Smolensk cheeb tsam yog nyob rau hauv European ib feem ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub Vyazemskaya thiab Smolensk-Moscow uplands. Cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb hauv cheeb tsam no yog qhov zoo nkauj: toj roob hauv pes, lowlands, moraine ridges thiab dej ntws ntawm thaj av Smolensk nyiam cov neeg ncig tebchaws.
Riv hav
Nrog thaj tsam ze li ntawm 50,000 square meters, muaj lub B altic, Dub hiav txwv thiab Caspian bass, nruab nrab ntawm uas muaj ib tug watershed. Txhua lub cev dej muaj nyob hauv cov dej loj: Volga, Dnieper thiab Zapadnaya Dvina.
Tus dej sib txuas yog 1,149 tus dej me thiab loj, tag nrho ntev ntawm ntau dua 16,500 km. Cov dej theem yog khaws cia vim los nag thiab daus, feem, lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav dej nyab, dej tsawg, yam ntxwv ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab lub caij ntuj sov, dej nyab. Kev khov ntawm tus dej npog hauv cheeb tsam Smolensk yog qhov zoo rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis-Lub Kaum Ob Hlis, thiab cov dej khov yaj tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Peb Hlis-Lub Plaub Hlis.
Lub cheeb tsam muaj cov dej loj hauv qab no:
- Dnepr thiab nws cov ceg ntoo Sozh thiab Desna;
- Iput is a tributary of the Sozh;
- Ugra thiab Moscow yog cov ceg ntawm Oka (Volga phiab);
- Vazua thiab tributary Gzhat.
dej hiav txwv
cheeb tsam yog nyob rau hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm Moscow-Oka Water Administration. Tam sim no lub xeev txoj haujlwm "Kev Tiv Thaiv Ib puag ncig" tab tom ua nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam, uas muab rau kev siv cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Nws yog suav mus txog rau xyoo 2020. Rau 6 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev npaj, cov haujlwm hauv qab no cuam tshuam txog cov peev txheej dej ntawm thaj av Smolensk yuav tsum tau daws:
- Kev tsim kho ntawm kev tiv thaiv.
- Kev tsim kho vaj tse tshiab.
- Ua kom ruaj khov ntawm cov qauv hydraulic.
- Restoring the ecological balance.
thaj chaw thaj chaw thiab cov zaub mov
Zonally, cheeb tsam yog kev sib tshuam ntawm ciam teb ntawm Moscow Basin, Kursk-Voronezh massif thiab Dnieper-Donets kev nyuaj siab. Lub complex geological keeb kwm yog ib tug undulating struts, ib tug picturesque network ntawm cov dej ntws thiab ntau pas dej. Lub Dnieper yog nto moo rau nws cov cim tshwj xeeb: cov tsev txhab nyiaj siab nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Kolodnya thiab Sokolya Gora, nyob ze Bork thiab Krasny Bor. Txhua tus dej tsis yog tsuas yog qhov txawv txav xwb, tab sis kuj yog qhov chaw ntawm cov zaub mov.
Cov hav dej loj ntawm thaj av Smolensk zais qhov tso nyiaj:
- Sozh: chalk, glassy sands, phosphorites.
- Vazuza: marls, limestones, av nplaum, dolomites.
- Dnepr: gravel, limestone, chalk, av nplaum, tsev xuab zeb.
- Ugra: limestones, refractory av nplaum, xim av coal.
keeb kwm monuments
Hav dej ntws tsis yog tsuas yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov chaw qub txeeg qub teg: chaw nyob, chaw faus neeg, chaw nyob. Xws li kev pom qhia tias cov Slavs tau nyob raws ntug dej ntawm tus dej, yog li tsim cov dej sib txuas. Ntau pua xyoo dhau los, cov tsos ntawm qee tus dej ntws tau hloov mus rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog pre-Quaternary kwj ha, lwm tus - nrog Quaternary sawv daws yuav, thaum kev nthuav dav ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw dej ntawm thaj av Smolensk tshwm sim vim yog cov dej khov ntawm cov dej khov.
Rivers nrog pre-Quaternary hav:
- Vikhra (tributary of the Sozh).
- Berezina (Rudnyanskaya).
- Voronitsa (tributary ntawm Iput).
- Demina (ib ceg ntawm Ugra).
- Ugra (kawm sab sauv).
Quaternary - lub sijhawm no yog lub sijhawm uas cov dej ntws ntawm sab qab teb "ntws" thiab latitudinal "ntws ncig" hloov pauv lawv txoj kev mus rau sab qaum teb, piv txwv li los ua "reoriented". Latitudinal dej yog prefabricated nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv, tsim los ntawm ob peb ntu ntawm lwm yam ntws reservoir.
Cov dej latitudinal suav nrog cov dej khov nab kuab:
- Oster.
- Dnepr (los ntawm Dorogobuzh rau Orsha).
- Khmara.
Thaum lub Moscow glacier yaj, cov dej ntws raws kwj ha mus rau sab qab teb, thiab tom qab lub retreat ntawm lub glacier, lawv ntws mus rau sab qaum teb. "Redirected" dej ntws ntawm thaj av Smolensk nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev taw qhia, cov ntws uas mus rau sab qaum teb:
- Vyazma;
- Uzha (sab laug tributaries ntawm Dnieper);
- Ustrom;
- Kasplya;
- Wazooza;
- Cry;
- Mereya.
Nyob rau sab qab tebkev taw qhia hla dhau cov dej hauv qab no:
- Vorya;
- Qhia;
- Khmost;
- Sozh;
- Zhizhal;
- Gum;
- Dnepr (rau Dorogobuzh).
Slavutich lossis Borisfen
Tus dej thib plaub ntev tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe - Dnieper hauv thaj av Smolensk - yog qhov tseem ceeb, thiab muaj cov ceg ntoo: Vyazma, Sozh, Vop, Desna. Cov Greeks hu ua Borisfen, thiab cov neeg Slavic nyob raws nws ntug dej, nthuav Slavutich. Nws ntws los ntawm peb lub xeev: Ukraine, Belarus thiab Russia. Nws pib nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Valdai Upland (lub zos ntawm Dudkino, cheeb tsam Smolensk) thiab txuas mus rau 2,201 km, ntws mus rau hauv Dnieper Estuary.
Flora yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau cov algae (diatoms, golden algae, cryptophyte, thiab lwm yam), uas txawv nyob ntawm seb cov yam ntxwv ntawm ecological, qhov tob, lub caij thiab lub sijhawm ntawm hnub. Tag nrho cov algae ncav cuag 1,192 hom.
Txhua ntu ntawm Dnieper yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm nws tus kheej cov npe ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, cov naj npawb ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm xyoo mus rau xyoo: tus naj npawb ntawm macrophytes (cov nroj tsuag dej) tau nce mus rau 69 hom, qee hom tuaj yeem tsis tiv taus cov kev hloov pauv vim yog kev tsim kho ntawm cov reservoir, lwm tus - ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tsim thiab muab ntau ntxiv. Lub qhov ncauj cheeb tsam yog 72 hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag dej siab dua. Wetlands yog dominated los ntawm huab cua-dej reeds, cattails, reeds, as well as pondweed, urut, vallisneria, naiad, dej dawb lily thiab daj dej lily.
Fauna yog sawv cev los ntawm 70 hom ntses muab faib ua cov chav kawm:
- Checkpoints.
- Ib nrab ntawm(Sturgeon, herring, ram).
Ntau tus ntses dej (beluga, salmon, eel) ploj mus nyob rau sab saud Dnieper, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm podust, ide, tench, sterlet thiab chub kuj txo. Lawv tau hloov los ntawm bream, carp, catfish thiab pike.
Dnieper tributary
Nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Desna yog lub nroog Yelenya, nws keeb kwm hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 12th. Yav dhau los, cov av Smolensk tau kov yeej los ntawm Mongol-Tatars. Tsuas yog los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, Yelnya nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Smolensk tau los ua ib tug tag nrho-fledged Lavxias teb sab kev sib haum xeeb, me ntsis tom qab - ib lub nroog (1776). Qhov nrov ntawm qhov chaw niaj hnub no tsis yog tsuas yog hauv nws cov cim nco txog thiab cov tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm hauv zos, tsis deb ntawm tus dej Gorodianka, uas ntws mus rau Desna, muaj kev sib haum xeeb thaum ub ntawm XII xyoo pua.
Qhov chaw sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub nroog qhia nws qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub toj siab dej ntawm "Yelninsky Knot". Lub sab laug tributary ntawm lub Dnieper - Uzha, originates nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub sib haum xeeb thiab ntws nyob rau hauv ib tug northerly kev taw qhia. Lub Desna ntws mus rau sab qab teb, ib yam li Stryan. Cov dej ntawm Ugra mus los ntawm sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm Yelnya, Smolensk cheeb tsam, mus rau sab qaum teb, tig sharply mus rau sab hnub tuaj nyob ze lub zos ntawm Sledneva, tawm mus rau lub Vskhodsky koog tsev kawm ntawv. Lub Usiya ntws mus rau hauv Ugra, thiab Khmara phiab, uas yog ib tug tributary ntawm lub Sozh, nyob rau ntawm ciam teb ntawm lub Pochinkovsky thiab Elninsky koog tsev kawm ntawv.
Desna
Tus dej 1,130 km ntev ntws los ntawm European ib feem ntawm Russia. Lub npe los ntawm Old Slavonic txhais tau tias "txoj cai" thiab tau muab vim qhov chaw (txoj cai tributary). Lub hauv paus ntawm Desna River hauv thaj av Smolensk yog Golubev Mokh peat bog ze Yelnya, hauv cheeb tsamtoj. Dhau los ntawm ob peb cheeb tsam, nws ntws mus rau hauv Dnieper. Cov chav kawm sab saud yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm swampy struts. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj muaj ntau lub hauv qab tuab, thiab lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav muaj dej nyab loj. Qhov chaw dej tseem ceeb yog Desnogorsk reservoir. Tus dej muaj 13 txoj cai (Convince, Mena, Sudost, thiab lwm yam) thiab 20 sab laug tributaries (Oster, Navlya, Veresoch, thiab lwm yam).
Zapadnaya Dvina
Tus dej hla peb lub xeev, ntws nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Tebchaws Europe, muaj cov npe qub qub: Bubo, Sudon, Eridan thiab Khesin. Zhuchkevich ntseeg tias nws yog keeb kwm Finnish thiab txhais tau tias "tsim".
Sab hnub poob Dvina hauv thaj av Smolensk, uas yog 1,020 km ntev, pib los ntawm Lake Koryakino (Dvinets), ntws mus rau sab hnub poob, tom qab ntawd hloov kev coj mus rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob thiab ntws mus rau Gulf of Riga. Qhov loj tshaj tributaries: Luchosa, Mezha, Veles, Dubna, Usvyacha, Ulla, Disna, Toropa.
Yauza
Tus dej nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Gagarinsky koog tsev kawm ntawv yog txoj cai tributary ntawm Gzhat. Lub pas dej ua ke npog ntau dua 687 km2, thiab qhov ntev ntawm Yauza River hauv cheeb tsam Smolensk yog 77 km. Cov dej ntws ntws mus rau hauv Vazuz reservoir, pub rau Hydrotechnical system.
Zoo
Txog tam sim no, nws tsis paub meej txog keeb kwm ntawm tus dej. Kev xav sib txawv thiab sib cav sib ceg. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav tias tus dej ntws los ntawm qhov dej ntws nyob ze ntawm lub zos Bosino, lwm tus - nyob ze ntawm lub zos Rai, peb lub tswv yim xav tias lub zos Petrovo yog qhov pib. Lub xeev no tau tshwm sim vimCov kwj dej khiav los ntawm thaj chaw tau npaj tseg, uas sib koom ua ke nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm tus dej Sozh hauv cheeb tsam Smolensk. Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos ntawm cov zos saum toj no, pom tias tag nrho peb lub versions tsis muaj tseeb. Qhov pib ntawm tus dej pib suav hais tias yog thaj av qis nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub zos Redkevshchina, qhov twg ob lub hollows koom nrog: ib qho mus ntawm Maksimov Mkha, lwm qhov mus ncig lub zos mus rau sab qaum teb.
Lub chaw thib ob loj tshaj plaws ntawm Dnieper khiav 648 km, ntws mus rau hauv Dnieper ze Loev. Thaj chaw ntawm tus dej phwj yog 42,100 km2, nws cov ceg yog:
- Thiab txoj kev;
- Oster;
- Kev sib tham;
- Pronya;
Cov ntug dej khov nab kuab yog cov ciam teb siab heev, ncav cuag 20 m. Qhov tob hauv qee qhov chaw, ntawm ciam teb nrog Besed tributary, ncav cuag 6 m.
cheeb tsam Smolensk
thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw uas thaj chaw muaj ntau haiv neeg, cov dej sib txuas yog nyob rau hauv lub phiab ntawm Volga, Western Dvina thiab Dnieper. Cov dej ntws mus rau hauv Dub, Caspian thiab B altic Seas. Thaum muab piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws ntawm tus dej network ntawm cov cheeb tsam nyob sib ze, Smolensk yog qhov ntom ntom, tsim txhua xyoo.
Feem ntau ntawm cov dej ntws me me, tsuas yog 15 muaj qhov ntev tshaj 100 km, qhov seem txawv ntawm 20 mus rau 50 km. Cov hav amaze nrog lawv txoj kev zoo nkauj, dav khoov, zoo li pas dej txuas ntxiv. Nws yog txoj kev "los ntawm Varangians mus rau Greeks" uas mus raws tus dej ntws ntawm thaj av Smolensk, pib los ntawm Dnieper thiab xaus nrog Western Dvina.
Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog lub zogthiab thauj tus nqi ntawm tus dej network. Ua ntej lub advent ntawm railways, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, ships sailed raws tus dej Gzhat, Sozh, Kasplya. Nyob rau lub sijhawm niaj hnub no, txoj kev hauv dej yog npaj rau kev thauj cov rafts, thauj khoom, thiab rafting ntoo. Txog rau tam sim no, muaj 5 qhov chaw nres tsheb fais fab, tab sis tam sim no tsuas yog ib qho ua haujlwm - Knyazhinskaya. Nws muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua rau cov nroog thiab cov zos nyob ze kom tau txais hluav taws xob los ntawm Dorogobuzh hydroelectric fais fab chaw nres tsheb.
Kev lag luam hauv tebchaws yog lwm qhov chaw uas cov dej ntws ua lub luag haujlwm loj. Txhua qhov chaw dej yog nyob hauv cov hav dej. Hayfields, pastures, floodplain dos, pas dej ua liaj ua teb - txhua yam yog pub los ntawm tus dej network. Nuv ntses thiab dej noog tau bred nyob rau hauv lub pas dej.
