Ib yam ntawm tsob ntoo loj no muaj nyob rau hauv cov kob ntawm New Zealand. Cov nroj tsuag thaum ub, uas tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm Jurassic (kwv yees li 150 lab xyoo dhau los), tau dim ntawm dinosaurs, thiab hnub no nws yog lub cim tiag tiag ntawm lub xeev.
Yog tsis muaj tsob ntoo agatis (duab, piav qhia thiab nta tau nthuav tawm tom qab hauv tsab xov xwm) nws nyuaj rau xav txog New Zealand. Agatis (lat. Agathis) yog ib tsob ntoo loj ntawm tsev neeg Araucariaceae nrog nplooj zoo li koob.
Araucariaceae
Qhov no yog pawg qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov nroj tsuag coniferous uas nws keeb kwm geological tau paub txij li thaum kawg ntawm Permian lub sijhawm. Feem ntau, lawv muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los. Lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv subtropical thiab tropical aav ntawm sab qab teb hemisphere ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Cov nplooj feem ntau loj, ovate los yog dav lanceolate (tej zaum yuav luag puag ncig). Tsawg dua yog rab koob, me me. Qee hom kuj muaj nplooj ntsuab ntawm lub cev.
Features of Araucariaceae - ceg poob. Lawv tso tag nrho cov lateral tua nrog nplooj. Tag nrho cov nroj tsuag ntawm genus Agatis yog ntoo, loj,Qee zaum ncav cuag 70 meters hauv qhov siab thiab muaj lub cev tuab tuab (3 meters lossis ntau dua). Cov me me muaj 2 hom nroj tsuag no. Agatis yellowing hlob mus txog 12 meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab, qee zaum nws yog dwarf. Qhov no ntau yam yog dav nyob rau hauv rainforests ntawm lub Malay Peninsula (qhov nruab nrab ib feem). Thiab cov qauv ntawm agathis ovoid, loj hlob hauv New Caledonia, tsis tshua muaj siab txog qhov siab tshaj 9 meters.
Kev faib tawm
tsob ntoo agathis coniferous (daim duab tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm) tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau ib lub genus ntawm cov kob, txij li nws qhov chaw faib khoom txheeb ze rau tsuas yog cov npoo ntawm ob sab av loj (hauv Southeast Asia - Malay Peninsula, hauv Australia - xeev Queensland) npog feem ntau cov Islands tuaj. Niaj hnub no, txog 20 ntau yam ntawm tsob ntoo no paub. Lawv muaj nyob hauv New Zealand, Australia (nyob rau sab qaum teb), Polynesia thiab Melanesia, ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Malay Archipelago, ntawm Malay Peninsula, nrog rau hauv New Guinea thiab Philippines.
Txawm tias nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine, hauv cov pob zeb ntawm lub hnub nyoog Eocene, tau pom ib hom pob txha - Agathis armaschewskii.
Views
Hauv qab no yog ntau yam ntawm genus Agatis thiab qhov twg lawv loj hlob:
- Agathis australis - New Zealand kauri lossis yav qab teb agathis (North Island of New Zealand);
- Agathis alba - dawb agathis (Australia, Queensland);
- Agathis silbae de Laub (Island State of Melanesia - Vanuatu);
- Agathis moorei, lanceolata, ovata, montana de Laub (New Caledonia Island in Melanesia);
- Agathis atropurpurea (Australia);
- Agathis borneensis Warb (Kalimantan, West Malaysia);
- Agathis Dammara - Agatis Dammara (Eastern Malaysia);
- Agathis flavescens, orbicula, lenticula de Laub, kinabaluensis (Kalimantan);
- Agathis macrophylla (Vanuatu, Fiji, Solomon Islands);
- Agathis robusta (New Guinea, Australia, Queensland);
- Agathis microstachya (Australia, Queensland);
- Agathis labillardierei (New Guinea Island).
Kev piav qhia dav dav
Evergreen dioecious, thiab qee zaum monoecious, yog ntoo loj heev. Lawv ncav cuag qhov siab ntawm 50-70 meters. Agatis yog tsob ntoo uas muaj cov cones kheej kheej (megastrobiles) thiab tawv tawv dav nplooj. Kev nthuav tawm cov ntoo ntawm cov ntoo paub tab yog dav, thaum cov nroj tsuag hluas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov duab conical. Lub bark yog du, nrog ntau yam ntxoov ntxoo, los ntawm greyish mus rau reddish xim av. Nws tev thiab flakes, tawm hauv qhov liab qab thiab du thaj ua rau ntawm cov ceg ntoo thiab lub cev, uas ua rau nws zoo li txawv nrog specks.
Lub cev feem ntau yog columnar, tsuas yog me ntsis thinning rau saum. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm nws yog tsis muaj lateral ceg. Kwv yees li ntawm theem ntawm nruab nrab ntawm tsob ntoo, cov ceg ntoo loj loj pib tshwm rau ntawm lub cev ntawm agathis, uas tsim cov kab sib kis.
Txoj kev cog qoob loo
Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, agathis (los yog kauri) ntoo thiab coniferous hom muaj feem xyuam rau tsev neeg loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib tug loj cheeb tsam. New Zealand, tuav feem ntau ntawm nws. Lawv cov fossil seem tseem pom. Muaj qee zaus cov ntoo tau txiav txim siab thiab siv hauv kev lag luam ntoo. Hardened kauri resin yog thiab tam sim no suav tias yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tiav.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias lawv loj hlob qeeb, thiab yog li ntawd active poob (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau yav qab teb agatis) ib zaug coj mus rau ib tug ceev ceev ntawm lawv cov zauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev hloov pauv hauv huab cua uas tshwm sim txog 500 xyoo dhau los ua rau muaj kev txwv loj heev rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Nws tau dhau los ua nyuaj rau cov nroj tsuag uas nyiam tshav kub los sib tw nrog cov ntoo loj hlob sai thiab txias-resistant.
Hnub no, kauri (sab qab teb agathis) loj hlob feem ntau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw sov tshaj plaws ntawm New Zealand (cov cheeb tsam sab saud ntawm North Island), nyiam cov hav thiab qhib qhov chaw zoo. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov ntoo hluas tsim cov thickets tuab heev, tab sis thaum lawv loj hlob, tsuas yog ob peb lub loj loj nrog cov pob tw dav thiab nthuav dav.
tsob ntoo muaj npe
Agatis nto moo tshaj plaws hauv New Zealand (cov duab ntawm qee qhov ntawm lawv muaj nyob hauv qab) tau muab cov npe, ib yam li cov ntoo mammoth hauv California. Lawv tau sau nrog cov npe. Cov ntoo loj tshaj plaws nrog nws tus kheej lub npe yog Tane Mahuta (Tane-mahuta txhais los ntawm Maori - "Thawj incarnation of Tane"). Nws qhov siab yog 51.5 m, lub cev ncig yog 13.8 m.
Lwm tsob ntoo nto moo thoob plaws hauv New Zealand yog kauriwith the name Te Matua Ngaere (translate as "Txiv Hav Zoov"). Nws yog qis dua thawj tus (29.9 meters), tab sis muaj lub cev dav tshaj plaws ntawm ntau hom ntoo uas muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no - 16.4 meters. Nws muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 2000 xyoo. Ob qho tib si nthuav tawm ntoo yog nyob rau hauv lub tiaj ua si nto moo kauri - Waipoua Forest. Ob peb lub npe hu ua agathis loj hlob hauv nws.
Ib tsob ntoo ntxiv yuav tsum tau sau tseg, loj hlob ntawm Coromandel Peninsula. Rau nws qhov txawv txav ntawm lub cev, nws tau txais lub npe Square Kauri (txhais tau tias "Square Kauri"). Nws muaj 1200 xyoo. Tsob ntoo nyob qib 15 hauv qhov loj ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm hom no loj hlob ntawm ceg av qab teb.
Tag nrho cov kauri loj pom hauv New Zealand tau ntev lawm qhov pom ntawm lub xeev.
Txoj ntoo
Agatis muaj ntoo nrog cov thev naus laus zis zoo. Nws yog elastic, zoo kawg nkaus ua haujlwm thiab muaj ob peb ceg. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, Scope ntawm nws daim ntawv thov tau thiab tseem dav heev. Thawj qhov chaw ntawm agathis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov nqi ntoo yog nyob rau yav qab teb agathis tsob ntoo, uas yog tib hom ntawm cov genus uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv New Zealand.
Npaum yog qhov tseeb tias nws cov ntoo tsis raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev phom sij ntawm cov kab beetles. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, nws tau kov yeej lub ntiaj teb kev ua lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no feem ntau yog yav dhau los. Niaj hnub no kev xa tawm tsis tuaj yeem muab piv rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, thaum cov nkoj tau tsim los ntawm cov ntoo loj heev, thiab txawm tias nyob rau qhov loj dua. Tom qab ntawd qhov chaw ntawm New Zealand tau npog nrog cov hav zoov yav qab teb agathis.
Lub ntsiab lus thiab daim ntawv thov
Cov nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg Araucariaceae yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Feem ntau cov ntoo agathis muaj cov ntoo muaj txiaj ntsig thiab cov noob noj tau. Ib qho resin zoo li copal (natural fossil resin) yog muab rho tawm los ntawm qee hom. Sab nraud ntawm nws qhov chaw, cov nroj tsuag feem ntau bred ua ornamental.
Cov ntoo muaj zog ntawm tsob ntoo yog siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom siv ntoo, guitars (tswj lub cev), rooj tog, thiab lwm yam. Yav tas los, nws tau dav siv hauv kev tsim nkoj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov nkoj nkoj, kev koom tes, kev tsim kho, thiab lwm yam..
Ntoo rau guitar
Agathis yog tsob ntoo coniferous pom muaj ntau hauv qee lub tebchaws ntawm thaj av Esxias. Lub peculiarity ntawm ntoo yog hais tias nws cov nqi yog tsawg, thiab nws yog heev yooj yim mus ua. Hauv qhov no, bass guitars ua los ntawm agathis yog cov cuab yeej pheej yig. Ntoo muaj nuj nqis los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij rau nws lub suab zoo: lub cav ntoo yog ze rau mahogany, uas suav tias yog kim. Lub suab ntawm cov twj no yog qhov sib sib zog nqus thiab sov, tab sis flatter thiab yooj yim dua.
Copal
Cov resin ntawm cov nroj tsuag no (los yog copal), uas tau nteg nyob rau hauv av tau ntau xyoo (millennia los yog ntau tshaj) yuav siv sij hawm qhov tsos ntawm amber, yog li nws yog feem ntau siv los xyaum nws. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv cov resin ntawm tsob ntoo coniferous agatis, nrog rau cov ntxhia hauv cov organic keeb kwm (B altic.amber), muaj feem ntau suav nrog: kab thiab nplooj. Kauri-copala tuaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag tib xim raws li tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm B altic amber: los ntawm daj ntseg txiv qaub daj mus rau reddish xim av. Tseem muaj cov dub.
