nrhiav cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas txiav txim siab mint. Cov nyiaj npib tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov cim tshwj xeeb, uas tsuas muaj 4 hnub no. Lub teb chaws Central Bank tsis muaj cai faib cov nyiaj npib ntawm cov tib neeg. Lub ntsiab distributor yog Sberbank. Cov npib tau pib yuav hauv thawj nthwv dej los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, uas tom qab muag lawv ntawm tus nqi nce ntxiv.
Tsoomfwv cov phiaj xwm rau xyoo 2015
Raws li txoj kev npaj emission, ob hom kev nqis peev nyiaj txiag yuav raug minted hauv 2015. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, 73 commemorative precious npib thiab 12 commemorative npib los ntawm lub hauv paus hlau yuav raug tsim. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nws tsim nyog txuas ntxiv tso tawm series,pib ua ntej: "Lub Nroog ntawm Tub Rog Lub Zog" thiab "Cov Neeg Zoo Tshaj Plaws ntawm Russia". Cov npib kim tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws yog hnub tim 1999 thiab muaj lub ntsej muag tus nqi ntawm 5 kopecks. Nws tsis paub meej tus nqi, tab sis nws muaj ntau tshaj li ntawm 100 txhiab rubles nyob rau hauv qhib auctions. Cov nyiaj npib no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nuj nqis los ntawm numismatists.
