Hom daim ntawv qhia hnub: ancient, niaj hnub thiab tshwj xeeb

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Hom daim ntawv qhia hnub: ancient, niaj hnub thiab tshwj xeeb
Hom daim ntawv qhia hnub: ancient, niaj hnub thiab tshwj xeeb

Video: Hom daim ntawv qhia hnub: ancient, niaj hnub thiab tshwj xeeb

Video: Hom daim ntawv qhia hnub: ancient, niaj hnub thiab tshwj xeeb
Video: Saib Mis paub Poj niam (hluas nkauj) tus yam ntxwv lub siab 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Daim ntawv qhia hnub feem ntau yog hu ua qee qhov system, nrog kev pab los ntawm qhov uas nws tuaj yeem sib txawv qhov ntws ntawm lub sijhawm mus rau qee lub sijhawm, uas pab txhim kho txoj haujlwm ntawm lub neej. Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, muaj ntau daim ntawv qhia hnub, thiab lawv tau ua raws li cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog cov hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub, nrog rau cov txheej txheem twg uas peb niaj hnub tswj tau ua.

hom daim ntawv qhia hnub
hom daim ntawv qhia hnub

Keeb kwm ntawm lo lus "calendar"

Ua ntej yuav mus rau qhov kev piav qhia ntawm hom xov tooj ntawm lawv tus kheej, cia saib seb lo lus denoting lawv los ntawm qhov twg. Lo lus "calendar" etymologically rov qab mus rau Latin verb caleo, uas txhais tau tias "tshaj tawm". Lwm qhov sib txawv uas tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus "calendar" yog daim ntawv qhia hnub. Qhov kawg nyob rau hauv ancient Rome hu ua phau ntawv nuj nqis. Caleo khaws cia rau peb lub cim xeeb tias hauv Rome thaum pib ntawm txhua lub hlis tau tshaj tawm txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb. Raws li phau ntawv nuj nqis, nws qhov tseem ceeb yog vim qhov tseeb tias tag nrho cov paj laum ntawm cov nuj nqis thiab qiv nyiaj hauv Rome tau them thawj hnub.

daim ntawv qhia hnub rau xyoo
daim ntawv qhia hnub rau xyoo

Keeb kwm ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnubsystems

Qhov tseeb tias lub sijhawm ntws mus rau hauv ib lub voj voog, tib neeg tau pom ntev los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab tshwm sim, uas muaj ntau heev. Qhov no, piv txwv li, yog kev hloov ntawm nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj, lub caij nyoog, kev sib hloov ntawm lub ntuj ceeb tsheej spheres, thiab lwm yam. Raws li lawv, ntau hom daim ntawv qhia hnub tsim tawm lub sijhawm. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug ntawm lawv yog ib hnub, uas muaj xws li ib tug tig ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm nws tus kheej axis. Tom qab ntawd lub hli tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov theem uas tsim lub hli synodic. Nws muaj npe tom qab Greek lo lus "synodos", uas txhais tau tias "rapprochement". Peb tab tom tham txog kev sib sau ua ke nyob rau saum ntuj ntawm lub hnub thiab lub hli. Thiab thaum kawg, kev hloov ntawm plaub lub caij ua rau xyoo kub. Nws lub npe los ntawm Greek "tropos", txhais tau tias "tig".

Vim li cas cov neeg sib txawv nyob hauv tib lub ntiaj teb muaj ntau hom ntawv? Lo lus teb yog tias qhov ntev ntawm lub voj voog, lub hli synodic thiab lub xyoo kub tsis cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, uas muab ntau txoj kev xaiv thaum sau daim ntawv qhia hnub.

Peb hom daim ntawv qhia hnub

Raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau piav qhia, tau sim ua ntau lub sijhawm los sau daim ntawv qhia hnub tsim nyog rau zej zog. Qee tus ntawm lawv tsuas yog coj los ntawm lub hli lunar. Yog li ntawd, lunar daim ntawv qhia hnub tau tshwm sim. Raws li txoj cai, lawv suav kaum ob lub hlis, tsom rau kev txav ntawm lub hnub qub hmo ntuj, thiab tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov ntawm lub caij. Lwm tus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ua rau lawv cov kev suav tsuas yog nyob ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub voj vooglub caij, tsis hais lub hli thiab nws lub suab. Txoj hauv kev no tau ua rau cov hnub ci hnub ci. Tseem muaj lwm tus coj mus rau hauv tus account ob lub voj voog - hnub ci thiab lunar. Thiab, pib los ntawm qhov kawg, lawv tau sim, ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov, kom sib haum xeeb nrog ib leeg. Lawv tau ua rau cov hnub ci-lunar sib xyaw.

hnab tshos daim ntawv qhia hnub
hnab tshos daim ntawv qhia hnub

hnub hli

Tam sim no cia peb tham txog cov nuances ntawm lub sijhawm suav nrog raws li kev txav ntawm lub hli. Lub lunar daim ntawv qhia hnub, raws li twb tau hais lawm, yog nyob rau hauv lub synodic lub hlis - lub voj voog ntawm kev hloov lunar theem ntawm lub hli tshiab mus rau tag nrho lub hli. Qhov nruab nrab ntev ntawm xws li ib hlis yog 29.53 hnub. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv feem ntau lunar daim ntawv qhia hnub, ib lub hlis kav 29 los yog 30 hnub. Lub xyoo feem ntau muaj kaum ob lub hlis. Yog li, nws hloov tawm tias qhov ntev ntawm lub xyoo yog txog 354.36 hnub. Raws li txoj cai, nws yog sib npaug li 354, thaum lub sij hawm qhia ib xyoo leap ntawm 355 hnub. Lawv ua nws txawv txhua qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, lub voj voog Turkish paub, qhov twg muaj peb lub xyoo leap rau yim xyoo. Lwm qhov kev xaiv, nrog rau qhov sib piv ntawm 30/11, muaj cov kab lus Arabic, raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub Muslim ib txwm muab tso ua ke.

Txij thaum lub hli lunar tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog kev txav ntawm lub hnub, lawv maj mam diverge los ntawm nws vim qhov sib txawv ntawm ntau tshaj kaum hnub hauv ib xyoos. Yog li, hnub ci hnub ci voj voog ntawm 34 xyoo sib raug rau 35 xyoo lunar. Txawm hais tias qhov tsis raug, qhov system no txaus siab rau ntau tus neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau theem pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, thaum lawv tau pom los ntawm kev ua neej nyob. Lub hli yog yooj yim pom nyob rauntuj, thiab daim ntawv qhia hnub no tsis xav tau kev suav lej loj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb tau nce, nws cov peev xwm tau dhau los ua tsis txaus - kev sib txuas ntau dua ntawm lub hlis mus rau lub caij thiab ntau yam ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb yuav tsum tau ua. Qhov no txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hnub ci daim ntawv qhia hnub.

daim ntawv qhia hnub keeb kwm
daim ntawv qhia hnub keeb kwm

Lwm hnub lunar

Ntxiv rau qhov tseeb tias daim ntawv qhia hnub raws li tag nrho ntawm lub hli lunar txawv ntawm lub xyoo kub, nws muaj lwm qhov tsis zoo. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias, vim yog ib tug complex orbit, lub sij hawm ntawm lub synodic lub hlis yog tas li hloov. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov no tuaj yeem ncav cuag rau 6 teev. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov pib ntawm lub hli tshiab nyob rau hauv lunar daim ntawv qhia hnub tsis yog lub hli tshiab, uas yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev soj ntsuam, tab sis lub thiaj li hu ua neomenia - thawj tsos ntawm cov hluas lub hli thaum hnub poob. Qhov xwm txheej no ua raws lub hli tshiab 2 lossis 3 hnub tom qab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub sijhawm ntawm neomenia nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm lub xyoo, lub sijhawm ntawm lub hli tam sim no thiab qhov chaw ntawm tus neeg soj ntsuam. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias daim ntawv qhia hnub suav hauv ib qho chaw yuav tsis raug rau lwm thaj chaw. Thiab feem ntau, tsis muaj qhov system raws li lub voj voog lunar muaj peev xwm ua kom pom tseeb qhov txav ntawm lub hnub qub hmo ntuj.

hnub ci calendar

Keeb kwm ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav yam tsis hais txog lub voj voog hnub ci. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias hnub no nws yog daim ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm xam. Nws yog raws li lub xyoo kub ntawm 365.24 hnub. Yuav kom xam cov zauv kom raug,leap xyoo yog ib ntus qhia, uas sau cov "surplus" sau nyob rau hauv ib "ntxiv" hnub. Muaj ntau lub tshuab ntawm leap xyoo, vim muaj ntau hom daim ntawv qhia hnub raws li kev txav ntawm lub hnub paub. Qhov pib taw tes yog ib txwm suav tias yog hnub ntawm vernal equinox. Yog li ntawd, ib qho ntawm cov kev cai ntawm lub hnub ci daim ntawv qhia hnub yog tias txhua xyoo qhov kev tshwm sim no poob rau tib hnub.

Lub Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub muaj thawj lub xyoo leap. Nws lub ntsiab lus tsis muaj zog yog tias rau 128 xyoo nws tau txais ib hnub ntxiv, thiab lub ntsiab lus equinox tau hloov, raws li, rov qab. Qhov tsis raug no tau sim kho ntau txoj hauv kev. Piv txwv li, Omar Khayyam tau npaj ib lub voj voog 33 xyoo tshwj xeeb, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub hauv paus ntawm Persian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Tom qab ntawd, ntawm qhov pib ntawm Pope Gregory, Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub tau qhia, uas yog daim ntawv qhia hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej niaj hnub. Nws kuj maj mam nce ib hnub ntxiv, tab sis lub sij hawm no stretches ntawm 128 xyoo mus rau 3300.

rooj daim ntawv qhia hnub
rooj daim ntawv qhia hnub

Lwm qhov kev sim los txhim kho Julian system yog tsim los ntawm Milutin Milankovitch. Nws tau tsim lub npe hu ua New Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub, uas tau txais qhov yuam kev ib hnub dhau los hauv 50,000 xyoo. Qhov no yog ua tsaug rau txoj cai tshwj xeeb hais txog cov xyoo secular (lawv tuaj yeem suav tias yog xyoo leap nkaus xwb yog tias, thaum muab faib los ntawm 900, qhov seem yog 2 lossis 6). Qhov tsis zoo ntawm Gregorian thiab New Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub, nrog lawv qhov tseeb, yog qhov tseeb tias hnub ntawm lub equinox ua ntab, thiab poob rau hnub sib txawv txhua xyoo.

Hnub Ci-lunar calendar

Thaum kawg, cia peb kov ntawm hnub ci-lunar calendar. Nws lub ntsiab lus yog kom rov ua kom lub zog ntawm lub hnub nrog kev txav ntawm lub hli hauv ib lub voj voog. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ncua lub xyoo los ntawm ib hlis. Xyoo no hu ua embolismic. Nyob rau tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Npanpiloo thaum ub, peb lub hlis ntxiv tau qhia txog yim xyoo. Nws qhov yuam kev yog ib thiab ib nrab hnub rau tag nrho yim xyoo. Lub voj voog ntev dua, raws li keeb kwm ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub, tau txais hauv Suav teb, txawm hais tias nws tau paub hauv Babylon thiab tim Nkij teb chaws. Nws cov npoo ntawm qhov yuam kev yog ib hnub hauv 219 xyoo.

Ntau yam ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub

Tam sim no cia peb tham txog yam dab tsi ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub no. Nws yuav yog hais txog kev tsim, tsis yog hais txog astronomical nta. Yog li, niaj hnub flip, phab ntsa, hnab tshos thiab daim ntawv qhia ua kua muag yog qhov xav tau tshaj plaws.

Flip daim ntawv qhia hnub

Lwm lub npe rau hom ntawv luam tawm no yog "tsev". Txawm hais tias qee qhov kev xaiv yuav muaj qhov sib txawv, nrog rau cov khoom siv yas. Cov yav tas feem ntau tsim ib chav tsev nrog ib tug cwj mem tuav thiab staple compartments. Cov kab hauv qab yog tias daim ntawv qhia flip yog tsim los kom cov ntxhuav ntawm lub hli nyob rau ntawm cov nplooj ntawv sib txawv uas yuav tsum tau hloov pauv raws sijhawm. Ua ke nrog daim ntawv qhia hnub, ntau yam ntaub ntawv lossis cov duab zoo nkauj yooj yim uas suav nrog hauv kev tsim tag nrho ntawm chav tsev yog yooj yim heev rau lawv. Cov khoom zoo li no feem ntau siv hauv chaw ua haujlwm, yooj yim nyob rau hauv kaum ntawm lub desktop. Desk calendar kuj muaj ntauua khoom plig lossis khoom plig.

phab ntsa daim ntawv qhia hnub
phab ntsa daim ntawv qhia hnub

Phab ntsa daim ntawv qhia hnub

Ntau chav ua noj muaj daim ntawv qhia hnub no txuas rau ntawm phab ntsa, lub qhov rooj tub yees lossis qhov rooj. Phab ntsa daim ntawv qhia hnub yog nrov heev vim lawv siv tau yooj yim thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj hnub no ua rau lawv kho kom zoo nkauj hauv tsev. Qee zaum lawv tau ua ke nrog kev siv tshuab ntawm "tsev". Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, phab ntsa daim ntawv qhia hnub, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yog tiag tiag albums nplooj siab rau ib lub ntsiab lus. Thiab qhov muaj nuj nqi, qhov tseeb, ntawm kev suav lub sijhawm ploj mus rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau hauv lawv.

Pocket Calendar

hom no tej zaum muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv peb lub sijhawm. Pocket daim ntawv qhia hnub yog daim npav me me, ntawm ib sab uas muaj, qhov tseeb, daim ntawv qhia hnub hli, thiab ntawm lwm qhov - qee yam kev kos duab. Feem ntau, cov khoom zoo li no ua haujlwm rau bookmarks, daim npav lag luam. Feem ntau lawv yog siv rau kev tshaj tawm. Pocket calendars yog ib hom ntawv tshaj tawm uas muaj cov haujlwm ntxiv. Koj tuaj yeem muab lawv tso rau hauv koj lub hnab nyiaj yooj yim thiab nqa nrog koj, nqa tawm raws li qhov xav tau.

Tshaj tawm daim calendar

Daim ntawv qhia txog kev tsim kua muag Soviet yog paub rau txhua tus. Ib zaug lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub tsev, tab sis niaj hnub no lawv cov koob meej tau poob me ntsis, txawm tias lawv tseem pom ntau zaus. Cov khoom no yog cov phau ntawv tiag tiag, qhov twg txhua nplooj ntawv nplooj siab rau ib hnub ntawm lub xyoo. Thaum ib hnub tshiab kaj ntug, nplooj ntawv qub raug rhuav tshem. Yog vim li cas nws thiaj li hu ua detachable. Hauv qab ntawm nplooj ntawvmuaj ib co ntawv. Raws li txoj cai, txhua daim ntawv qhia hnub no tau mob siab rau lub ncauj lus thiab sawv cev rau cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm zoo hauv nws lub moj khaum.

Church calendar

Ib ob peb lo lus kuj yuav tsum tau hais txog dab tsi lub koom txoos daim ntawv qhia hnub yog, vim muaj coob leej, tuaj koom lub tsev teev ntuj los yog nyeem lub tsev teev ntuj cov ntaub ntawv, ntsib nrog ib tug ob peb sib tham system. Qhov tseeb, lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox daim ntawv qhia hnub txhais tau tias ib txwm Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Tsuas yog rau ob txhiab xyoo, nws tau pib ua lag luam tom qab lub sijhawm tiag tiag astronomical ntawm lub sijhawm yuav luag ob lub lis piam. Lub Koom Txoos Catholic tau kho qhov no, ua rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Tab sis Orthodox tsis lees txais qhov kev hloov kho no. Lub tsev teev ntuj Lavxias teb sab Orthodox thiab ob peb lwm txoj cai ywj pheej, piv txwv li, tseem ua raws li Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov ntseeg Orthodox ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tseem hloov mus rau New Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub, uas tam sim no coincides nrog lub Gregorian.

Lub tsev teev ntuj daim ntawv qhia hnub yog li muaj tsawg kawg yog peb ntau yam. Hauv qee lub tebchaws, ntxiv rau, cov tsev teev ntuj siv lawv lub tebchaws. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Egypt, lub Coptic system ntawm chronology yog ntau. Lwm lub koom haum kev ntseeg kuj muaj lawv daim ntawv qhia hnub. Paub, piv txwv li, Vedic, Haujsam, Islamic, Baha'i thiab lwm yam txheej txheem ntawm lub sij hawm.

lub tsev teev ntuj daim ntawv qhia hnub
lub tsev teev ntuj daim ntawv qhia hnub

Mayan daim ntawv qhia hnub

Nyob rau hauv xaus, cia peb hais ob peb lo lus hais txog dab tsi daim ntawv qhia hnub Mayan thaum ub. Qhov tseeb, qhov no tsis yog ib qho, tab sis tag nrho cov txheej txheem sib txawvkev xam pom. Daim ntawv qhia pej xeem rau xyoo ntawm Mayan Indians yog hnub ci thiab muaj 365 hnub. Nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txhim kho lub neej ua liaj ua teb. Kuj tseem muaj daim ntawv qhia kev cai dab qhuas hu ua Tzolkin. Nws txhais tau tias "suav hnub." Nws yog qhov txawv me ntsis hauv nws cov qauv. Yog li, daim ntawv qhia hnub rau xyoo raws li Tzolkin tsis muaj 365, tab sis 260 hnub. Cov yav tas tau muab faib ua ob lub voj voog - nees nkaum-hnub thiab kaum peb-hnub. Lub hnub ntawm thawj ntawm lawv muaj lawv tus kheej lub npe, thiab lub thib ob tsuas muaj ib tug serial tooj. Lub sijhawm suav suav Mayan kuj suav nrog cov sijhawm xws li tuns (360 hnub), katuns (20 tuns), baktuns (20 katuns). Lub sijhawm ntawm 260 katuns tau suav tias yog qhov loj tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev suav system paub peb, qhov no yog 5125 xyoo. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 21, 2012, ib lub sijhawm zoo li no, hu ua lub hnub thib tsib, tau xaus, thiab lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm lub thib rau pib.

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