Ib lub cim ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv zos uas tshwm sim tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Soviet Union hauv ntau thaj chaw uas yav dhau los yog ib feem ntawm nws yog "Grad" installation. Cov duab ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws thiab cov phom loj no, luam tawm hauv cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov nplooj ntawv hauv Internet, qee zaum nthuav tawm los ua pov thawj ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias los yog nthuav tawm raws li cov duab kos duab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias siv BM-21, muaj qhov zoo me ntsis. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov riam phom no siab heev.
Katyusha thiab kev txhim kho ntawm SZO
Nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws, kev teeb tsa salvo tshwm sim ntxov dua li lwm lub ntiaj teb. Lub koom haum tshawb fawb Jet patented ntau lub thoob tua hluav taws uas tua cov foob pob hluav taws rov qab rau xyoo 1938. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev ua haujlwm los txhim kho MLRS tau ua tiav hauv USSR yuav luag tsis tu ncua, tau txais kev txhim kho tshwj xeeb thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj. "Katyushas" - lub legendary guards mortars - tsim los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua formations ntawm lub regimental echelon, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntaus hwj chim lawv yuav muab piv nrog rau kev sib faib. txoj cai salvo,tsis zoo li firing ib lub foob pob hluav taws, nws coj cov hauv paus hauv cov tub rog rau qhov laj thawj yooj yim heev. Los ntawm lig peb caug mus rau nruab nrab-fifties, foob pob ua ntxaij feem ntau yog unguided, tsiv raws li ib tug pa ballistic trajectory, thiab yog inferior rau artillery riam phom nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntaus raug. Cov roj tsis kub tsis sib npaug txaus, cov mem tes hloov pauv tau tshwm sim, uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig loj dissipation. Tsuas yog daim ntawv thov loj tuaj yeem ua rau qhov tsis zoo no, vim tias cov squares tau cuam tshuam nrog txhua yam uas nyob rau ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob yog nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm cov neeg coob coob thiab cov khoom siv. Raws li cov kev paub tau los ntawm 1939 txog 1945, lub tswv yim ntawm ntau lub foob pob hluav taws, tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm tom ntej hauv USSR, tau tsim. Nws cov lus qhia tiag tiag yog BM (lub tsheb sib ntaus sib tua), uas muaj qhov ntsuas tsis txaus ntseeg "21", nws tseem yog "Grad" installation. Lub vojvoog ntawm kev puas tsuaj tau loj dua, piv rau Katyusha, lub foob pob hluav taws tau nce ntau zaus.
Previous systems
Thaum kawg ntawm peb caug xyoo, cov thawj coj tub rog Soviet tau kho lub tswv yim ntawm kev ntaus pob nrog foob pob hluav taws, nrog rau cov cuab yeej foob pob hluav taws feem ntau, nrog qee qhov tsis ntseeg. Kev saib xyuas tub rog ib txwm muaj, ua ke nrog kev ntseeg siab hauv lub sijhawm sim hom riam phom, muaj txiaj ntsig. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus neeg nyiam ntawm cov mos txwv tshiab tau tswj hwm kom tawg qhov kev tawm tsam, thiab tsis ntev tom qab kev tawm tsam German, Katyusha pawg tau nkag mus rau hauv kev tua, qhia tsis meej pem thiab ceeb rau hauv qib ntawm cov neeg ua phem. Kev ua tiav ntawm SZO thaum lub sijhawmKev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Tebchaws Europe, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Asia (tawm tsam Kwantung pawg ntawm cov tub rog Nyij Pooj) thaum kawg tau ntxiv dag zog rau Stalinist kev coj noj coj ua hauv lub tswv yim ntawm kev tawm tswv yim ntawm kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm thaj chaw no ntawm cov khoom siv tub rog. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub 50s, cov qauv tshiab tau tsim thiab txais yuav. BM-14 muaj 140 hli RS caliber thiab tuaj yeem ntaus thaj chaw lub hom phiaj ntawm kaum-kilometer deb. Lub BM-24 raug rho tawm txawm nyob deb, ntawm 16,800 m. Nws zoo nkaus li tias nws yuav nyuaj rau tsim ib yam dab tsi zoo dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav tias cov phom loj feem ntau yog ib ceg ntawm cov tub rog, nrog rau kev siv lub hauv paus uas tsis muaj kev vam meej. ntawm scientific kev kawm raws li aviation los yog navy. Phom thiab howitzers ua haujlwm rau ntau xyoo yam tsis tau hloov pauv cov qauv, thiab qhov no tsis ua rau leej twg xav tsis thoob. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li tus tsim qauv zoo nkauj A. N. Gonichev, ntau yam tuaj yeem ua tau. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1960, nws yog nws uas tau txais txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tsoomfwv. Cov yam ntxwv kev ua tau zoo ntawm Grad installation, kev tsim uas nws tau qhia, yuav tsum muaj ntau tshaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm BM-14 thiab BM-24, uas twb tau ua haujlwm lawm.
Txoj haujlwm thiab phooj ywg
Thaum xub thawj lawv tsis tau npaj yuav siv dab tsi hloov pauv hauv kev tsim tshiab. Cov ntsiab cai dav dav twb tau tsim. Nws tau xav tias qhov projectile yuav yog roj roj, qhov no tau hais los ntawm qhov loj ntawm kev siv hauv cov tub rog thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev cia khoom hauv cov tsev khaws khoom thiab hauv cov kab pem hauv ntej thaum muaj kev sib cav ntawm cov tub rog. Qhov raug tua hluav taws ntawm Grad installation tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev siv cov lus qhia tubular, uas nruj dua teeb tsa cov lus tsa suab vector thaum lub sijhawmtso tawm thiab ya davhlau ntxov. Lub sij hawm tig imparted rau lub projectile rau tib lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txo dispersion tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog ua tsaug rau cov stabilizers nyob rau hauv lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub davhlau kab, tab sis kuj yog vim tshwj xeeb kev taw qhia grooves txiav nyob rau hauv lub chim, zoo li yuav ua li cas nws yog siv nyob rau hauv artillery. daim. Lwm yam tseem ceeb uas ua rau qhov kev tua tsis zoo kuj yuav tsum tau tawm tsam, thiab tsis yog los ntawm lub zog ntawm lub taub hau tsim lub koom haum, tab sis kuj los ntawm subcontractors. PU tsim SKB-203, NII No. 6 yog lub luag haujlwm rau roj hlwb, thiab GSKB-47 tsim warheads. Lub npe "mailboxes" txawm niaj hnub no hais rau ob peb tus neeg txog ib yam dab tsi, thiab tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1960, thiab ntau dua. Nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm kev zais, txhua hom riam phom raug tsim, suav nrog Grad installation. Cov duab ntawm prototypes tau muab khaws cia rau hauv cov ntawv tshwj xeeb nrog cov vultures nruj. Txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm koom nrog hauv kev tsim SZO tshiab tau muab cov lus pom zoo tsis qhia tawm. Tau ntau xyoo, tsis muaj ib tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam tuaj yeem mus txawv tebchaws, txawm tias mus rau lub tebchaws socialist.
Tests
Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1961, thawj qhov kev tsim ua ntej Grad ntau lub foob pob hluav taws tau npaj rau kev sim, tom qab ntawd lwm qhov. Lub Tuam Tsev Rocket thiab Artillery Directorate ntawm Soviet Army tau npaj qhov chaw sim chaw (Leningrad Cheeb Tsam) rau cov phiaj xwm xa tawm ntawm 650 missiles thiab kev sim dej hiav txwv ntxiv raws li txoj kev ntawm 10,000 mais thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav. Nws tsis paub tias qhov kev nrawm yuav raug liam li cas, tab sis cov iav khiav tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus kev khiav tag nrho, nws tuaj yeem tsav tau tsuas yog 3300 km, tom qab ntawd tus ncej tawg. Chassisyuav tsum tau hloov, tab sis, raws li nws muab tawm, cov teeb meem tsis yog xwm txheej, tab sis yog ib tug systemic xwm. Nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm dynamic loads, ob tug choj sagged thiab cardan ncej ua tsis tau tejyam. Txawm li cas los xij, cov teeb meem no tsis tiv thaiv lub xeev kev lees paub. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev xeem, ib qho kev khiav ntau dhau tau tso. Kev teeb tsa "Grad" txij li xyoo 1964 pib tuaj txog hauv cov tub rog.
Aiming mechanism
Tau kawg, qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev tua hluav taws tua hluav taws no yog qhov ntsuas tau lees paub los ntawm kev tua hluav taws, thiab tsis yog kev tsav tsheb. Tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsav cov SZOs no los ntawm Moscow mus rau Vladivostok ntawm lawv tus kheej, muaj lwm txoj hauv kev rau kev xa khoom, thiab kev sib tsoo tsis pub dhau peb txhiab mais tau hais lus eloquently tias lub chassis, feem ntau, tsis tau ua phem heev, txawm hais tias lawv xav tau nyob rau hauv ib co amplification. Lub ntsiab chav tsev ntawm lub tshuab yog lub taub hau, muaj plaub caug (10 nyob rau hauv ib kab) qhia kav, 3 meters ntev thiab nrog ib tug sab hauv txoj kab uas hla ntawm 122.4 hli. Kev tua hluav taws ntau ntawm Grad installation nyob ntawm qhov inclination ntawm lub chim thaiv kev txheeb ze rau lub dav hlau kab rov tav, lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov uas yog teem los ntawm lub lifting device. Lub rooj sib txoos no yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub hauv paus thiab, raws li nws txoj cai, yog ib tug neeg kho tshuab gearbox uas muaj xws li ob tug kinematic khub: ib tug toothed ncej thiab ib tug iav los teem cov kev taw qhia thiab ib tug cab iav, uas lub siab xav tau tsim. Cov txheej txheem kev taw qhia yog tsav hluav taws xob lossis manually.
Kev tsim kho tshiab
TTX installationGrad ncaj qha ntsig txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov cuaj luaj uas nws tua.
Lub 9M22 lub foob pob tawg tawg siab heev tau npaj ua cov mos txwv loj rau BM-21. Nws cov khoom tau tso cai rau cov nroj tsuag 176, uas nyob rau hauv 1964 yuav tsum tau tsim 10 txhiab daim. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tuam txhab tsis tau daws txoj haujlwm, cov teeb meem uas xav tau thiab cov teeb meem tsis tau pom dua tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg, cov nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm tsim tau 650 missiles thiab 350 warheads rau lawv. Kev zam txim rau kev rhuav tshem lub sijhawm yuav yog qhov kev hloov kho tshiab uas siv sijhawm los siv, tab sis txhim kho thev naus laus zis yav tom ntej. Ntawm qhov insistence ntawm General Designer Alexander Ganichev, ib txoj kev tau qhia rau kev tsim hulls siv lub template drawing method los ntawm cov ntawv hlau, zoo ib yam li uas siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov artillery shells. Yav dhau los, foob pob hluav taws tau raug txiav ntawm cov tshuab radial los ntawm cov khoom siv hlau, uas ua rau muaj kev siv hlau ntau thiab cov nqi ua haujlwm tsis tsim nyog. Lwm txoj hauv kev tshiab tau siv rau hauv txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ceev cov folding stabilizers ntawm qhov projectile raug rho tawm haujlwm los ntawm Grad launcher. Lub vojvoog ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm 9M22 me ntsis tshaj 20 km. Qhov kev ncua deb tsis zoo rau qhov tseeb. Qhov sib kis ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws. Qhov tseeb, qhov tsawg kawg ntawm kev tua hluav taws ntawm Grad installation, teem rau ntawm 5 km, yog qhov xwm txheej, nws muaj peev xwm tua hluav taws nyob rau hauv ib lub vojvoog ntawm ib thiab ib nrab kilometers, tab sis muaj kev pheej hmoo loj ntawm kev ntaus qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm, uas, nrog rau qhov loj. Lub zog ntawm cov mos txwv puas tsuaj, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo.
"Exhaust" thev naus laus zis tau ua tiav nws tus kheej. Lub cev ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws tiag tiag ua kom sib dua. Kev tsim khoom tau pheej yig dua, tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov ua tiav tseem ceeb. Kev tua hluav taws ntau ntawm Grad installation tau nce ntxiv. Nrog tib qhov loj ntawm qhov projectile, nws tuaj yeem tsoo lub hom phiaj ntawm lub qab ntug.
foob pob hluav taws
Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv zos, muaj ntu thaum lub plhaub npaj rau BM-21 tau tsim los ntawm cov ntawv slate muab tso rau hauv cib kom muab lub kaum sab xis xav tau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tau kawg, qhov tseeb ntawm kev ntaus yog tsawg. Lub installation "Grad" tsis tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm kev pabcuam pabcuam. Cov duab ntawm Middle Eastern cov neeg phem sim ua phem rau lwm sab nrog cov khoom siv improvised yog tsim los siv lub siab lub ntsws.
Lub missile 9M22 hnyav 66 kg thiab ntev 2870 mm. Qhov sib ntaus sib tua muaj qhov hnyav ntawm 18.4 kg thiab muaj 6.4 kg ntawm TNT. Lub tso tawm tshwm sim nrog hluav taws xob impulse ignition ntawm lub fuse. Khoom propellant muaj ob lub checkers nrog tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm 20.4 kg. Lub warhead yog detonated los ntawm MRV (MRV-U) fuse, uas tau txais cocks tom qab lub missile tau tawm ntawm 200-400 meters. Lub projectile tawm hauv lub thoob ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 50 m / s, ces nrawm mus rau 700 m / s. Kev tua hluav taws ntau ntawm Grad installation tuaj yeem raug txwv nrog kev pab ntawm lub nplhaib nres (loj lossis me). Xyoo 1963, NII-147 cov kws tshaj lij tau tsim ib qho kev sib cais-tshuaj lom neeg ntawm qhov projectile, uas tau txais lub npe "Leika" (9M23), uas muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam li 9M22.
Regular 9M22 thiab Leica
Kev xeem tau qhia tias lub zog ntawm Grad launcher muaj zog npaum li cas. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm kev puas tsuaj nrog ib tug tag nrho salvo yog 1050 square meters. m thaum ntaus neeg, thiab 840 sq. m rau tsheb armored.
Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm lub projectile kov fuses. "Leika" tuaj yeem nruab nrog lawv nyob rau hauv ob lub versions (mechanical thiab radar). Cov mos txwv blasting yuav ua tau zoo dua yog tias nws yog detonated ntawm qhov siab qhov siab, nrog rau qhov projectile raug rho tawm haujlwm los ntawm Grad launcher. Cov cheeb tsam cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom tawg thiab cov tshuaj lom tau nce ntau heev thaum pib 30 meters ntawm qhov chaw, txawm li cas los xij, kev siv lub radar fuse txo qhov ntau ntawm 1600 meters.
Ntau hom mos txwv rau Grad
Thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom ntawm BM-21, ua haujlwm tas li los txhim kho cov mos txwv uas twb muaj lawm thiab tsim cov tshiab (tshwj xeeb). Lawv tuaj yeem thauj khoom nrog txhua qhov Grad installation. 3M16 shells muaj ib pawg tub rog, 9M42 shells illuminated cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv ib tug 500 m vojvoog nrog ib hnub ci ci rau ib thiab ib nrab feeb, 9M28K scatters anti-neeg mines (3 txhua), nws tus kheej-destructing nyob rau hauv 16-24 teev. RS 9M519 tsim kev ruaj ntseg hauv xov tooj cua cuam tshuam.
BM-21 feem ntau yog siv cov foob pob hluav taws tsis yooj yim, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb, xws li 9M217, nruab nrog cov cuab yeej siv tus kheej thiab tus nqi zoo los tua cov tso tsheb hlau luam.
Tsim thiab haus luam yeeb teeb meem, thiab ntxiv zog mos txwv, thiab ntau lwm yam tsis kaj siabsurprises rau cov yeeb ncuab uas lub Grad installation yuav raug them. Lub vojvoog ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj tuaj, lub zog puas tsuaj loj zuj zus, qhov tseeb yog nce.
Upgraded BM-21
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab txhim khu kev qha, siv los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm ntau lub tebchaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb lees paub vim nws yooj yim ntawm kev saib xyuas thiab kev ntseeg tau, txawm tias nws muaj hnub nyoog zoo, tuaj yeem siv tau ntev. Txij lub sij hawm, nws cov yam ntxwv tau txhim kho vim qhov kev hloov kho tshiab tshaj plaws, feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xwm txheej.
Nyob rau xyoo 1998, nyob ze Orenburg, qhov kev teeb tsa Grad, uas tau dhau los ua kev hloov kho tshiab, tau tshwm sim. Cov duab thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm lub tsheb lub sijhawm no tsis tau muab zais los ntawm pej xeem thiab tau tshaj tawm los ntawm txhua qhov xov xwm thiab xov xwm tshaj tawm. Qhov sib txawv ntawm lub hauv paus qauv muaj nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug hluav taws tswj ncej, hu ua "Kapustnik-B2", tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub high-speed computer "Baget-41". Lub chaw tswj hluav taws kuj tseem suav nrog cov txheej txheem huab cua, kev ntsuas kev taw qhia, thiab cov khoom siv sib txuas lus tshiab tshaj plaws uas ua haujlwm hauv cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv tsis siv neeg. Qhov kev tua hluav taws zoo ntawm Grad installation tau nce ob npaug (txog 40 km). Lub ballistic kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub plhaub, uas tau txais cov stabilizers tshiab thiab txhim kho qhov nruab nrab, kuj tau txhim kho. Kev sib xyaw roj tshiab tau tsim kho.
Nyob hauv lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab tau raug txheeb xyuas uas tuaj yeem txo qislub sijhawm thauj khoom thiab lwm yam kev ua tau zoo ntawm Grad installation. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no, cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw tau tshwm sim, kev siv uas tuaj yeem nce qib ntawm ste alth ntawm radar cov cuab yeej thiab pab txhawb kev tsim. Feem ntau yuav, nyob rau yav tom ntej, Grad ntau lub foob pob hluav taws yuav tau txais ib qho kev siv polymer monoblock es tsis txhob siv tubular chim, uas yuav txo tau lub sij hawm reload rau 5 feeb.
Upgraded SZU, nrog rau cov txheej txheem Prima tshiab, yuav sai sai no tau txais los ntawm Pawg Tub Rog ntawm Lavxias Federation. Mounting xaiv yog muab tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tsheb platforms, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ib co nkoj. Lub Grad salvo launcher kuj tseem siv tau los ua cov khoom tiv thaiv rau cov ntug dej hiav txwv.
