Lub Louvre Palace (Fabkis) yog lub tsev khaws puav pheej thiab vaj tsev nyob hauv plawv Paris, uas tau tsim ntau pua xyoo. Nws Ameslikas nyob hauv ib lub fortress loj, tom qab ntawd rov ua dua rau hauv qhov chaw muaj vaj ntxwv muaj koob muaj npe. Niaj hnub no nws yog lub ntiaj teb lub tsev cia puav pheej zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov khoom zoo nkauj.
Kev piav qhia
Lub tsev loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm hauv Tebchaws Europe, hloov mus rau hauv ib lub tsev cia puav pheej, nyob ntawm sab xis ntawm Seine. Rau 800 xyoo lub complex twb rebuilt ntau zaus. Architecturally, lub Louvre nqus cov ntsiab lus ntawm Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassicism thiab Eclectic styles. Cov tsev sib cais, txuas rau ib leeg, ua ib qho qauv tsim muaj zog, tsim raws li txoj kev npaj ntawm ib daim duab plaub elongated. Qhov tseeb yog ib qhov chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Paris yog Louvre Palace.
txoj kev npaj nyuaj suav nrog:
- lub tsev loj, muaj peb ntu txuas los ntawm qhov chaw;
- kev nthuav tawm hauv av, qhov pom ntawm qhov uas yog iav pyramid hauv Napoleon lub tshav puam;
- carousel triumphal arch thiab vajTuileries.
Cov tsev uas muaj tag nrho thaj tsam ntawm 60,600 m 2 tuav lub tsev khaws puav pheej nrog ntau dua 35,000 cov duab kos duab. Lub ntiaj teb cuab yeej cuab tam yog sawv cev los ntawm paintings, sculptures, decorations, khoom vaj khoom tsev, architectural ntsiab, npog lub sij hawm los ntawm ancient sij hawm mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. Ntawm cov khoom pov thawj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub stele nrog code ntawm Hammurabi, duab puab ntawm Nike ntawm Samothrace, painting "Mona Lisa" los ntawm Leonardo da Vinci thiab lwm yam masterpieces.
Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog
Lub Louvre Palace, uas nws keeb kwm hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 12th, thawj zaug ua haujlwm tiv thaiv nkaus xwb. Thaum lub sij hawm kav ntawm Philip-Lub yim hli ntuj II, ib tug peb caug-meter tiv thaiv pej thuam, lub donjon, tau tsim sab nraum Paris. 10 lub tsev me me tau txhim tsa nyob ib puag ncig nws, txuas nrog phab ntsa.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov, qhov kev phom sij tseem ceeb los ntawm sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob: txhua lub sijhawm Vikings lossis cov neeg dag rau Fabkis lub zwm txwv los ntawm Plantagenet thiab Capetian xeem tuaj yeem tawm tsam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg nyob sib ze ntawm Duchy ntawm Normandy tau koom nrog tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Askiv.
Lub fortress tau ua lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv tub rog. Kev sib cais ntawm tus pej thuam tuaj yeem pom hauv qab daus. Lawv nyob rau qhov kev nthuav qhia tshwj xeeb rau keeb kwm ntawm Louvre thiab tau tshaj tawm tias yog ib qho chaw khaws cia archaeological. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias huab tais tau tsim lub citadel ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev tiv thaiv yav dhau los. Los ntawm txoj kev, lo lus "Louvre" nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lub Franks txhais tau tias "watchtower".
Tom qabNruab Nrab Hnub nyoog
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua plaub, lub Louvre Palace tau hloov pauv loj heev. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Paris tau nthuav dav heev. Cov phab ntsa tshiab hauv nroog tau txhim tsa, thiab lub tsev qub qub nyob hauv lub nroog txwv. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv tiv thaiv tau ua kom tiav. Charles V the Wise rebuilt the fortress rau hauv ib lub tsev fuabtais sawv cev thiab tsiv nws lub tsev hauv paus ntawm no.
Lub donjon tau rov ua dua tshiab. Sab hauv layout tau yoog rau cov kev xav tau ntawm thaj chaw, lub ru tsev nrog pinnacles tshwm. Cov vaj tse nyob thiab sab nrauv ntawm tib qhov siab tau ua nyob ib puag ncig lub quadrangular courtyard. Saum lub rooj vag tseem ceeb towered ob lub me me elegant turrets, uas muab cov qauv elegance.
Ntug phab ntsa tau ib nrab ciaj sia los txog niaj hnub no. Cov seem ntawm cov tsev nyob ib feem peb ntawm sab hnub tuaj tis ntawm lub Louvre tam sim no. Tshwj xeeb, ib lub quadrilateral nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tshav puam square.
Renaissance
Nyob rau xyoo pua kaum rau, Francis kuv txiav txim siab los tsim lub Louvre Palace. Tus kws kes duab vajtse Pierre Lesko tau thov kom rov tsim lub tsev fuabtais hauv cov style ntawm Fabkis Renaissance. Kev ua haujlwm tau pib xyoo 1546 thiab txuas ntxiv hauv Henry II.
Lub tsev tshiab yog thawj zaug yuav tsum yog lub voj voog nrog lub tshav dav hlau loj (Cours Caret), tab sis thaum kawg cov duab tau hloov mus rau square. Thaum lub sij hawm Pierre Lescaut lub neej, tsuas yog ib feem ntawm sab hnub poob tis nyob rau sab qab teb tau tsim. Cov no yog cov tuam tsev qub tshaj plaws ntawm Louvre tam sim no.
Tus kws kes duab vajtse dav siv hauvclassical cov ntaub ntawv ntawm architecture, combining lawv nrog Fabkis tsoos tsev kawm ntawv (high ru tsev nrog mansards). Lub tsev yog characterized los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb articulation ntawm lub façade nrog peb cheeb tsam ntawm discontinuities nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub qhov rais rectangular surmounted los ntawm daim duab peb sab pediments sib cais los ntawm pilasters thiab arcades nyob rau hauv pem teb. Lub façade tau ntxiv nrog ntau cov duab puab. Lub Louvre Palace nyob rau hauv tsis muaj tsawg impressive. Lesko, ua ke nrog tus sculptor Jean Goujon, ua lub Great Hall nrog tus pej thuam ntawm Artemis.
Xov tooj cua
Thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Catherine de Medici, Tuileries Palace tau tsim nyob ze thiab lub tswv yim ntawm kev ntxiv cov tsev uas twb muaj lawm ntawm Louvre rau nws tau tsim. Henry IV yuav tsum tau ua qhov project.
Ua ntej, Louvre Palace raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov seem ntawm lub tsev qub qub thiab lub tshav puam tau nthuav dav. Cov kws tsim qauv Louis Methezot thiab Jacques Androuet ua tiav Petite Gallery thiab pib ua haujlwm ntawm Grand Gallerie, uas txuas nrog Louvre thiab Tuileries.
Tam sim no theem no, lub complex dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kab lis kev cai. Nws nyob hauv lub tsev luam ntawv, ib lub mint. Thiab tom qab ntawd, cov sculptors, artists, jewelers, watchmakers, gunsmiths, carvers, weavers raug tso cai los nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev.
XVII caug xyoo
Lub Louvre Palace txuas ntxiv mus rau xyoo pua 17th. Louis XIII khaws lub batton ntawm nws cov poj koob yawm txwv. Nyob rau hauv nws, Jacques Lemercier nyob rau hauv 1624 pib tsim lub pavilion ntawm lub moos, thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb ib lub tsev raug tsa - ib daim qauv ntawm lub gallery ntawm Pierre Lescaut.
Louis XIV,muaj qhov tsis muaj zog rau cov haujlwm loj heev, nws tau hais kom cov tuam tsev qub raug rhuav tshem thiab thaj chaw nyob ib puag ncig lub tshav puam kom tiav. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv tib style. Tab sis lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev tsim kho ntawm Eastern Colonnade.
Vim qhov no ntawm lub palace ntsib lub nroog, lawv txiav txim siab ua kom nws zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws European architects ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd tau caw. Qhov project daring tshaj plaws tau nthuav tawm los ntawm Italian Giovanni Bernini. Nws tau thov kom rhuav tshem lub palace tag nrho thiab tsim ib lub tshiab. Muab qhov nyuaj thiab kev ua siab ntev uas lub complex tau tsim los ntawm cov vaj ntxwv yav dhau los, lub tswv yim raug tsis lees paub. Claude Perrault (tus tij laug ntawm tus neeg hais dab neeg Charles Perrault) tau tsim kev sib haum xeeb, txij li lawv tau pib tsim.
Face of Paris
Sab hnub tuaj colonnade hloov lub Louvre Palace. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub tsev 173-meter yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij raws li hauv qab no - qhov no yog lub siab tshaj plaws embodiment ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm Fabkis classicism. Claude Perrault tau tso tseg qhov loj heev Roman architecture uas muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov ntsiab lus uas yog ib nrab kab thiab pilasters. Nws tau hloov los ntawm airy qhib kab nyob rau hauv lub Corinthian style, propping li ib lub ru tsev tiaj tus (uas kuj yog ib tug innovation).
Nws yog qhov zoo kawg nkaus uas C. Perrault (ua tau tus kheej qhia) tau muab lub tsev zoo kawg nkaus yam tsis muaj sculptures thiab "decorations" thiaj li nrov nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Nws cov tswv yim ntawm ib tug loj heev, slender txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv pem teb loj heev tau coj los ntawm architects thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Cov tsev zoo sib xws muaj nyob hauv St. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tso kabnyob rau hauv khub ntawm lub qhov rais, ntawm ib sab, tso cai rau tswj lub airiness ntawm lub colonnade, ntawm qhov tod tes, ua kom lub teeb nkag mus rau hauv lub halls.
VXIII-XX centuries
Lub sijhawm no, Louvre Palace poob nws txoj cai ua vaj ntxwv nyob. Nyob rau hauv 1682, King Louis thiab nws cov retinue tsiv mus rau Versailles. Ntau lub tsev tau tso tseg tsis tiav. Nyob rau hauv Napoleon Bonaparte, kev tsim kho txuas ntxiv mus. Raws li txoj haujlwm Visconti, sab qaum teb tis tau ua tiav. Cov chaw tshiab tau tsim tsa - Fontaine thiab Percier.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th (1985-1989), tus kws kos duab nto moo M. Pei tau npaj ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab zoo nkauj rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv av. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev nkag mus ntxiv rau Louvre tau ua dhau los ntawm lub iav pyramid, uas tib lub sijhawm yog lub dome ntawm lub tsev hauv av.
Tsim cov khoom sau
Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm Louvre tau pib tsim txij li lub sijhawm Vajntxwv Francis kuv, uas tau qhuas Italian kos duab. Nws sau Renaissance ua haujlwm hauv nws lub tebchaws nyob ntawm Fontainebleau, uas tom qab ntawd tsiv mus rau Paris.
Nyob rau hauv sau ntawm Francis kuv yog paintings ntawm Raphael, Michelangelo, ib phau ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Tsis tas li ntawd, huab tais tau caw cov kws tshaj lij Italian zoo tshaj plaws, cov neeg pleev kob, jewelers, thiab sculptors los ntawm Apennines. Nws cov qhua nto moo tshaj plaws yog Leonardo da Vinci, los ntawm tus neeg Louvre tau txais cov duab kos "La Gioconda".
Thaum lub sijhawm kav huab tais Henry IV, Louvre Palace hauv Paris tau los ua qhov chaw ua yeeb yam ntawm Fabkis. Kaum tawm tus tswv nto moo tau ua haujlwm hauv Grand Gallery, uas nws cov khoom tsim tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej yav tom ntej. Louis XIV kuj nyiamtxhua yam zoo nkauj. Hauv nws lub luag haujlwm huab tais, muaj ib thiab ib nrab txhiab daim duab los ntawm Fabkis, Flemish, Italian, Dutch artists.
Lub Tebchaws Fab Kis Loj tau txhawb nqa kev txhim kho ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej thiab nws txoj kev hloov pauv mus rau hauv lub koom haum pej xeem. Kev sau ntawm huab tais, aristocrats, pawg ntseeg tau nationalized thiab replenished lub tsev cia puav pheej. Cov phiaj xwm Napoleonic tau dhau los ua qhov chaw txuas ntxiv ntawm kev nthuav tawm. Tom qab kev swb ntawm Bonaparte, ntau dua 5,000 qhov kev txeeb tau raug xa rov qab mus rau lawv cov tswv yav dhau los, tab sis ntau tus tseem nyob hauv Louvre.
Ua ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej
Lub Koom Haum Koom Tes ntawm 1791-26-07 tau xaj kom sau "monuments of arts and sciences" hauv Louvre Palace. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau qhib rau pej xeem thaum 1793-18-11.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, lub Louvre Palace, uas nws daim duab yog qhov zoo nkauj, tau hloov pauv. Ib qho chaw hauv av nrog lub iav pyramid tau rov ua dua, thiab lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau muab faib. Tsuas yog ua haujlwm tsim ua ntej 1848 tseem nyob ntawm no. Tom qab ntawd Impressionist paintings tsiv mus rau Musée d'Orsay thiab Impressionism. Cov khoom pov thawj uas tau tsim tom qab xyoo 1914 yog nyob hauv National Center. Georges Pompidou.
