Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius hauv Bulgaria: keeb kwm, sau, sau ntawv

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:46

National Library of Bulgaria. St. Cyril thiab Methodius (NBKM), nyob rau hauv Sofia, muaj ib tug ntawm cov richest archives nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov khoom thiab ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Founded hauv 1878, NBKM tau nthuav dav heev hauv 1931 tom qab tau txais ntau lab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub sijhawm Ottoman. Niaj hnub no, cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm Eastern Department ntawm NBKM (Kolektsiya na Orientalski Otdel) muaj ntau tshaj 1000 sau npe, ntau tshaj li ib lab tus neeg cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tag nrho cov xeev ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, yos rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub kaum tsib thiab twentieth centuries. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb hauv Persian, Arabic thiab Turkish. Ntxiv rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Sab Hnub Tuaj, Bulgarian Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm Archive (Bŭlgarski istoricheski arkhiv) tuav cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo thiab sau rau hauv ob qho tib si Ottoman Turkish thiab Bulgarian. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, NBKM yog lub pov haum zais rau cov kws tshawb fawb hauv Middle East thiab Balkans.

Tsim thiab txhim kho

Keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius yog ntev heev. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1878 thiab tau txais lub npe Sofia Public. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau dhau los ua National Library (1879). Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 1870 thiab 1880s, NBKM cov neeg ua haujlwm tau sau ntau yam ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub sijhawm Ottoman hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv thoob plaws Bulgaria thiab xa mus rau Eastern Department of the NBKM.

Xyoo 1944, vim yog tsov rog, tag nrho lub tsev raug rhuav tshem. Txawm hais tias qee cov ntaub ntawv tau raug puas tsuaj tsis zoo, ntau tau txais kev cawmdim. Tag nrho cov no tau raug xa mus rau cov chaw cia khoom hauv zos los tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntxiv. Thaum xyoo 1940s, tag nrho cov no tau rov qab mus rau lub tsev loj ntawm NBKM, tseem hu ua Central Scientific Library of Bulgaria.

Qhov chaw tam sim no tau qhib rau xyoo 1953. Lub tsev qiv ntawv tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg Cyril thiab Methodius, uas tau tsim cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua cuaj. Lub monument rau ob tug kwv uas tuav tus tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic sawv ntawm pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tsev thiab kuj yog ib tug ntawm cov sights ntawm lub nroog.

Txuag cov ntaub ntawv

Nyob rau xyoo 1931, ua ib feem ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm nom tswv raws li kev tsis lees paub ntawm Ottoman yav dhau los, tsoomfwv Turkish tau muag ntau cov ntaub ntawv Ottoman archival rau cov ntawv zeb hauv Bulgaria siv los ua cov ntawv pov tseg. Qhov kev tshwm sim no tau dhau los ua lub npe hu ua vagonlar olayı (qhov xwm txheej wagon) vim tias cov ntaub ntawv tau raug thauj hauv tsheb ciav hlau, thiab thaum cov xwm txheej tau paub hauv Turkey, qhov noua rau muaj kev sib cav sib cav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov nom tswv ntawm lub sijhawm. Thaum cov tub ceev xwm kev lis kev cai Bulgarian pom tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov tseeb Ottoman lub xeev cov ntaub ntawv thiab tsis pov tseg, lawv tau muab tso rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius. Niaj hnub no, cov ntaub ntawv no muaj ntau tshaj li 70% ntawm tag nrho Eastern Department ntawm NBKM, uas txuas ntxiv nws cov hauj lwm ntawm cataloging thiab khaws cia.

Collections

NBKM muaj kaum ib phau ntawv - los ntawm Slavic thiab txawv teb chaws phau ntawv sau ntawv mus rau Sau ntawm Oriental Kws qhia ntawv.

Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees muaj ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Ottoman Archive thiab Oriental Manuscript Collection. Bulgarian Historical Archive kuj tseem nyob hauv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Sab Hnub Tuaj, vim nws suav nrog ntau cov ntaub ntawv hauv Ottoman thiab Bulgarian.

Sijill Collection

Sijill yog tus sau npe nkag-tawm txheej txheem los ntawm qadi (tus kws txiav txim plaub) lossis nws tus thawj coj hauv ib qho kev sib hais haum. Nws kuj suav nrog cov ntawv luam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm qadi. Muaj ntau tshaj 190 daim nyob rau hauv no sau los ntawm lub kaum rau rau lub lig XIX centuries. Lawv yog cataloged los ntawm cheeb tsam xws li Sofia, Rousse, Vidin, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj daim ntawv index nkag nyob rau hauv Turkish los ntawm Latin los yog Ottoman. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws los ntawm Sofia hnub tim 1550, thaum feem coob yog los ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum yim. Lawv feem ntau yog los ntawm Vidin thiab Sofia. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom sau tau raug digitized thiab muaj nyob rau ntawm lub vev xaib raug caiCov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius.

Waqf registers

Hauv kev cai lij choj Islamic, waqf (waqf) yog cov khoom ntiag tug uas tus neeg ntiag tug lossis lub xeev pub dawb rau kev ntseeg lossis kev siab hlub. Muaj ntau dua 470 tus neeg waqf sau npe hauv qhov sau no (los ntawm 15th mus rau 20th centuries). Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov lwm cov npe waqf tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov sijill sau. Lawv sau feem ntau hauv Ottoman thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv hauv Arabic. Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws waqf sau npe hnub rov qab mus rau 1455 thiab qhov tseeb yog los ntawm 1886.

Nyiaj txiag ntau yam

Cov khoom no suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv Ottoman tas li nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb cadastral (timar, zeamet thiab icmal) tuaj yeem pom hauv phau ntawv no. Kuj tseem muaj ntau hom kev lag luam thiab cov ntawv sau npe (ruznamce). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nyiaj no muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kheej, xws li fermans, buruldu, arzukhals, ilams thiab ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kheej thiab cov ntaub ntawv.

Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Ottoman hauv cov khoom no yog cataloged raws li cheeb tsam lawv nyob, thiab txhua cheeb tsam muaj ib qho sib cais nrog tus lej sib txawv.

Feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv nkag hauv Cyril thiab Methodius cov tsev qiv ntawv sau cov lej tau sau hnub tim, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv suav nrog cov ntsiab lus xws li "tub rog", "lub tsev teev ntuj", "sexation", timar, muab qee cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim txog hom ntaub ntawv. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj lwm cov ntaub ntawv muaj rau tus kws tshawb fawb txog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm phau ntawv teev npe. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov kev tshaj tawm, feem ntausau los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Sab Hnub Tuaj, xws li cov npe thiab cov ntawv teev npe ntawm cov ntawv xaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Ottoman, uas yuav pab tau. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv phau ntawv no tau tshaj 1,000,000, thiab tsis muaj leej twg tau raug digitized. Lawv cov hnub muaj txij li lub kaum tsib mus rau nees nkaum centuries.

Sau cov phau ntawv sau ntawv Oriental

Nws muaj txog 3800 ntim hauv Arabic, Turkish thiab Persian. Cov ntawv sau ntxov tshaj plaws yog ib daim ntawv luam ntawm cov ntawv sau los ntawm Muhammad al-Bukhari al-Jami al-Sahih (810-870). Ib qho ntawm cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv sau no yog ib daim qauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm xyoo pua 12th Arab tus kws paub txog thaj chaw Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nujat al-Mushtaq, Ihtirak al-afak ("Kev lom zem ntawm cov neeg qaug zog hauv kev taug kev los ntawm cov cheeb tsam"). Muaj ib feem ntawm phau ntawv sau no ua lus Askiv, Arabic thiab Bulgarian.

Cov ntawv sau txawv tebchaws thiab Slavic

Cov khoom no yog sawv cev los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv medieval thiab lig medieval thiab muaj tag nrho txog 1700 yam khoom. Yeej, cov no yog phau ntawv sau ntawm kev ntseeg thiab dogmatic cov ntsiab lus, npaj rau kev siv liturgical thiab cov kev xav tau niaj hnub ntawm lub neej monastic: txoj moo zoo, ps alters, thwj tim, kab ke, liturgics, missals, ntau hom kev sau, daim ntawv qhia hnub ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees, sau sib xyaw hauv cov ntsiab lus, nrog rau feem ntau ntau yam apocryphal tej hauj lwm, collections ntawm hymnographies, collections ntawm secular txoj cai thiab lub tsev teev ntuj tshuaj (nomocanons), liturgical phau ntawv, beadrolls, thiab lwm yam. Lawv kuj muaj secular thiabCov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb: txhais thiab cov haujlwm qub, suav nrog cov haujlwm qub qub, Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, piv txwv ntawm European kev xav txog kev xav, kev txhawb siab Bulgarian (Alexander's tshiab, zaj lus piv txwv ntawm "Trojan Horse", cov ntawv sau keeb kwm, ntawv, ntawv nyeem, phau ntawv txhais lus, ntau yam treatises, thiab lwm yam).

Cov phau ntawv sau ntawm Slavic tes sau muaj cov ntawv sau los ntawm Bulgaria, Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia thiab Russia. Nws nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm nplua nuj ntawm kev sau kab lis kev cai thaum lub sijhawm Nrab Hnub nyoog lig, lub sijhawm ntawm Ottoman txoj cai thiab lub tebchaws Bulgarian kev txhawb siab.

Ntawm cov ntawv sau npe koj tuaj yeem pom cov npe ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, xws li tus pov thawj Dobreisho, tus pov thawj John, tus pov thawj Gerasim, tus mlom-copier ntawm Rila Mardariy, tus txiv plig Spiridon, tus pov thawj Visarion Debara, Peter Grammatik, tus pov thawj Daniil Etropolsky, tus kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv Nedyalko thiab nws tus tub Philip, Joseph Bradati, Nikifor Rilsky, pov thawj Pamvo Kalofer, Peter Tsarsky, pov thawj Pancho, Sofrony Vratsky thiab lwm tus. Cov sau los ntawm Greek cov ntawv sau, feem ntau yog tsim rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub liturgy, qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm Bulgarians nrog Patriarchate ntawm Constantinople. Cov phau ntawv no txuas ntxiv txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Byzantine.

Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv Cyril thiab Methodius yog Cantica Ecclesiastica (18-19th caug xyoo). Phau ntawv no muaj 34 zaj nkauj qhuas Vajtswv - anastasimatarions, katabasiai, heirmologions, thiab lwm yam., feem ntau yog sau ua Bulgarian thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ornaments.

Txoj kev sau ntawv txawv teb chaws thiab ntu ntu

Cov phau ntawv txawv teb chaws muaj 767,239 ntim, thiab ntu ntu - ntau dua 10,000 lub npe hauv 726,272 ntim. Kev nrhiav tau ntawm classical tej hauj lwm ua lus txawv teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm science, kab lis kev cai thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nrog rau cov phau ntawv uas tau txais kev tso cai thoob ntiaj teb thiab lub teb chaws khoom plig; cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb los ntawm cov rooj sib tham thiab cov rooj sib tham; collections Bulgarica, Balkanika thiab Slavica, thawj zaug ntawm tej hauj lwm los ntawm classical thiab niaj hnub sau ntawv. Cov ntawv luam tawm txawv teb chaws raug sau rau hauv ib daim qauv ntawm cov lus qub. Cov ntawv yuav khoom tau nthuav tawm hauv hom lus tshaj plaws: Lus Askiv, German, Lavxias, Fabkis, hom lus ntawm cov neeg Balkan thiab Slavic. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm ua hom lus tsis tshua muaj raug muab txhais ua ib hom lus nyob sab Europe.

Cov lus qhia ua ntej rau kev nrhiav tau cov phau ntawv txawv teb chaws thiab lub sijhawm ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius yog: lej, kev xav, kev tshawb fawb, kev cai lij choj, kev lag luam, kev nom kev tswv, kev sib raug zoo, kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb, keeb kwm, kab lis kev cai, kev tshawb fawb, tsev qiv ntawv, Kev tshawb fawb txog bibliographic thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb, kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam, keeb kwm kos duab, linguistics, sau ntawv thuam thiab ntawv tseeb. Kev saib xyuas tseem ceeb yog them rau cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib koom tes xws li sociolinguistics, kev paub txog science, anthropology, kev nom kev tswv, thiab lwm yam.

National Archives

Ntau hom ntaub ntawv tsim tawm hauv lub tebchaws no tau sau rau hauv Archives of Bulgarian Literature. Nws muaj txhua yam ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm,cov ntaub ntawv yees duab, phonograms, dissertations thiab abbreviations, raws li zoo raws li txij li thaum 2000 (thaum tau txais kev cai lij choj tso nyiaj tshiab) thiab cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob. Cov phau ntawv uas muaj tsawg dua 100 daim ntawv luam, cov ntawv sau Braille, cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm txawv teb chaws thiab xaj los ntawm Bulgarian cov tib neeg lossis cov koom haum raug cai, nrog rau cov ntawv luam tawm hauv Bulgarian lossis cuam tshuam nrog Bulgaria tuaj yeem xa tawm hauv lub tebchaws yuav raug khaws cia. Cov kev tuav pov hwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ntawm National Library of Saints Cyril thiab Methodius muaj txog 1,600,000 phau ntawv teev lus.