Russian gas pipelines: daim ntawv qhia thiab daim duab. Gas pipelines los ntawm Russia mus rau Tebchaws Europe

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Russian gas pipelines: daim ntawv qhia thiab daim duab. Gas pipelines los ntawm Russia mus rau Tebchaws Europe
Russian gas pipelines: daim ntawv qhia thiab daim duab. Gas pipelines los ntawm Russia mus rau Tebchaws Europe

Video: Russian gas pipelines: daim ntawv qhia thiab daim duab. Gas pipelines los ntawm Russia mus rau Tebchaws Europe

Video: Russian gas pipelines: daim ntawv qhia thiab daim duab. Gas pipelines los ntawm Russia mus rau Tebchaws Europe
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Kev thauj mus los ntawm cov kav xa dej txav mus rau cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li roj thiab roj. Lavxias teb sab pipelines muaj ntau tshaj li ib nrab ib puas xyoo ntawm keeb kwm. Kev tsim kho pib nrog kev txhim kho cov roj teb hauv Baku thiab Grozny. Daim duab qhia chaw tam sim no ntawm Russia cov kav dej xa hluav taws xob suav nrog yuav luag 50,000 km ntawm cov kav dej loj, los ntawm cov roj feem ntau ntawm Lavxias tau siv.

Lavxias teb sab gas pipelines
Lavxias teb sab gas pipelines

Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab gas pipelines

Kev thauj mus los ntawm cov pa roj hauv tebchaws Russia tau pib ua haujlwm zoo rov qab rau xyoo 1950, uas tau cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho cov teb tshiab thiab kev tsim kho cov roj refinery hauv Baku. Twb tau los ntawm 2008, tus nqi thauj khoom thiab cov khoom siv roj mus txog 488 lab tons. Piv rau 2000, cov duab tau nce 53%.

Txhua xyoo, cov kav dej Lavxias teb sab (cov tswv yim tau hloov kho thiab qhia txog txhua txoj kev loj) loj tuaj. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv 2000 qhov ntev ntawm cov kav dej yog 61 txhiab km, nyob rau hauv 2008 nws twb 63 txhiab km. Los ntawm 2012 tseem ceeb heevlub ntsiab gas pipelines ntawm Russia nthuav. Daim ntawv qhia qhia txog 250 txhiab km ntawm cov kav dej. Ntawm no, 175,000 km yog qhov ntev ntawm cov kav dej, 55,000 km yog qhov ntev ntawm cov kav dej, thiab 20,000 km yog qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom siv roj pipeline.

Gas pipeline thauj hauv Russia

Gas pipeline yog ib qho kev tsim qauv ntawm kev thauj mus los, uas yog siv los thauj methane thiab cov pa roj. Cov pa roj yog nqa tawm nrog kev pab ntawm qhov siab tshaj.

Hnub no nws nyuaj rau ntseeg tias Lavxias Federation (hnub no tus xa khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm "xiav roj") pib nyob ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom yuav txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv 1835, thawj tsob nroj rau extraction ntawm "xiav roj" tau qhib nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg nrog ib tug faib system los ntawm lub teb mus rau cov neeg siv khoom. Cov nroj tsuag no tsim cov pa roj los ntawm txawv teb chaws thee. 30 xyoo tom qab, tib tsob nroj tau tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow.

map of russian gas pipelines
map of russian gas pipelines

Vim tus nqi siab ntawm kev tsim cov kav dej thiab cov khoom siv raw, Russia thawj cov kav dej tau me me. Cov kav dej tau tsim nrog cov kab loj loj (1220 thiab 1420 mm) thiab nrog qhov ntev. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ntawm thaj chaw roj av thiab nws cov khoom tsim tawm, qhov loj ntawm "xiav dej" hauv Russia pib nce sai.

Russia cov kav dej loj tshaj plaws

Gazprom yog tus neeg ua haujlwm loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov roj ntsha hauv tebchaws Russia. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam txhab yog:

  • kev tshawb nrhiav geological, mining, tsheb thauj mus los, cia, ua haujlwm;
  • kev tsim khoom thiab muag khoom cua sov thiab hluav taws xob.

Tam sim nomuaj xws li kev khiav hauj lwm gas pipelines:

  1. Blue Stream.
  2. Progress.
  3. Soyuz.
  4. Nord Stream.
  5. Yamal-Europe.
  6. Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhhorod.
  7. Sakhalin-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok.

Vim tias muaj ntau tus neeg ua lag luam txaus siab rau kev txhim kho cov roj thiab roj refining sector, engineers tau nquag tsim thiab tsim cov kav dej loj tshiab hauv Russia.

Russian roj pipelines

Lub raj xa roj yog ib qho kev tsim qauv ntawm cov kav xa dej xa mus uas yog siv los thauj cov roj los ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom mus rau cov neeg siv khoom. Muaj ob hom kav dej: lub ntsiab thiab teb.

gas pipelines ntawm Russia scheme
gas pipelines ntawm Russia scheme

Cov kav dej loj tshaj plaws:

"Kev phooj ywg" yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Tam sim no ntau lawm ntim yog 66.5 lab tons hauv ib xyoos. Txoj kev loj khiav ntawm Samara mus txog Bryansk. Hauv nroog Mozyr, Druzhba tau muab faib ua ob ntu:

  • txoj kev loj sab qab teb - hla Ukraine, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech koom pheej;
  • kev loj sab qaum teb - dhau lub teb chaws Yelemees, Latvia, Poland, Belarus thiab Lithuania.
  1. Lub B altic Pipeline System yog cov kav dej roj uas txuas cov chaw tsim khoom roj nrog lub chaw nres nkoj hiav txwv. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov raj xa dej no yog 74 lab tons roj ib xyoos.
  2. Lub B altic Pipeline System-2 yog ib qho system uas txuas cov kav dej Druzhba nrog cov chaw nres nkoj Lavxias hauv B altic. Lub peev xwm yog 30 lab tons hauv ib xyoos.
  3. Eastern oil pipelinetxuas qhov chaw mining ntawm Eastern thiab Western Siberia nrog Asmeskas thiab Esxias kev lag luam. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov kav dej no tau nce mus txog 58 lab tons hauv ib xyoos.
  4. Lub Caspian Pipeline Consortium yog qhov tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb txoj haujlwm nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov tuam txhab roj loj, tsim los tsim thiab ua haujlwm 1,500 km ntawm cov kav dej. Lub peev xwm ua haujlwm yog 28.2 lab tons hauv ib xyoos.
main gas pipelines ntawm russia daim ntawv qhia
main gas pipelines ntawm russia daim ntawv qhia

Gas pipelines los ntawm Russia mus rau Europe

Russia tuaj yeem muab roj rau Tebchaws Europe hauv peb txoj hauv kev: dhau los ntawm Ukrainian gas tsheb thauj mus los, nrog rau los ntawm Nord Stream thiab Yamal-Europe gas pipelines. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshwm sim uas Ukraine thaum kawg tso tseg kev koom tes nrog Lavxias teb sab Federation, cov khoom ntawm "xiav roj" rau cov teb chaws Europe yuav tsum tau nqa tawm tsuas yog los ntawm Lavxias teb sab gas pipelines.

Lub tswv yim muab methane rau Tebchaws Europe qhia, piv txwv li, cov kev xaiv hauv qab no:

  1. Nord Stream yog lub raj xa hluav taws xob uas txuas rau Russia thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees raws qab hiav txwv B altic. Lub raj xa dej hla hla lub xeev: Belarus, Poland thiab B altic lub teb chaws. Nord Stream tau tshaj tawm tsis ntev los no - hauv 2011.
  2. "Yamal-Tebchaws Europe" - qhov ntev ntawm cov kav dej roj yog ntau tshaj li ob txhiab kilometers, cov kav dej hla dhau thaj chaw ntawm Russia, Belarus, Lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Poland.
  3. "Blue kwj" - cov kav dej xa hluav taws xob txuas rau Lavxias Federation thiab Qaib Cov Txwv hauv qab Hiav Txwv Dub. Nws ntev yog 1213 km. Tus tsim muaj peev xwm yog 16 billion cubic meters ib xyoos twg.
  4. South Stream - cov kav dej tau muab faib uahiav txwv thiab thaj av. Sab ntug dej hiav txwv khiav raws qab ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub thiab txuas rau Lavxias Federation, Qaib ntxhw, thiab Bulgaria. Qhov ntev ntawm ntu yog 930 km. Tshooj av hla dhau thaj chaw ntawm Serbia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Ltalis, Slovenia.

Gazprom tshaj tawm tias xyoo 2017 tus nqi roj rau Tebchaws Europe yuav nce 8-14%. Cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas Lavxias hais tias qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj rau xyoo no yuav siab dua li xyoo 2016. Cov nyiaj tau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab gas monopoly hauv 2017 yuav loj hlob los ntawm $ 34.2 billion.

loj gas pipelines ntawm Russia
loj gas pipelines ntawm Russia

Russian gas pipelines: ntshuam schemes

Nyob ze rau txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws uas Russia muab roj xws li:

  1. Ukraine (muag ntim yog 14.5 bcm).
  2. Belarus (19, 6).
  3. Kazakhstan (5, 1).
  4. Moldova (2, 8).
  5. Lithuania (2, 5).
  6. Armenia (1, 8).
  7. Latvia (1).
  8. Estonia (0, 4).
  9. Georgia (0, 3).
  10. South Ossetia (0, 02).

Ntawm cov tebchaws uas tsis yog CIS, Lavxias siv roj av:

  1. Lub teb chaws Yelemees (tus ntim ntim yog 40.3 bcm).
  2. qaib ntxhw (27, 3).
  3. Italy (21, 7).
  4. Poland (9, 1).
  5. UK (15, 5).
  6. Czech koom pheej (0, 8) thiab lwm yam.

Gas mov rau Ukraine

Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2013 Gazprom thiab Naftogaz tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus ntxiv. Cov ntaub ntawv tau qhia txog tus nqi "qis" tshiab, ib feem peb tsawg dua li tau hais hauv daim ntawv cog lus. Daim ntawv cog lus tau pib siv thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1, 2014, thiab yuav tsum tau rov ua dua txhua pebhli. Vim yog cov nuj nqis rau cov roj, Gazprom tau tso tseg qhov luv nqi hauv lub Plaub Hlis 2014, thiab txij li lub Plaub Hlis 1, tus nqi tau nce mus rau $ 500 ib txhiab cubic meters (tus nqi luv nqi yog $ 268.5 ib txhiab cubic meters).

gas pipelines los ntawm Russia mus rau Europe
gas pipelines los ntawm Russia mus rau Europe

Npaj rau kev tsim cov kav dej hauv tebchaws Russia

Daim duab qhia ntawm cov kav dej Lavxias teb sab ntawm theem kev txhim kho suav nrog tsib ntu. Txoj haujlwm South Stream ntawm Anapa thiab Bulgaria tsis tau ua tiav; Altai tab tom tsim - qhov no yog lub kav dej ntawm Siberia thiab Western Tuam Tshoj. Lub Caspian gas pipeline, uas yuav muab cov roj ntuj los ntawm lub hiav txwv Caspian, yav tom ntej yuav tsum dhau los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, Turkmenistan thiab Kazakhstan. Rau kev xa khoom los ntawm Yakutia mus rau cov teb chaws ntawm thaj av Asia-Pacific, lwm txoj kev tab tom tsim - Yakutia-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok.

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