Tsev khaws puav pheej "Kronstadt Fortress" nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg: piav qhia, tshuaj xyuas, keeb kwm thiab nthuav tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:01

Hauv xyoo 1723, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Peter I, lub fortress tau tsim nyob tsis deb ntawm St. Petersburg, ntawm Kotlin kob. Nws qhov project yog tsim los ntawm tub rog engineer A. P. Hannibal (Fabkis). Nws tau npaj tias cov qauv yuav muaj ntau lub bastions, koom ua ke los ntawm lub pob zeb fortress phab ntsa.

Lub Nroog Kronstadt

Lub nroog legendary no nyob rau ntawm cov kob ntawm Kotlin thiab cov kob me me uas nyob ib sab hauv Gulf of Finland. Qhov no yog tib lub nroog tsim ntawm Kronstadt koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm St. Cov pejxeem hauv nroog muaj ntau dua plaub caug peb txhiab tus neeg nyob.

Nyob ntev (txog 1995) lub nroog no raug kaw. Nyob rau hauv 1996, tsoom fwv ntawm lub teb chaws tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv free nkag ntawm no rau cov pej xeem Lavxias teb sab, nrog rau cov qhua txawv teb chaws. Los ntawm txoj kev, tourists nyiam mus xyuas qhov chaw no. Tom qab tag nrho, lub nroog me me no muaj ntau qhov chaw - cov tuam tsev thiab cov tsev teev ntuj, cov tsev khaws puav pheej thiab cov duab puab, cov monuments rau cov neeg nto moo.

Yuav tsum hais tias cov tuam tsev hauv nroog tsis yog qhov chaw pe hawm xwb, lawv yogCov neeg khaws khoom ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis uas tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet. Ntau tus neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws tuaj yeem nyiam los ntawm cov tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm lub nroog. Lawv khaws cia rau hauv lawv tus kheej ib lub suab ntawm cov hnub dhau los. Ib qho ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws hauv peb lub tebchaws yog Krondstadt Fortress Tsev khaws puav pheej. Hnub no peb yuav qhia koj ntxiv txog nws.

Kronstadt fortress: keeb kwm

Lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1724, Admiral P. I. Sievers coj kev tsim kho ntawm lub fortress. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, rau lub bastions tau tsim, uas tau muaj npe tom qab Preobrazhensky, Butyrsky, Semenovsky, Ingermanlandsky, Marine thiab Lefortovsky regiments. Cov av rau lub embankment, uas ua hauj lwm kev tsim kho, yog mined nyob rau hauv lub mainland los ntawm txhais tes. Kev ua haujlwm loj fortification tau ua nyob rau saum lub hauv paus. Ua ib phab ntsa, muab tso rau cannons, towers ntawm barracks, thiab lwm yam. Nws tau npaj yuav ua ob bastion nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub fortress, thiab plaub nyob rau sab qaum teb.

Nyob rau hauv Peter I, txoj kev npaj no tsis tau ua tiav, thiab Peter II ua kom yooj yim rau lub fortress. Xyoo 1732, muaj cua daj cua dub loj heev tau rhuav tshem lub fortifications ntawm sab hnub poob. Nws siv ob peb xyoos los kho cov qauv puas los ntawm cov khoom. Kev tsim kho ua haujlwm nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub fortress tau ua tiav los ntawm 1734. Lub fortress Kronstadt tau nyob rau hauv tas li kev npaj kev sib ntaus sib tua vim muaj kev hem thawj los ntawm Swedes. Kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1805 nrog Fabkis thiab 1806 nrog Qaib Cov Txwv qhia tias yuav tsum tau ntxiv dag zog rau phab ntsa. Qhov no tau ua tiav kom lub fortress Kronstadt tuaj yeem tiv thaiv hluav taws.

Tom qab muaj yeej Fab Kis teb xyoo 1812, lub neej nyob kaj siab lug pib ntawm no. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua ntawm cov ntsiab lus yuam kom tsis tu ncua hloov cov ntoo fortifications uas tiv thaiv lub fortress. Kronstadt raug dej nyab loj heev hauv xyoo 1824. Vim li ntawd, cov phom tub rog tau raug puas tsuaj loj, lub fortifications raug rhuav tshem, thiab qee lub tsev raug ntxuav tawm.

Kronstadt fortress tau rov qab los rau ntau tshaj rau xyoo. Lub laj kab tau raug kho dua tshiab. Ob lub barracks nrog cov pob zeb txuas ib nrab-ntauwd tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub poob. Peb lub tuam tsev ib nrab (ib-tiered) tau txhim tsa nyob rau sab qaum teb. Plaub qhov tiv thaiv barracks kuj tau nruab ntawm no. Ib tug impressive fortress phab ntsa thiab ib tug earthen rampart tau tsa nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, lub zog ntawm lub garrison ntawm lub fortress muaj ntau tshaj li kaum xya txhiab tus tub rog, thiab tom qab lub reconstruction lub barracks tau nce mus rau peb caug txhiab tus neeg.

Fortress hnub no

Thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog txaus ntshai tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, txoj kev pib hauv Kronstadt, txuas nrog Leningrad nrog lub tebchaws. Thiab niaj hnub no, cov seem ntawm lub fortifications ntawm lub sij hawm yog ua tib zoo khaws cia ntawm no. Niaj hnub no, Kronstadt Fortress tuav nyob rau hauv nws phab ntsa lub tsev kawm ntawv tub rog ntawm Navy (nyob rau hauv lub defensive barracks), cov tub rog tub rog tub rog corps. Tus so ntawm lub barracks tsev cov kev pabcuam ntawm Navy. Lub pas dej tiv thaiv, roj teeb No. 1-7, ib nrab-ntauwd No. 1-3, defensive barracks No. 1-5 yog keeb kwm thiab architectural monuments uas tiv thaiv los ntawm lub xeev.

Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tuaj txog li cas?

Thaum pibThaum Lub Kaum Hli 1953, qhov kev nthuav qhia tshwj xeeb rau keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog legendary tau qhib los ntawm Marine Club. Qhov no yog li cas lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau yug los. Thaum pib ntawm 1973, nws tau los ua ib ceg ntawm Central Maritime Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm lub nroog. Ib feem ntawm nws qhov kev nthuav tawm tom qab qhov hluav taws kub hauv Naval Club tau pauv mus rau lub tsev ntawm Naval Cathedral ib ntus. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias qhov kev nthuav tawm tau txhawb nqa kev txaus siab ntawm cov pej xeem thiab cov qhua. Tsev khaws puav pheej "Kronstadt Fortress" (St. Petersburg) tau qhib nws lub qhov rooj rau cov neeg tuaj xyuas thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1980, nyob rau hnub uantej ntawm Hnub Yeej. Niaj hnub no nws yog lub nroog nrov tshaj plaws thiab tuaj xyuas.

St. Petersburg. Tsev khaws puav pheej "Kronstadt Fortress": piav qhia

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, Kuv xav kom nco ntsoov tias lub tsev khaws puav pheej tshwj xeeb no tau tsim los nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov neeg hauv nroog hauv paus txawm. Lawv tau nthuav tawm qhov kev txaus siab zoo heev hauv kev khaws cia thiab txuas ntxiv rau keeb kwm ntawm Kronstadt. Cov neeg hauv zos pub cov khoom qub hauv tsev, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, cov duab khaws cia hauv tsev neeg cov ntaub ntawv raws li cov khoom kim heev.

Hnub no lub Tsev khaws puav pheej "Kronstadt Fortress" nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg muaj ib qho kev sau nyiaj tshwj xeeb, suav nrog ntau dua xya txhiab qhov khoom pov thawj. Nws muaj xya chav nrog thaj tsam tag nrho ntawm yuav luag rau pua square metres, uas muaj cov khoom pov thawj qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog, nrog rau B altic Fleet. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ob lub dioramas uas qhia meej txog ob qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm tub rog.

Dioramas

Ib tug ntawm lawv qhia txog kev swb ntawm Swedish tsaws hauv 1705 ntawmKotlin kob. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg koj tuaj yeem pom cov thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias: Gamontov thiab Mikeshin, nrog rau Colonel Tolbukhin. Rau sab xis yog lub trench, thiab nyob rau hauv nws yog ib tug tub rog los ntshav. Ib tug chij liab yog pom nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau, uas taw qhia qhov pib ntawm hostilities. Qhov thib ob diorama yog hais txog cov xwm txheej ntawm xyoo 1941, thaum Kronstadt tau tiv thaiv nws tus kheej los ntawm fascist invaders.

Kev tawm tsam

Tag nrho cov khoom sau hauv tsev khaws puav pheej tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub theem keeb kwm. Ib tug ntawm lawv qhia txog kev tsim lub nroog thiab nws lub neej ua ntej lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig. Qhov thib ob qhia txog cov xwm txheej uas cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1917 txog 1939. Lub sijhawm no, ib qho kev tawm tsam loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia tau tshwm sim ntawm no, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov lus hais tias "Power rau lub Soviets, tsis yog rau ob tog." Yog li ntawd, tsis tsuas yog cov neeg ntxeev siab raug txim, tab sis yuav luag tag nrho cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog. Kwv yees li ob txhiab tus neeg raug tua. Lwm 6,000 tus neeg nyob hauv tau raug kaw hauv tsev loj cuj. Xyoo 1922, cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tau pib raug ntiab tawm ntawm lawv lub tebchaws. Hauv kev nco txog tag nrho cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm qhov xwm txheej no, tau tsim lub qhov ntxa loj, uas nyob mus ib txhis nplaim taws kub hnyiab.

Tom qab ntawd cov neeg tuaj saib tuaj yeem paub txog lub sijhawm keeb kwm yav dhau los, npog, tej zaum, lub sijhawm txaus ntshai tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm niaj hnub ntawm peb lub tebchaws - xyoo ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj. Thaum lub sij hawm lub foob pob hluav taws ntawm German huab cua rog Luftwaffe (1941), lub nroog tau xyaum wiped tawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Ntau lub nkoj tau poob, lub tsev tawg,Marine cog puas lawm. Ib puag ncig los ntawm cov tub rog fascist, lub nroog nyob tsis muaj zaub mov. Thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog, "Txoj Kev Me Me ntawm Lub Neej" dhau los ntawm Kronstadt, uas txuas nrog Fox Nose thiab Orienbaum.

Lwm keeb kwm yav dhau los qhia txog lub neej niaj hnub ntawm lub nroog legendary, nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm nws rov qab los tom qab tsov rog. Ntawm cov khoom pov thawj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej, nws tsim nyog sau cia lub hauv siab ntawm lub hauv siab ntawm Decembrist thiab publicist DI Zavalishin, ib feem ntawm cov kav dej uas tau khaws cia txij li xyoo 19th, lub tsom iav raj uas yog Admiral M. P. Lazarev nws tus kheej. Cov duab tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj tub rog ntawm Kronstadt.

Hnub no qhov nthuav nthuav tshaj plaws "Lub Keeb Kwm ntawm Shipwrecks" tau qhib hauv tsev cia puav pheej. Sau ntawm no yog cov khoom uas tau tsa los ntawm cov nkoj uas tau poob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv hauv Gulf of Finland.

Npaj qhov tseeb

Nruab nrab ntawm cov forts ntawm Kronstadt hauv 1854 ib txoj haujlwm mine-artillery tau tsim (tsuas yog ib qho hauv ntiaj teb thaum ntawd). Cov neeg niaj hnub nco qab tias nrog nws tsuas muaj nyob, nws ntshai tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab nkoj. Lub fortress ntawm lub fortress nyob rau hauv 1990 tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb cuab yeej cuab tam List ntawm St. Nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm forts Alexander kuv thiab Constantine nyob rau hauv lub nineties, lub Fort Dance Success pib, uas kav 9 xyoo.

Yuav mus rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej?

Yog tias koj txiav txim siab mus xyuas Kronstadt Fortress Tsev khaws puav pheej, koj yuav tsum paub nws qhov chaw nyob: Anchor Square, lub tsev naj npawb 2. Tsheb npav 101 yuav coj koj los ntawm St. Petersburg (Staraya Derevnya metro chaw nres tsheb) mus rau qhov chaw pom. Dub River ua taucaij tsheb tavxij tus lej 405, thiab los ntawm Prospect Prosveshcheniya koj yuav raug coj los ntawm pej xeem thauj tus xov tooj 407. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov, koj tuaj yeem mus rau lub tsev cia puav pheej los ntawm tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm B altic chaw nres tsheb. Koj yuav tsum tau tawm ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb Oranienbaum, tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau lub ferry lossis meteor uas tawm ntawm Makarov embankment.