Nrhiav koj tus kheej hauv Caucasus, lossis hauv Dagestan, dhau sijhawm koj pib nkag siab tias thaum xub thawj cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws no zoo li zoo ib yam, qhov tseeb, txhua tus nyias txawv nyias. Nyob rau tib lub tebchaws, muaj cov kab lig kev cai sib txawv, kev lis kev cai, hom lus thiab hom lus. Vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim? Ethnographers hais nrog kev ntseeg siab: 33 cov neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Republic of Dagestan. Cia peb kawm ntxiv me ntsis txog lawv.
Nationalities of Dagestan
Lwm txoj kev, lub teb chaws hu ua ib tug cim constellation ntawm tib neeg. Hais txog haiv neeg ntawm Dagestan, nws nyuaj rau suav lawv tus lej. Txawm li cas los xij, paub tias txhua haiv neeg tau muab faib ua peb hom lus tseem ceeb. Thawj yog Dagestan-Nakh ceg, koom nrog tsev neeg Iberian-Caucasian lus. Qhov thib ob yog pawg Turkic. Qhov thib peb yog tsev neeg lus Indo-European.
Hauv tebchaws tsis muaj lub tswv yim ntawm "npe npe haiv neeg", txawm li cas los xij, nws cov yeeb yam tseem ceeb tseem siv tau rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm 14 haiv neeg. Dagestan belongs rauthaj tsam ntau haiv neeg ntawm Russia, thiab niaj hnub no ntau dua 3 lab pej xeem nyob hauv nws thaj chaw.
Muaj me ntsis txog tsev neeg hom lus
Raws li peb tau hais lawm, haiv neeg ntawm koom pheej ntawm Dagestan tau muab faib ua peb hom lus. Thawj - Dagestan-Nakh ceg - suav nrog Avars, Chechens, Tsakhurs, Akhvakhtsi, Karatins, Lezgins, Laks, Rutuls, Aguls, Tabasarans. Lub zej zog no kuj suav nrog Andians, Botlikhs, Godoberi, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Tindals, Chamalals, Bagulals, Khvarshins, Didoys, Bezhtins, Gunzibs, Ginukhs, Archins. Cov pab pawg no kuj sawv cev los ntawm Dargins, Kubachins thiab Kaitags. Tsev neeg thib ob - Turkic - sawv cev los ntawm cov haiv neeg hauv qab no: Kumyks, Azerbaijanis, Nogais.
Pab pawg thib peb - Indo-European - yog tsim los ntawm Russians, Tats, Mountain Jews. Qhov no yog li cas haiv neeg hauv Dagestan zoo li niaj hnub no. Daim ntawv teev npe yuav raug muab ntxiv nrog cov haiv neeg tsawg dua.
Avars
Txawm hais tias tsis muaj haiv neeg nyob hauv tebchaws, ntawm Dagestanis tseem muaj qee qhov kev faib ua ntau dua thiab tsawg dua cov haiv neeg ntawm Dagestan (los ntawm tus lej). Avars yog cov neeg coob tshaj plaws ntawm thaj av Dagestan (912 txhiab tus neeg, lossis 29% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem). Lawv thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw nyob yog suav tias yog thaj tsam ntawm sab hnub poob roob Dagestan. Cov pej xeem nyob deb nroog ntawm Avars ua rau ib feem loj ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem, thiab lawv qhov kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim nyob rau nruab nrab hauv 22 cheeb tsam. Lawv kuj suav nrogAndo-Tsez haiv neeg, uas cuam tshuam nrog lawv, thiab Archins. Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, lub Avars hu ua Avars, lawv kuj tau feem ntau hu ua Tavlins los yog Lezgins. Lub teb chaws no tau txais lub npe "Avars" sawv cev ntawm tus huab tais medieval ntawm Avars, uas kav lub nceeg vaj ntawm Sair.
Dargins
haiv neeg twg nyob hauv Dagestan? Cov pawg neeg thib ob loj tshaj plaws yog suav tias yog Dargins (16.9% ntawm cov pejxeem, uas txhais tau tias 490.3 txhiab tus neeg). Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg no feem ntau nyob hauv thaj chaw roob thiab ko taw ntawm nruab nrab Dagestan. Ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, Dargins raug hu ua txawv me ntsis - Akushins thiab Lezgins. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub teb chaws no nyob 16 cheeb tsam ntawm lub koom pheej. Cov Dargins yog cov ntseeg ntawm Sunni Muslims.
Tsis ntev los no, tus naj npawb ntawm Dargins ze lub peev ntawm Dagestan - Makhachkala - tau pib nce ntxiv. Tib yam tshwm sim nrog ntug dej hiav txwv Caspian. Dargins suav hais tias yog cov lag luam thiab cov kws tshaj lij tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem hauv tebchaws. Tau ntau xyoo lawv cov haiv neeg tau tsim los ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev hla kev lag luam, uas tau tso nws cov cim ntawm txoj kev ua neej ntawm haiv neeg.
Kumyks
Cia peb kawm ntxiv seb haiv neeg twg nyob hauv Dagestan. Leej twg yog cov Kumyks? Qhov no yog cov neeg Turkic coob tshaj plaws nyob rau sab qaum teb Caucasus, uas yog qeb thib peb ntawm cov haiv neeg ntawm Dagestan (431.7 txhiab tus neeg - 14.8%).
Kumyks nyob hauv ko taw thiab thaj chaw tiaj tiaj hauv tebchaws, tuav tag nrho 7cheeb tsam. Lawv raug ntaus nqi rau cov neeg ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb kab lis kev cai, khov kho nyob rau hauv qhov chaw xaiv rau qhov no. Lub teb chaws no tau txhim kho kev ua liaj ua teb thiab nuv ntses. Ntau tshaj 70% ntawm kev lag luam ntawm tag nrho lub teb chaws kuj tseem muaj nyob ntawm no. Lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai ntawm Kumyks yog heev nplua nuj thiab thawj nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txoj kev - nws yog cov ntaub ntawv, lus dab neeg, thiab kos duab. Muaj ntau tus wrestlers nto moo ntawm lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev txom nyem ntawm cov neeg yog cov Kumyks sawv cev rau cov haiv neeg ntawm Dagestan, ntawm cov uas muaj ntau tus neeg nyob tsis tau kawm ntawv.
Lezgins
Yog li, peb kawm cov haiv neeg ntawm Dagestan los ntawm tus lej. Peb kov me ntsis ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Tab sis nws yuav tsis ncaj ncees tsis txhob kov ntawm qee lub tebchaws ntawm lub tebchaws. Piv txwv li, Lezgins (385.2 txhiab tus neeg, lossis 13.2% ntawm cov pejxeem). Lawv nyob hauv thaj chaw tiaj, toj siab thiab ko taw ntawm Dagestan. Lawv thaj chaw keeb kwm raug suav tias yog thaj chaw nyob ib sab ntawm hnub no lub koom pheej thiab nyob sib ze Azerbaijan. Lezgins tuaj yeem tsim nyog txaus siab rau lawv cov keeb kwm nplua nuj, ncab los ntawm lub sijhawm qub. Lawv thaj chaw yog ib thaj av ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm Caucasus.
Hnub no cov Lezgins tau muab faib ua ob ntu. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub teb chaws no suav hais tias yog cov tub rog tshaj plaws, thiab yog li ntawd feem ntau "kub". Yog li muaj pes tsawg haiv neeg nyob hauv Dagestan? Daim ntawv yuav mus ntev heev.
Russians thiab Laks
Ob peb lo lus yuav tsum hais txog cov neeg sawv cev hais lus Lavxias hauv lub tebchaws. Lawv kuj sawv cev rau haiv neeg ntawm Dagestan, nyob hauv feem ntau ntawm Hiav Txwv Caspian thiab nws ib puag ncig. Makhachkala. Cov neeg Lavxias feem ntau (104 txhiab, 3.6%) tuaj yeem pom hauv Kizlyar, qhov twg ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem nyob. Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais txog Laks (161.2 txhiab, 5.5% ntawm cov pejxeem), uas tau nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov roob Dagestan txij thaum keeb kwm.
Nws ua tsaug rau Laks uas thawj lub xeev Muslim tau sawv hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws. Lawv raug lees paub tias yog jacks ntawm txhua qhov kev lag luam - thawj Caucasian handicraftsmen los ntawm haiv neeg no. Txog rau hnub no, cov khoom lag luam lacquer koom nrog ntau yam kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb, coj qhov chaw muaj koob npe tshaj plaws.
Cov neeg me ntawm Dagestan
Nws yuav tsis ncaj ncees los tham txog ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tebchaws no. Cov neeg tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov koom pheej yog Tsakhurs (9.7 txhiab, 0.3%). Yeej, cov no yog cov neeg nyob hauv cov zos uas nyob hauv cheeb tsam Rutulsky. Yeej tsis muaj Tsakhurians nyob hauv nroog. Lub tebchaws me tshaj plaws tom ntej yog Aguls (2.8 txhiab, 0.9%). Lawv nyob hauv cheeb tsam Agul, feem ntau lawv kuj nyob hauv kev sib hais haum.
Aguls tuaj yeem pom hauv Makhachkala, Dagestan hluav taws thiab Derbent. Lwm cov neeg me ntawm Dagestan yog Rutuls (27.8 txhiab, 0.9%). Lawv nyob hauv thaj chaw yav qab teb. Lawv tus lej tsis ntau tshaj li Aguls - qhov sib txawv yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 1-1.5 txhiab tus neeg nyob. Rutulians sim ua raws li lawv cov txheeb ze, yog li lawv ib txwm tsim ua pab pawg me. Chechens (92.6 txhiab, 3.2%) yog cov irrescible tshaj plaws thiabcov neeg txhoj puab heev. Tus naj npawb ntawm lub tebchaws no loj dua. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua tub rog hauv Chechnya muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov xwm txheej pej xeem. Niaj hnub no, Chechens kuj tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau cov haiv neeg me ntawm Republic of Dagestan.
Result
Yog li, dab tsi yog haiv neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Dagestan? Tsuas muaj ib lo lus teb xwb - txhua yam. Raws li lawv hais txog lub tebchaws, Dagestan yog ib hom kev sib txuas ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav luag txhua haiv neeg muaj nws cov lus, uas txawv ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze. Muaj pes tsawg haiv neeg nyob hauv Dagestan - ntau yam kev coj noj coj ua, kev coj noj coj ua thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub neej muaj nyob hauv lub tebchaws tshav ntuj no.
Daim ntawv teev hom lus ntawm cov neeg Dagestan sau 36 ntau yam. Qhov no, tau kawg, ua rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg no nyuaj. Tab sis thaum kawg, koj yuav tsum paub ib yam - cov neeg Dagestan, sawv cev los ntawm ntau haiv neeg, muaj nws tus kheej keeb kwm yav dhau los, uas ua rau muaj ntau haiv neeg niaj hnub no, nthuav thiab yog li tsis zoo li txhua haiv neeg haiv neeg ntawm cov koom pheej. Nco ntsoov mus xyuas qhov chaw no - koj yuav tsis khuv xim nws! Koj yuav tau txais tos nyob rau hauv txhua lub ces kaum ntawm lub teb chaws.
