Nyob hauv Kievan, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Muscovite Rus, yuav luag txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim hlau yog swamp thiab pas dej ores pw ze ntawm qhov chaw. Cov lus tshawb fawb lawv raug hu ua "xim av ntawm cov organic keeb kwm" lossis "limonite". Niaj hnub no cov npe ntawm qee qhov chaw nyob, thaj chaw thiab cov kwj deg tseem cuam tshuam qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov khoom qub qub hauv cov khoom siv raw: Zheleznyaki lub zos, Rudokop reservoir, Rzhavets kwj. Cov chaw ua dej tsis txaus ntseeg tau tsim cov hlau tsis zoo, tab sis nws yog nws uas tau cawm lub xeev Lavxias mus ntev.
yam ntxwv ntawm swamp ore
Swamp ore yog ntau hom xim av xim av tso rau hauv cov av ntub dej ntawm cov rhizomes ntawm cov nroj tsuag dej. Nyob rau hauv tsos, nws feem ntau tshwm li placers los yog tuab earthy pieces ntawm reddish-xim av hues, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm uas yog feem ntau sawv cev los ntawm hlau oxide hydrate, thiab kuj muaj xws li dej thiab ntau yam impurities. Tsis yog li ntawd feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg koj yuav nrhiav tau npib tsib xee oxide, chromium, titanium los yog phosphorus.
Swamp ores tsis zoo hauv cov ntsiab lus hlau (los ntawm 18% mus rau 40%), tab sismuaj ib qho txiaj ntsig tsis txaus ntseeg: qhov smelting ntawm cov hlau los ntawm lawv tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub ntawm tsuas yog 400 degrees Celsius, thiab 700-800 degrees tuaj yeem tsim cov hlau zoo. Yog li, kev tsim khoom los ntawm cov khoom siv raw tuaj yeem tsim tau yooj yim hauv qhov cub yooj yim.
Swamp ore yog dav nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe thiab nrog cov hav zoov kub nyob txhua qhov chaw. Sab qab teb ciam teb ntawm nws qhov kev faib ua ke nrog rau yav qab teb ciam teb ntawm hav zoov-steppe. Hauv thaj chaw steppe, hlau ore ntawm hom no yuav luag tsis tuaj.
Ntawm cov nplooj ntawv keeb kwm
Swamp ore prevailed hla vein ore tau ntev. Nyob rau hauv ancient Russia, rau zus tau tej cov hlau cov khoom, lawv resorted mus rau ore sau nyob rau hauv swamps. Lawv coj nws tawm nrog rab diav, tshem tawm ib txheej nyias ntawm cov zaub los saum toj no. Yog li ntawd, cov ore no tseem hu ua "turf" lossis "meadow".
Kev rho tawm cov hlau los ntawm swamp ore yog ib qho khoom siv nyob deb nroog nkaus xwb. Peasants tau tawm mus nuv ntses, raws li txoj cai, thaum kawg ntawm lub caij ntuj sov thiab thaum ntxov caij nplooj zeeg. Thaum tshawb nrhiav ore, ib ceg ntoo nrog qhov taw tes kawg tau siv, uas tau siv los ua kom tawg los ntawm txheej saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm turf, plunging nws mus rau qhov tob tob ntawm 20-35 centimeters. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov miners tau crowned nrog qee lub suab tsim los ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg, thiab tom qab ntawd cov pob zeb rho tawm tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov xim thiab saj ntawm daim. Nws siv sijhawm li ob lub hlis kom qhuav cov ore los ntawm cov dej noo ntau dhau, thiab thaum Lub Kaum Hli nws twb tau calcined ntawm hluav taws, hlawv tawm ntau yam impurities. Qhov kawg smelting yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no nyob rau hauv blast furnaces. Secrets ntawm yuav ua li cas kom tau swamp ore,muab tso tseg thiab khaws cia rau tiam neeg.
Nws yog qhov nthuav tias nyob rau hauv Lus Lavxias qub lo lus "ore" tau siv los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm ob qho tib si ore thiab ntshav, thiab cov derivative "ore" yog ib lo lus rau "liab" thiab "liab".
Ore formation
Hauv xyoo 1836, German geologist H. G. Ehrenberg thawj zaug tsim qhov kev xav tias qhov loj hlob hauv qab sediments ntawm xim av hlau ore nyob rau hauv swamp yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob hlau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txawm tias muaj kev txhim kho dawb nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj, qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm bog ore tseem tsis tuaj yeem cog rau hauv chav kuaj. Nws cov hlwb yog them nrog ib hom sheath ntawm hlau hydroxide. Yog li, hauv dej lub cev, los ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob hlau, cov hlau txuas zuj zus zuj zus tuaj.
Cov khoom tawg ntawm cov ntsev ntsev los ntawm thawj qhov tso nyiaj nkag mus rau hauv dej hauv av thiab, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, nyob hauv cov av xoob xoob hauv daim ntawv zes, buds lossis lo ntsiab muag. Cov ore no pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qis thiab qis heev, nrog rau hauv cov kwj ntawm cov dej thiab cov pas dej.
Lwm yam uas cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov bog ore yog cov txheej txheem redox nyob rau hauv tag nrho txoj kev loj hlob ntawm bog system.
Nyiaj
Qhov loj tshaj plaws swamp ore deposits nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub Urals, qhov twg tag nrho cov cia ntawm tag nrho cov deposits yog hais txog 16.5 lab tons. Brown hlau ore ntawm organic keeb kwm muaj hlau los ntawm 47% mus rau 52%, muaj cov alumina thiabsilica yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab txwv. Cov ore zoo li no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev smelting.
Nyob rau hauv Karelian koom pheej, nyob rau hauv lub Novgorod, Tver thiab Leningrad cheeb tsam muaj deposits ntawm goethite (hlau oxide hydrate), uas yog concentrated feem ntau nyob rau hauv swamps thiab pas dej. Thiab txawm hais tias nws muaj ntau yam tsis tsim nyog impurities, qhov yooj yim ntawm kev rho tawm thiab kev ua haujlwm ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov ntim ntawm cov ore hauv pas dej yog qhov tseem ceeb heev uas nyob rau ntawm cov nroj tsuag hlau-smelting ntawm Olonets District hauv xyoo 1891, kev rho tawm ntawm cov ores mus txog 535,000 phaus, thiab 189,500 phaus ntawm cov hlau smelted.
Tula thiab Lipetsk cheeb tsam kuj muaj cov xim av xim av ntawm cov hav dej genesis. Hlau nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm 30-40%, muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm manganese.
Loot Features
Swamp ore tsis tshua suav hais tias yog cov ntxhia niaj hnub no thiab tsis txaus siab rau kev tsim kho hauv zos. Thiab yog hais tias rau metallurgy lub thickness tsis tseem ceeb ntawm ore-bearing txheej yog tsis muaj nqi, ces rau ib lub tsev amateur hobby lawv yog txoj cai.
Nyob rau hauv xwm, xws li ore muaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom thiab zoo, los ntawm voluminous taum thiab me me crumbs mus rau ib tug zoo li sapropel qauv. Lawv cov deposits yog nyob rau hauv qab ntawm swamps, nyob rau hauv lub lowlands thiab nyob rau hauv lub slopes ntawm lub toj nyob ib sab ntawm lawv. Cov neeg nuv ntses uas muaj kev paub dhau los txiav txim siab qhov chaw los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej rusty thiab cov av tsaus nti ntawm cov swamps, nrog rau ntau cov cim qhia. Tom qab tshem tawm cov txheej saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm cov av, feem ntau hauv caug-ntev hauv dej, thiab qee zaum txawmsiv, lawv rho tawm "hlau ntiaj teb" ntawm liab-liab ntxoov. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias ore los ntawm qhov chaw siab thiab nyob rau hauv birch hav zoov yog suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, txij li thaum hlau los ntawm nws yuav softer, tab sis nyuaj hlau yog tau los ntawm ore nyob rau hauv spruce forests.
Cov txheej txheem ntxiv los ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej tsis tau hloov pauv ntau thiab suav nrog cov txheej txheem pib ntawm cov khoom siv raw, ntxuav los ntawm cov nroj tsuag seem thiab sib tsoo. Tom qab ntawd cov ore tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw qhuav, hauv av lossis ntawm cov ntoo tshwj xeeb thiab sab laug kom qhuav rau ib ntus. Nyob rau theem kawg, nws raug rho tawm haujlwm kom tshem tawm cov khoom seem ntawm cov organic thiab xa mus rau qhov cub rau smelting.
siv tswv yim
Qhov muaj phosphorus thiab lwm yam hlau ntxiv nyob rau hauv qhov sib xyaw ntawm swamp ores ua rau txo qis ntawm kev siv limonite pob zeb rau hlau thiab hlau smelting. Metallurgists tau nce siv ntau yam hauv ntiaj teb ua cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov xuab zeb. Tsis ntev los no, swamp ore tau dhau los ua qhov xav tau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes; ntawm coke nroj tsuag, nws yog siv los tshem tawm hydrogen sulfide los ntawm huab cua. Thiab hauv qee lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, nws yog siv los ntxuav cov pa hauv tsev. Qee hom xim av xim av kuj tseem siv rau kev tsim cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish, tshwj xeeb yog ocher thiab umber.
Xws li ntau yam dej ntws los ua "lub taub hau iav xim av" hauv nws lub xeev muaj nuj nqis heev los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom thiab cov pob zeb. Nws cov khoom siv lead ua yog siv los tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub zoo nkauj rau txhua tus saj: pendants, bracelets, pendants, rings thiabqhwv ntsej. Limonite mus zoo nrog nyiaj.
