Alexey Nikolaevich Dushkin, kws kes duab vajtse: biography, tus kheej lub neej thiab cov duab

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Alexey Nikolaevich Dushkin, kws kes duab vajtse: biography, tus kheej lub neej thiab cov duab
Alexey Nikolaevich Dushkin, kws kes duab vajtse: biography, tus kheej lub neej thiab cov duab

Video: Alexey Nikolaevich Dushkin, kws kes duab vajtse: biography, tus kheej lub neej thiab cov duab

Video: Alexey Nikolaevich Dushkin, kws kes duab vajtse: biography, tus kheej lub neej thiab cov duab
Video: Архитектор Алексей Душкин. Лекция Н. Душкиной в Клубе Архнадзора 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Tus kws tshaj lij Soviet kws kes duab vajtse Alexei Nikolayevich Dushkin tau tso tseg cov keeb kwm zoo thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev tsim vaj tsev hauv tsev thiab kev npaj hauv nroog. Nws lub neej tsis yooj yim, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm paub txog nws lub peev xwm. Wb tham txog yuav ua li cas tus kws kes duab vajtse A. N. Dushkin tau tsim, nws nto moo rau nws li cas, nws muaj tswv yim biography thiab tus kheej lub neej tsim.

tsev neeg thiab menyuam yaus

Hnub Christmas Eve 1904 nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Aleksandrovka, Kharkov xeev, ib tug me nyuam tub, yav tom ntej architect Dushkin, yug los. Biography pib nrog hnub so, tab sis lub neej ntawm Alexei Nikolaevich tsis yog ib txwm muaj kev xyiv fab ntawm cov xwm txheej - nws yog tag nrho ntawm cov dab neeg ua yeeb yam. Tab sis ces txhua yam zoo tag nrho. Tsev neeg uas Alexei yug los yog los ntawm lub voj voog ntse. Niam los ntawm Russified Germans los ntawm Switzerland, nws lub npe yog Nadezhda Vladimirovna Fichter. Leej Txiv Nikolai Alekseevich yog tus paub txog av zoo, ua haujlwm ua tus kws tshaj lij agronomist thiab tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm thaj av ntawm cov neeg lag luam loj, lub Hoobkas qab zib,philanthropist P. I. Kharitonenko thiab cov vaj tse ntawm Kening tsev neeg. Leej txiv ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse yav tom ntej tau yug los hauv Vologda thiab yog ib tus neeg muaj koob muaj npe ntawm lub nroog no. Cov tsev neeg muaj kev sib raug zoo, kev coj noj coj ua, nthuav dav, muaj kev kawm tau tuaj xyuas tsev.

Alexey muaj ib tug tij laug, Nikolai, uas tom qab ntawd los ua ib tug kws sau ntawv thiab kws kos duab. Txoj hmoo sib txawv kiag li tos nws. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 18 xyoo, nws tus tij laug pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsarist pab tub rog, mus rau tag nrho cov Eastern Europe nrog nws, tau txais ib tug ua tub rog puav pheej - lub Order ntawm St. Nws yeej tsis rov qab los rau Russia, txij li xyoo 1926 nws nyob hauv Fab Kis, qhov chaw nws tau txais koob meej zoo li ib tus kws tshaj lij. Cov kwv tij tsis tau ntsib txij thaum hluas.

Alexey cov menyuam yaus xyoo tau muaj kev vam meej: muaj kev kawm, tsev neeg zoo siab, cov menyuam muaj kev sib raug zoo, tus kws qhia ntawv, kev nthuav dav. Tag nrho cov no tso cai rau cov me nyuam kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb.

Alexey Dushkin kws kes duab vajtse
Alexey Dushkin kws kes duab vajtse

Kev Kawm

Nyob rau hauv tsarist Russia, nws yog ib txwm ua rau cov tsev neeg nplua nuj muab lawv cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv tsev, thiab tsev neeg ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Dushkin tsis muaj qhov zam. Tus me nyuam tub biography tau muab tso rau hauv lub tsev, qhov chaw uas ib tug kws qhia tshwj xeeb raug ntiav rau cov kwv tij, uas qhia lawv lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov sciences. Qhov no tso cai rau tus tub hluas tau yooj yim nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv zoo yam tsis tau kawm hauv chav gym.

Tom qab kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm qib siab, ntawm kev hais lus ntawm nws txiv, Alex nkag mus rau lub koom haum meliorative hauv Kharkov. Tab sis tus tub hluas tsis xav txog kev ua liaj ua teb. Xyoo 1923, nws hloov mus rau Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Chemistry, tab sis tsis nyob ntawm no ntev ib yam. Xyoo 1925, tam sim ntawd tom qab nws txiv tuag,nws raug xa mus rau Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Civil Engineering. Thiab tom qab ntawd nws ua tiav nws tau lees paub rau hauv lub studio ntawm tus kws kos duab nto moo Ukrainian Alexei Nikolaevich Beketov.

Daim ntawv pov thawj txoj haujlwm "Lub Tsev ntawm Cov Tshuab Luam Ntawv Ua Ke" los ntawm Dushkin tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov kws cob qhia. Xyoo 1930, nws kawm tiav nws txoj kev kawm, tab sis Aleksey Nikolayevich yeej tsis tau txais ib daim ntawv kawm tiav vim yog qhov ua tsis tau lossis tsis kam ua kom cov nuj nqis hauv Ukrainian lus.

pib ua haujlwm

Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm lub koom haum, tus kws kes duab vajtse Dushkin tau raug xa mus ua haujlwm hauv Kharkov Giprogor. Qhov pib ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm yog txuam nrog constructivism. Nws tuaj nyob rau hauv lub zog muaj tswv yim cawv ntawm nto moo Soviet architects Leonid, Alexander thiab Viktor Vesnin. Nyob rau hauv 1933, nws tau txais ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub studio ntawm Ivan Alexandrovich Fomin, qhov chaw uas nws nyiam ntawm art deco zoo nkauj. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib pab neeg ntawm tej yaam num rau ib tug tshiab ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Donbass, lub tsev ntawm lub tsheb lub koom haum nyob rau hauv Kharkov. Thaum lub sij hawm no, Dushkin nquag koom nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev sib tw los tshaj tawm nws lub zeem muag ntawm niaj hnub architecture. Ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: Xov tooj cua Palace, Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, Academic Cinema nyob rau hauv lub peev ntawm USSR. Nyob rau hauv lawv, Dushkin yog ib feem ntawm pab neeg, tab sis tseem tsis tau yog tus thawj coj ntawm pab neeg. Ua ke nrog J. Doditsa, nws tau ua ib txoj haujlwm ntawm kev sib tw tsheb ciav hlau hauv Deb altseve, vim li cas pab pawg tau txais txiaj ntsig thawj zaug.

architect ib n dushkin
architect ib n dushkin

Palace ntawm Soviets

Xyoo 1931, kev sib tw All-Union rau qhov project tau muaj nyob rau hauv MoscowPalace ntawm lub Soviets. Txoj kev npaj loj no tau raug txhawb nqa los ntawm lub teb chaws txoj kev coj noj coj ua txij thaum pib xyoo 1920. Kev sib tw ua haujlwm yog qhov loj: ntau txhiab tus neeg yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv lub tsev, yuav tsum muaj cov chav loj thiab me. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tsos ntawm lub tsev yuav tsum ua pov thawj qhov kev kov yeej ntawm kev sib raug zoo raws li lub tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Architect Aleksey Dushkin, raws li ib feem ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm Yakov Nikolaevich Doditsa, tau koom nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm lub project rau qhov kev sib tw. Txoj haujlwm raws li cov lus hais "Chervonny Prapor" tau txais thawj qhov khoom plig, nws cov neeg tsim khoom tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm 10 txhiab rubles, tab sis qhov project tsis raug lees txais rau kev siv.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 160 cov haujlwm raug xa mus rau qhov kev sib tw, suav nrog cov kws tsim qauv nto moo Le Corbusier thiab Gropius. Kev sib tw tau nthuav tawm ntau tus kws tsim txuj ci tsim nyog thiab ua rau muaj ntau lub tswv yim ci ntsa iab, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg tau txais los siv. Txawm li cas los xij, rau Dushkin nws yog lub sijhawm kom tau txais kev txiav txim uas nws muaj peev xwm paub txog nws lub peev xwm. Nws kuj tau ntsib nrog cov kws kos duab niaj hnub Shchusev thiab Zholtovsky. Tsis tas li ntawd, ua tsaug rau qhov project no, Dushkin thiab nws tsev neeg tau tsiv mus rau Moscow.

Metropolitan

Dushkin qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb yog kev tsim cov haujlwm rau Moscow metro chaw nres tsheb. Nyob rau hauv 1934, tus kws kes duab vajtse pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub Palace ntawm lub Soviet chaw nres tsheb (tam sim no Kropotkinskaya). Kev ua haujlwm tsis yooj yim: Dushkin yuav tsum ua pov thawj qhov tseeb thiab tus nqi ntawm nws txoj kev npaj ntawm txhua qib. Qhov project tau siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tshaj plaws los ua cov pob zeb ua vaj tse. Niaj hnub no, lawv cov ntaub ntawv xav tsis thoob nrog txoj kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov kab thiab cov ntsiab lus.

chaw nres tsheb no yog luscawm tus kws kes duab vajtse txoj sia. Thaum lub Peb Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1935, nws raug ntes thiab xa mus rau Butyrka: NKVD muaj qee qhov kev thov tawm tsam nws. Tab sis thaum Lub Peb Hlis 15, lub chaw nres tsheb tau qhib, thiab ib pawg neeg txawv tebchaws tuaj saib nws. Lawv xav tau kev paub nrog tus sau, uas yog siv los ntawm Dushkin tus poj niam, uas tau sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau tsoomfwv. Peb hnub tom qab, tus kws kes duab vajtse raug tso tawm, tab sis zaj dab neeg no mus ib txhis tso lub cim rau ntawm nws tus ntsuj plig. Dushkin raug tso cai rov qab mus ua hauj lwm thiab nws tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo tej yaam num, cov no yog cov chaw nres tsheb: Revolution Square, Mayakovskaya, Avtozavodskaya (thaum ntawd Stalin Plant), Novoslobodskaya, Paveletskaya (radial). Cov phiaj xwm no tau paub dav tsis yog hauv Russia nkaus xwb, tab sis thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Chaw nres tsheb Mayakovskaya txawm yeej Grand Prix ntawm New York Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv xyoo 1939.

Dhau li ntawm qhov no, Alexei Nikolaevich tsa tag nrho galaxy ntawm cov thwjtim uas tsim chaw nres tsheb tsis yog hauv Moscow nkaus xwb, tab sis thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws Soviet. Nws lub tsev kawm txawm hu ua architecture ntawm lub zog. Cov ntsiab cai tseem ceeb ntawm Dushkin yog:

  • qhov xav tau kom paub meej lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim, yam tsis muaj qhov ntim tsis tsim nyog,
  • siv lub teeb ua ib txoj hauv kev tsim cov duab architectural,
  • kev sib sau ntawm architectural tsim nrog décor,
  • nyab xeeb pem teb.
tus kws kes duab vajtse dushkin tus poj niam
tus kws kes duab vajtse dushkin tus poj niam

Main Projects

Tab sis tus kws kes duab vajtse Dushkin, uas nws txoj haujlwm tau paub dav hauv Ministry of Railways, txuas ntxiv tsim hauv av.cov tsev. Nws cov cuab yeej cuab tam suav nrog cov tuam tsev ntawm USSR embassies nyob rau hauv Bucharest thiab Kabul, ib lub tsev siab nyob rau hauv Moscow ntawm lub Rooj vag liab, lub tsev nto moo ntawm Cov Me Nyuam Ntiaj Teb ntawm Lubyanka Square.

Innovation

Tus kws kos duab Dushkin tau txais nws lub koob meej tsis yog rau nws lub peev xwm los tsim cov vaj tsev zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev coj ua ntawm kev npaj hauv nroog. Nws tau ua haujlwm ntau nrog cov kev sib txuas lus, tsim cov choj thiab cov chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau, thiab nkag siab tias lub tsev yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam sab nraud, tab sis kuj ua haujlwm zoo. Nws ib txwm txawj ua ke nrog kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov décor nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tsev thiab kev tsim kho zoo.

architect dushkin yees duab
architect dushkin yees duab

Ua haujlwm ntawm Ministry of Railways

Nyob rau xyoo 50s, cov kws kho mob los ntawm ntau lub lag luam tuaj ua haujlwm hauv ntau lub tuam tsev. Tus kws kes duab vajtse Dushkin tsis tau khiav tawm txoj hmoo no. Cov duab ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau phau ntawv siv ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev tsim lub subway. Nws tau raug caw mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm kws kes duab vajtse hauv Metroproekt. Tom qab ntawd nws sai sai mus rau tus ntaiv hauj lwm, thawj coj txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub taub hau ntawm architectural department ntawm lub Metroproject, thiab ces - tus thawj kws kes duab vajtse ntawm lub rhiav ntawm Ministry of Railways.

Nws kuj tseem ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub tsev nres tsheb sib npaug. Ua ntej, nws kos cov portals raws Sochi-Adler-Sukhumi railway kab. Tom qab tsov rog, nws tsim cov qauv tsim rau cov chaw nres tsheb hauv Stalingrad, Evpatoria, Sevastopol. Nws koom tes hauv kev kho dua tshiab ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1930 mus txog rau xyoo 1956, nws ua haujlwm hnyav thiab hnyav heev. Nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj coj, ntauchaw nres tsheb thiab railway chaw nres tsheb nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub USSR. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1956, nws raug tshem tawm los ntawm tus thawj kws kes duab vajtse ntawm Mosgiprotrans, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd nws raug tshem tawm ntawm architectural saib xyuas ntawm tag nrho cov project.

Tus kws kes duab vajtse dushkin biography
Tus kws kes duab vajtse dushkin biography

Kev tsim txom

Thaum lub sijhawm N. S. Khrushchev, kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cosmopolitanism pib, thiab ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam tau poob rau hauv qhov kev sib tw no, suav nrog tus kws kos duab Dushkin. Tus poj niam ntawm Alexei Nikolaevich nco qab hais tias nyob rau hauv 1957, nyob rau hauv lub prime ntawm nws muaj tswv yim powers, nws raug ntiab tawm ntawm architecture. Rov qab rau xyoo 1956, cov lus thov tau tawm tsam nws los ntawm tog thiab koom haum ua lag luam. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm kev tsis lees paub ntawm tus kws kos duab. Nyob rau hauv 1957, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub sij hawm tsim txom los ntawm txoj cai "Ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho" ntawm 1955, Dushkin raug tshem tawm los ntawm tag nrho cov tej yaam num thiab tshem tawm ntawm tag nrho cov hauj lwm. Qhov no yog ib qho kev nyuaj siab rau tus kws kes duab vajtse.

Tawm ntawm kev kub ntxhov

Dushkin, tom qab nws tau koom nrog kev tsim vaj tsev zoo, pib mob siab rau nws tus kheej ntau dua rau kev pleev xim, uas yav tas los ua haujlwm tsuas yog ua haujlwm nyiam. Nws kuj pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv monumental duab puab, tsim monuments nyob rau hauv Saransk, Vladimir, lub Gagarin monument nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv tandem nrog sculptor Bondarenko, lub Victory monument nyob rau hauv Novgorod. Dushkin ua ob peb lub qhov ntxa (rau Stanislavsky, Eisenstein), uas tuaj yeem pom ntawm Novodevichy tojntxas.

Xyoo 1959, nws tuaj ua haujlwm ntawm Metrogiprotrans ua tus thawj kws tsim qauv. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 60s, nws tau nyiam mus ua hauj lwm rau tej yaam num rau metro kab nyob rau hauv Leningrad,Tbilisi, Baku, tab sis nws tsis raug tso cai los ua tus sau cov haujlwm. Xyoo 1966, nws raug mob microinfarction, tab sis tseem ua haujlwm. Xyoo 1976, Dushkin pib sau ib phau ntawv hais txog nws txoj haujlwm, tab sis tsis muaj sijhawm los ua kom tiav.

https://synthart.livejournal.com/107881.html
https://synthart.livejournal.com/107881.html

Kev qhia ua haujlwm

Xyoo 1947, tus kws kes duab vajtse Dushkin pib ua haujlwm nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Moscow Architectural Institute. Ntawm no nws ua haujlwm txog xyoo 1974. Tau ntau xyoo, nws tsim ntau tus kws tsim vaj tsev uas txuas ntxiv nqa nws lub tswv yim.

Awards

Rau nws lub neej muaj tswv yim tsis khoom, tus kws tsim vaj tsev Dushkin tau txais qee yam khoom plig tsis muaj hmoo. Nws muaj peb qhov khoom plig Stalin rau nws qhov credit (rau chaw nres tsheb metro thiab rau qhov project siab hauv Moscow). Nws kuj tau txais qhov Order of Lenin thiab ob zaug tau txais Order of the Red Banner of Labor. Tus kws kes duab vajtse muaj ntau yam khoom plig tshaj lij.

Dushkin architect menyuam yaus
Dushkin architect menyuam yaus

Lub neej ntiag tug

Txawm tias thaum nws tseem hluas, tus kws tsim vaj tsev Dushkin, uas nws tus poj niam thiab cov menyuam tseem tsis tau nyob hauv cov phiaj xwm tseem ceeb, tau ntsib Tamara Dmitrievna Ketkhudova. Nws yog ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub conservatory thaum lub sij hawm. Nws txiv yog ib tug paub zoo txog pej xeem engineer, kawm tiav ntawm St. Petersburg Engineering Institute. Peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1927, cov hluas tau sib yuav. Cov tub ntxhais hluas pib nyob hauv tsev ntawm Tamara niam txiv hauv Kharkov. Lawv siv lawv lub hnub qub nyob hauv Kichkas, qhov chaw uas Aleksei tau ua haujlwm ua haujlwm.

Xyoo 1928, nkawm niam txiv muaj ib tug tub, Oleg. Xyoo 1940, tus tub thib ob Dmitry tau yug los rau Dushkins. Los ntawm 1941 txog 1945, ntau Muscovites raug xa mus rauKev khiav tawm, Dushkin tus poj niam thiab cov menyuam tawm mus rau Sverdlovsk, thiab tus kws tsim vaj tsev tseem nyob hauv lub nroog thoob plaws hauv kev ua tsov ua rog thiab ua haujlwm hnyav.

Lub Rau Hli 5, 1977, Dushkins ua kev zoo siab rau lawv txoj kev tshoob kos, lawv lub neej yog kev sib koom siab uas tus poj niam ib txwm txhawb nqa nws tus txiv hauv txhua yam. Thiab nws hnov suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv nws thiab embodied nws nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev. Txhua tus kws tshawb fawb sau tseg qhov tshwj xeeb suab paj nruag ntawm Dushkin's architecture. Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1977, lub neej ntawm Alexei Nikolayevich raug txiav luv los ntawm lub plawv nres. Tamara Dmitrievna ciaj sia nws tus txiv los ntawm 22 xyoo, thiab tag nrho cov xyoo no nws mob siab rau khaws nws tus txiv txojsia, sim ua kom nrov.

Nco thiab cuab yeej cuab tam

Kev khaws cia ntawm lub cim xeeb ntawm tus kws kos duab niaj hnub no yog nws tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv Natalya Olegovna Dushkina, tus kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm, tus xibfwb ntawm Moscow Architectural Institute. Nws tau sau ob peb zaj lus hais txog nws yawm txiv txoj hauj lwm, thiab hnub no nws kuj qhia txog nws txoj hauj lwm. Xyoo 1993, ib lub cim nco txog tau teeb tsa rau ntawm lub tsev uas Dushkins nyob tau 25 xyoo.

Pom zoo: