Cosmodrome "Vostochny": keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim thiab nthuav qhov tseeb

Cov txheej txheem:

Cosmodrome "Vostochny": keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim thiab nthuav qhov tseeb
Cosmodrome "Vostochny": keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim thiab nthuav qhov tseeb

Video: Cosmodrome "Vostochny": keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim thiab nthuav qhov tseeb

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Anonim

Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR, lub zog qhov chaw tau tso tseg tsis muaj nws tus kheej cosmodrome, vim Baikonur mus rau Kazakhstan. Qhov yuav tsum tau txo qis kev vam khom ntawm kev xa tawm los ntawm ib lub tebchaws nyob sib ze tau pom tseeb, thiab nws yuav tsis mob kom txuag tau nyiaj - Baikonur raug nqi ntau tshaj $ 100 lab hauv Lavxias txhua xyoo! Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2007, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Russia tau kos npe rau tsab cai lij choj raws li lub teb chaws yuav tsum muaj nws tus kheej cosmodrome - Vostochny. Qhov khoom tshwj xeeb no nyob qhov twg, nyob rau theem twg ntawm kev tsim kho, nyiaj ntau npaum li cas twb tau siv rau nws txoj kev tsim kho? Peb yuav tham txog qhov no thiab ntau ntxiv hauv kab lus no.

History

Thaum xub thawj, ob qho kev xaiv rau qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom raug txiav txim siab - txawm tias Khabarovsk Thaj Chaw lossis thaj av Amur. Nws tau txiav txim siab los tsim Vostochny cosmodrome hauv Amurskaya. Tau kawg, qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog qhov tsis muaj cov nqi tsim vaj tsev loj (Vostochny nyob ze ntawm Svobodny cosmodrome, uas tau tawg hauv 2007). Tsis tas li ntawd, thaj av no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov qis seismicity. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas, raws li kev xam, cov missiles launched los ntawmcosmodrome nyob rau thaj tsam Amur, yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb kiag li - thawj theem yuav poob rau sab qab teb ntawm Yakutia, uas tsis muaj neeg nyob, thiab thib ob - hauv hiav txwv Arctic.

Vostochny Cosmodrome nyob qhov twg?
Vostochny Cosmodrome nyob qhov twg?

2010 tau cim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm kev pib ua hauj lwm muaj ib tug memorial kos npe rau hauv qhov chaw no. Ib xyoos tom qab, kev tsim qauv thiab kev tsim ua ntej pib. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 2012 - kev tsim kho ntawm thawj lub community launch complex, uas tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 2016. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog hais tias kev tsim kho tau nrog cov kev ua tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev ua tsis ncaj ncees, kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tsis tau them nyiaj hli. Tab sis ua ntej ua ntej.

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj Lavxias teb sab yog li 700 square kilometers. Nws tau txiav txim siab tias lub nroog Tsiolkovsky, uas tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm ZATO ntawm Uglegorsk, yuav dhau los ua qhov chaw nyob thiab chaw tswj hwm ntawm Vostochny cosmodrome.

Kev tsim kho kaum qhov chaw yog npaj - ob qho tib si kev thiab muab. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho chaw tso tawm rau lub tsheb pib nrog lub peev xwm ntxiv load yuav raug tsim. Lub tshav dav hlau, txoj kev thiab kev tsheb ciav hlau yuav tshwm sim ntawm no, ob tsob nroj ib zaug - oxygen-nitrogen thiab hydrogen ib.

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Kev tsim kho ntawm Vostochny

Tam sim no koj paub qhov twg Vostochny Cosmodrome nyob. Cia peb tham txog kev nce qib ntawm nws txoj kev tsim kho. Kev tsim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub chaw pib hauv 2012. Tom qab ntawd ib lub qhov hauv paus tau khawb ntawm no, lub hauv paus ntawm qee lub tsev tau muab tso rau. Kev tsim kho tau pib thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis.hlau qauv, nthuav dav ntawm Ledyanaya railway chaw nres tsheb. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2013, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Tsim Kho Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Lavxias Federation Alexander Busygin tau tshaj tawm:

Txij Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2011 txog rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, Spetsstroy ntawm Russia tau ua tiav cov haujlwm tseem ceeb: hav zoov tau raug txiav, ib qho chaw tsim kho tau npaj, txoj kev ib ntus tau tsim los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw nrog tag nrho. ntev yuav luag 70 kilometers kom paub meej tag nrho cov hauj lwm ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub cosmodrome. Txhua lub ntiaj teb ua haujlwm rau cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cosmodrome tau ua tiav: kev khawb thiab tshem tawm cov av nrog tag nrho cov ntim ntau dua 7 lab cubic meters tau ua tiav. Lub hauv paus ib ntus rau kev tso cov cuab yeej siv tau raug teeb tsa, lub chaw hloov pauv rau 4.5 txhiab tus neeg tau tsim thiab tau ua haujlwm. Tag nrho cov kev tsim kho vaj tse thiab cov tsev nyob ib ntus tau raug xa mus - cov pob zeb ua vaj tse, kev tsim cov khoom siv ntxiv, crushing thiab tshuaj ntsuam cov chaw. Ntau tshaj 120 txhiab cubic meters ntawm monolithic reinforced pob zeb twb tau muab tso rau hauv "lub cev" ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej cosmodrome. Niaj hnub no, kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm lub community launch thiab technical complexes yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias.

Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 2014, thawj theem ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tau ua tiav ntawm Vostochny cosmodrome, thiab thaum Lub Xya Hli, 96% ntawm tag nrho cov kev ua vaj tse tau ua tiav. Tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim kho cov chaw kho mob tau pib. Hauv xyoo 2015, kev teeb tsa cov cuab yeej siv rau kev xa tawm tsheb thiab kev tsim kho ntawm tag nrho cov complex rau khaws cia cov foob pob hluav taws roj tau pib. Kev txhawb nqa kev sib txuas lus ntawm cosmodrome kuj tau pib. Cais, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau - los ntawm Tsib Hlis 14, 100kilometers ntawm txoj kev los ntawm Trans-Siberian mus rau lub cosmodrome. Thaum kawg ntawm tib lub hlis, All-Lavxias teb sab tub ntxhais kawm tsim qhov chaw qhib ntawm qhov chaw. Cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws tau dhau los ntawm kev xaiv loj, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws tau mus rau cosmodrome! Ntau tshaj 100 cov tub ntxhais hluas los ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv Tomsk, Kazan, Kursk, thiab Amur Region nyiam qhov kev tsim kho rau lub semester kev kawm. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias cov xib fwb muaj kev khuv leej rau kev yuam tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm lawv cov menyuam kawm ntawv.

Thawj theem ntawm kev tsim kho tau ua tiav rau lub caij nplooj zeeg 2016. Txhua qhov chaw tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm thaum kawg ntawm tib lub xyoo. Lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm kev tsim kho tau pib hauv ib nrab xyoo 2017. Nws tau npaj tseg tias txhua txoj haujlwm yuav ua tiav los ntawm 2021. Thaum lub Yim Hli xyoo tas los, tsoomfwv Lavxias tau faib ntau tshaj li ob puas lab rubles rau Ministry of Construction rau kev tsim thiab kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm, uas yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub zog siv hluav taws xob rau theem ob ntawm kev tsim kho. Los ntawm txoj kev, Minister of Defense ntawm Lavxias Federation Sergei Shoigu tswj kev nce qib ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm tau ua thiab xa cov chaw.

Vostochny Cosmodrome: yees duab thiab piav qhia
Vostochny Cosmodrome: yees duab thiab piav qhia

Vostochny Cosmodrome: duab ntawm qhov project thiab nws cov nqi

Thawj qhov kev nqis peev nyiaj txiag tau tsim hauv xyoo 2011 - tom qab ntawd 1.4 billion rubles tau faib rau kev tsim kho thiab kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm. Cov nyiaj no yuav tsum tau tsim cov kab hluav taws xob, kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab txoj kev. 81 billion tau faib rau thawj theem ntawm kev tsim kho - los tsim kev txhawb nqa infrastructure rau Vostochny cosmodrome. Cov nyiaj tau muab xam rau ib lub sijhawm mus txog 2015. Lwm 92 billion tau faib rauspace technology.

Vostochny cosmodrome project
Vostochny cosmodrome project

Nws tau npaj tias kev tsim kho tag nrho cov chaw yuav siv li peb puas txhiab rubles. Cov peev nyiaj rau kev tsim kho ntawm theem thib ob ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj rau xyoo 2017-19 twb tau pom zoo lawm: nws yuav yog 25-30 billion ib xyoos.

Kev tawm tsam thiab tub sab

Yuav luag ib txhij nrog kev tsim kho, cov neeg ua haujlwm pib tawm tsam - lawv tau ncua sijhawm them nyiaj ua haujlwm. Thawj Tswj Hwm tau hais kom Dmitry Rogozin, Tus Lwm Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab, los daws qhov teeb meem. Hauv xyoo 2014, nws tau raug xaiv los ua tus saib xyuas kev tsim kho. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias Rogozin tau mus xyuas qhov chaw tsim kho ntau tshaj li tsib caug zaug.

Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2015, qhov xwm txheej nrog cov nyiaj ua haujlwm hnyav zuj zus ntxiv uas cov neeg tsim khoom tsis tsuas yog mus rau kev tshaib kev nqhis xwb, tab sis kuj tig mus rau Direct Line nrog Vladimir Putin. Qhov tseeb yog tias tag nrho cov nuj nqis rau cov neeg tsim khoom thaum lub sijhawm ntawd yog ntau dua 150 lab rubles.

Cosmodrome "Vostochny" los ntawm satellite
Cosmodrome "Vostochny" los ntawm satellite

Ntau qhov teeb meem txhaum cai tau pib los ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev nyiag nyiaj ntau tshaj xya txhiab rubles. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau kev tswj ntawm ib lub tsev cog lus - lub tuam txhab Pacific Bridge. Tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm lub tuam txhab no raug kaw rau peb lub xyoos hauv tsev lojcuj. Lub tsev hais plaub tau tsim tias nws yog I. Nesterenko uas tau tsim cov tub sab nyiag ntawm 104.5 lab.

Cosmodrome infrastructure

Thaum pib, nws tau npaj los tsim ntau yam kev sib txawv thiab kev txhawb nqavenues.

Cosmodrome "Vostochny": piav qhia
Cosmodrome "Vostochny": piav qhia

Yog li, ua tiav Vostochny cosmodrome yuav suav nrog:

  • tso tsheb thauj mus los complex;
  • airfield kom tau txais dav hlau ntawm txhua hom;
  • kev;
  • railroads;
  • fctories - oxygen-nitrogen thiab hydrogen;
  • hulls rau kev sim thiab kev cob qhia manned spacecraft;
  • logistics warehouses;
  • hellipad thiab nyoob hoom qav taub;
  • khoom rau kev cob qhia astronauts;
  • chaw nyob - ob qho tib si rau cov khoom siv thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv chaw nres nkoj;
  • pair chaw.

Kev cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij

Tau kawg, nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog cov haujlwm ntawm Vostochny Cosmodrome yam tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog. Txog niaj hnub no, kev cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij tau ua ib zaug hauv ntau lub tebchaws Lavxias:

  • South Ural State University;
  • Amur State University;
  • Moscow Aviation Institute.

Txij li xyoo 2012, kev cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij rau txhua qhov kev pabcuam ntawm cosmodrome pib ntawm Bauman University hauv Moscow, Pedagogical University hauv Blagoveshchensk.

Kev ua haujlwm

Thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm los ntawm Vostochny Cosmodrome yog thawj zaug tau teem tseg rau thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2015. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau qhov chaw tseem tsis tau npaj txhij nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab yog li ntawd Vladimir Putin tau txiav txim siab ncua kev tshaj tawm mus rau lub Plaub Hlis 27, 2016. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem tso lub tsheb tso tawm rau hnub ntawd: lub community launch tau raug ncua vim yogvim tsis muaj lub teeb liab teb nyob rau hauv lub missile tswj system.

Thawj lub foob pob hluav taws tso tawm los ntawm Vostochny Cosmodrome, raug pov hwm rau 1.84 billion rubles, tau tshwm sim ib hnub tom qab, lub Plaub Hlis 28, 2016. Tom qab ntawd lub Soyuz tso lub tsheb pib 3 lub dav hlau mus rau hauv lub orbit ib zaug - Aist-2D, Mikhailo Lomonosov, thiab Sam-Sat-218 nanosatellite.

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Search group

Lub xub ntiag ntawm pawg tshawb fawb ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cosmodrome yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Cov kws tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm Vostochny cosmodrome hauv Amur Region ua dab tsi? Ua ntej tshaj plaws, lawv ceeb toom rau cov pej xeem nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg, ua lub dav hlau ua ntej, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev khiav tawm ntawm cov neeg yos hav zoov thiab lwm tus neeg nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg. Lawv kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev tshuaj xyuas tom qab tso tawm, tshawb nrhiav thiab khiav tawm ntawm qhov chaw uas tau sib cais los ntawm cov cuaj luaj.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias thaum lub sijhawm xa tawm, nws yog los ntawm lub cosmodrome no uas pab pawg tshawb fawb tau xa mus rau hauv ob cheeb tsam ntawm Amur Region - Zeya thiab Tyndinsky, thiab ob thaj tsam ntawm Yakutia - Vilyuysky thiab Aldansky.

Tus nqi rau lub tebchaws

Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias vim yog kev tsim kho ntawm Vostochny cosmodrome tshiab, lub tebchaws yuav tau txais kev ywj pheej kiag li hauv qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv hauv cheeb tsam Amur yuav txhim kho tau zoo - kev loj hlob ntawm cheeb tsam kev lag luam pib, kev nqis peev thiab cov peev nyiaj ntiag tug tau nyiam. Kev txo qis ntawm tus nqi xauj tsev Baikonur tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb.

txiaj ntsig

Roscosmos TV studio npaj ua yeeb yaj kiab-ib qho kev nthuav qhia uas qhia txog cov theem ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm qhov chaw, nws qhov tsis zoo thiab qhov zoo. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tsim nyog sau cia yog tias Vostochny cosmodrome nyob 11 degrees sab qab teb ntawm Plesetsk. Qhov no, cov kws tshaj lij hais tias, yuav tso cai tshem tawm cov khoom loj. Ntawm qhov zoo yog qhov tseeb hais tias txoj kev dav hlau missile tsis hla thaj chaw ntawm lwm lub xeev, thiab dhau ntawm thaj chaw muaj neeg nyob hauv Russia. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov chaw no nyob ze heev rau airfields, railways thiab txoj kev.

Vostochny Cosmodrome, Amur cheeb tsam
Vostochny Cosmodrome, Amur cheeb tsam

Vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj tshiab, kev pheej hmoo nom tswv tau txo qis. Lub ntsiab lus yog tias nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos dhau los Kazakhstan tau rov thaiv Lavxias teb sab missile launches nyob rau hauv ntau yam pretexts. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub complex tshiab yuav txo cov load ntawm Baikonur, txawm li cas los xij, tseem tsis tau tham txog kev hloov ua tiav - tsawg kawg kom txog thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm xauj tsev hauv 2050.

Kev nyuaj

Tau kawg, muaj qee qhov nyuaj. Piv txwv li, muaj ib qho kev xav tau ceev ceev los thauj lub dav hlau ntawm no, uas txhais tau hais tias nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los nteg ib txoj kab tsheb ciav hlau los yog tsim lub tshav dav hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshaj lij tau sau tseg tias thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm Baikonur mus rau Vostochny, cov nqi thauj khoom yuav nce ntxiv, ob qho tib si ntawm lub sijhawm thiab nyiaj txiag. Qhov tseeb yog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kev xa cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab lub tsheb pib tshaj li tsib thiab ib nrab txhiab kilometers! Yog vim li cas xyoo 2015 nws tau txiav txim siab hloov lub rooj sib txoos ntawm Angara missiles mus rau lub nroog Omsk.

Kev tsis muaj vaj tse kuj dhau los ua teeb meemthiab txhua yam kev tsim kho vaj tse rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj tshiab. Tsuas yog me ntsis ntau dua 6 txhiab tus neeg tuaj yeem nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Uglegorsk tib lub sijhawm, thiab yog li xav tau kev daws teeb meem tshiab. Nws tau npaj tseg tias lub nroog tsim tsa Tsiolkovsky yuav muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau dua 12 txhiab tus neeg nyob.

Cosmodrome Vostochny: thawj zaug tso tawm
Cosmodrome Vostochny: thawj zaug tso tawm

Flaws

Yog tias peb piv cov Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome nrog ib qho chaw nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kazakhstan, muaj qee qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tau. Yog li, Vostochny nyob 6 degrees sab qaum teb ntawm Baikonur. Qhov no yuav ua rau txo qis hauv qhov loj ntawm cov khoom xa tawm. Tab sis muaj ib qho ntxiv hauv qhov no - foob pob hluav taws los ntawm Baikonur tau tshaj tawm "kev hla Tuam Tshoj", thiab thib ob theem poob hauv Altai. Ntawd yog, foob pob hluav taws tsis tuaj yeem tawm ntawm no los ntawm txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig.

Qhov tsis zoo (thiab qhov hnyav heev) yog qhov tseeb tias cov khoom siv ntawm cov cuaj luaj poob ncaj qha rau hauv taiga. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau hluav taws kub hnyiab, uas twb muaj teeb meem hauv cheeb tsam no.

Npaj qhov tseeb

Txhua tus neeg uas tuav daim ntawv nyiaj ntawm ob txhiab rubles, tawm thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2017 los ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Nyiaj Txiag ntawm Russia, tuaj yeem pom Vostochny pib ua haujlwm ntawm sab nraub qaum. Nco qab tias sab pem hauv ntej qhia txog tus choj Lavxias, nyob hauv Vladivostok.

Los ntawm 2021, nws tau npaj los tsim lub dav hlau manned "Federation" los ntawm lub cosmodrome - nyob rau hauv ib tug unmanned version. Thiab xyoo 2023 - twb nrog cov neeg coob.

Pom zoo: