Ib qho ntawm thaj chaw deb tshaj plaws ntawm Russia yog Kamchatka Peninsula. Cov pej xeem ntawm ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws yog heev heterogeneous nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg, txawm hais tias nrog ib tug meej predominance ntawm Russians. Cov haiv neeg no tau pib nyob hauv thaj av no tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Tab sis cov pej xeem hauv paus txawm ntawm Kamchatka, cov neeg uas tau nyob rau ntawm lub ceg av qab teb txij li thaum ub, tau maj mam tawg mus rau hauv cov pej xeem loj. Cia peb kawm ntxiv txog cov haiv neeg no hauv Kamchatka.
Cov neeg pej xeem dav dav
Ua ntej koj pib kawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm, koj yuav tsum paub seb cov pej xeem ntawm Kamchatka hnub no yog dab tsi. Qhov no yuav ua rau peb nkag siab lub ntsiab lus thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm hauv lub neej niaj hnub hauv cheeb tsam.
Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, koj yuav tsum nrhiav pom tag nrho cov pej xeem hauv Kamchatka. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov cim qhia txog pej xeem. Cov pejxeem hauv Kamchatka hnub no yog 316.1 txhiab tus neeg. Qhov no tsuas yog 78th qhia tawm ntawm 85 thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation.
Tab sis hais txog thaj chaw, Kamchatka Territory nyob qib kaum hauv lub tebchaws ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsoomfwv. Nws yog 464.3 txhiab square meters. km. Paub txog cov pej xeem ntawm Kamchatka thiab nws cheeb tsam, nws muaj peev xwm xam qhov ceev. Qhov ntsuas no kuj suav hais tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov pej xeem txheeb cais. Cov pej xeem ceev hauv Kamchatka tam sim no tsuas yog 0.68 tus neeg / sq. km. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov nqi qis tshaj hauv Russia. Raws li qhov ntsuas no, Kamchatka Krai nyob qib 81st ntawm 85 thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws.
National composition
Tam sim no peb yuav tsum saib seb cov pejxeem ntawm Kamchatka yog dab tsi. Qhov no yuav pab kom peb paub qhov txawv haiv neeg hauv cheeb tsam los ntawm cov pej xeem.
Haiv neeg, cov pej xeem ntawm Kamchatka muaj ib haiv neeg uas suav nrog txhua tus. Cov no yog Russians. Lawv tus lej yog 252.6 txhiab tus neeg, lossis ntau dua 83% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem hauv cheeb tsam. Tab sis cov neeg Lavxias tsis yog cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm Kamchatka.
Ukrainians kuj tsim lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov pejxeem ntawm Kamchatka. Muaj tsawg dua ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, tab sis cov neeg no nyob rau qib thib ob ntawm cov haiv neeg hauv cheeb tsam, suav txog ntau dua 3.5% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem hauv cheeb tsam.
thib peb - Koryaks. Cov neeg no twb sawv cev rau cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm Kamchatka. Nws feem nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm cheeb tsam tsuas yog tshaj 2%.
Lwm haiv neeg, ob qho tib si hauv paus txawm thiab tsis yogCov neeg hauv paus txawm, uas nws cov neeg sawv cev nyob hauv Kamchatka, yog qhov qis dua ntawm peb cov neeg uas tau qhia. Tag nrho cov feem ntawm lawv tsis txawm mus txog 0.75% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem. Ntawm cov neeg me hauv Kamchatka, Itelmens, Tatars, Belarusians, Evens, Kamchadals, Chukchis, thiab Koreans yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm.
Cov neeg hauv paus txawm
Yog li cov haiv neeg hauv paus txawm nyob hauv Kamchatka yog dab tsi? Ntxiv rau cov Koryaks, uas peb tau tham txog saum toj no, Itelmens yog cov neeg uas yog haiv neeg ntawm lub tebchaws no.
Kamchadals sawv sib nrug, ua ib haiv neeg ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, uas tsim lawv lub tebchaws hauv Kamchatka.
Peb yuav tham txog txhua haiv neeg hauv qab no.
Koryaks: cov lus qhia dav dav
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, Koryaks yog peb haiv neeg loj tshaj plaws ntawm Kamchatka, thiab yog li thawj zaug ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm thaj av qaum teb no.
Tus naj npawb ntawm haiv neeg no yog 7.9 txhiab tus neeg. Ntawm cov no, 6.6 txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv Kamchatka, uas yog me ntsis ntau dua 2% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem hauv cheeb tsam. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg no feem ntau nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Kamchatka Territory, qhov twg hauv koog tsev kawm ntawv Koryak nyob. Kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv thaj av Magadan thiab hauv Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
Feem ntau Koryaks tam sim no hais lus Lavxias, tab sis lawv cov lus keeb kwm yog Koryak. Nws belongs rau Chukchi-Koryak ceg ntawm Chukchi-Kamchatka tsev neeg lus. Feem ntauChukchi thiab Alyutor yog suav hais tias yog cov lus zoo sib xws. Cov yav tas yog suav tias yog ib co linguists raws li ib tug subspecies ntawm Koryak.
Cov neeg no tau muab faib ua ob pawg: tundra thiab ntug hiav txwv Koryaks.
Tundra Koryaks yog tus kheej lub npe hu ua Chavchuvens, uas txhais tau tias "reindeer herders", thiab ua rau lub neej nomadic feem ntau hauv tundra loj, yug mos lwj. Lawv cov lus qub yog Koryak hauv qhov nqaim ntawm lo lus. Cov Chavchuvens tau faib ua pawg hauv qab no: Niam Txiv, Kamenets, Apukins, Itkans.
Cov ntug dej hiav txwv Koryaks yog tus kheej lub npe nymylans. Lawv, tsis zoo li Chavchuvens, coj txoj hauv kev ntawm lub neej. Lawv txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb yog nuv ntses. Thawj hom lus ntawm pawg neeg no yog Alyutor, uas peb tau hais saum toj no. Cov pab pawg tseem ceeb ntawm Nymylans: Alyutors, Karagins, Palans.
Ntau cov ntseeg Koryaks tam sim no yog cov ntseeg Orthodox, txawm tias cov seem ntawm shamanism uas tau los ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm cov neeg no tseem muaj zog heev.
Lub tsev ntawm Koryaks yog lub yaranga, uas yog ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm tus mob plague.
History of the Koryaks
Tam sim no cia peb taug qab keeb kwm ntawm Koryaks. Nws ntseeg tau tias lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Kamchatka thaum ntxov li thawj txhiab xyoo ntawm peb lub sijhawm. Lawv tau nqis los hauv keeb kwm ua cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub npe hu ua Okhotsk kab lis kev cai.
Thawj zaug lub npe ntawm Koryaks pib tshwm nyob rau nplooj ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Qhov no yog vim Russia tau nce mus rau Siberia thiab Far East. Thawj zaug los ntawm Russians rau qhov nothaj tsam hnub rov qab mus rau 1651. Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, lub conquest ntawm Kamchatka los ntawm Russia pib. Nws tau pib los ntawm Vladimir Atlasov, uas, ua ke nrog nws detachment, ntes ob peb lub zos Koryak. Txawm li cas los xij, Koryaks tau tawm tsam ntau dua ib zaug. Tab sis, thaum kawg, tag nrho cov uprisings raug crushed. Yog li, cov pejxeem ntawm Kamchatka, suav nrog Koryaks, tau dhau los ua neeg Lavxias.
Xyoo 1803, thaj av Kamchatka tau tsim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Cov Koryaks nyob hauv cheeb tsam Gizhigin thiab Petropavlovsk cheeb tsam ntawm lub chaw tswj hwm.
Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1930, cov Koryaks tau txais kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws. Yog li Koryak Autonomous Okrug tau tsim. Xyoo 1934, nws tau los ua ib feem ntawm thaj av Kamchatka, tuav nws txoj kev nyob ib leeg. Lub chaw tswj hwm yog lub nroog-hom kev sib hais haum ntawm Palana.
Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Soviet Union xyoo 1991, Koryak Autonomous Okrug, uas yog ib feem ntawm thaj av Kamchatka, tau txais cov cai ntawm kev kawm ntawm lub koomhaum. Nyob rau hauv 2005, muaj ib tug referendum, raws li tau zoo raws li, nyob rau hauv 2007, lub Koryak Autonomous Okrug twb tag merged nrog lub Kamchatka cheeb tsam. Qhov no yog li cas Kamchatka Thaj Chaw tau tsim. Lub Koryak Autonomous Okrug tau ua tiav raws li kev kawm ntawm lub koomhaum, thiab Koryak Okrug tau tsim nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw - ib thaj chaw uas yog ib feem ntawm Kamchatka Territory thiab muaj cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, tab sis tsis muaj kev ywj pheej yav dhau los. Cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw no yog Koryak thiab Lavxias.
Tam sim no, cov neeg Lavxias suav txog 46.2% ntawm cov pej xeem hauv koog tsev kawm ntawv Koryak, thiab Koryaks - 30.3%, uassiab dua nyob rau hauv Kamchatka Territory tag nrho.
Itelmens: cov yam ntxwv dav dav
Lwm haiv neeg ntawm Kamchatka yog Itelmens.
Lawv tag nrho yog kwv yees li 3,2 txhiab tus neeg. Ntawm cov no, 2.4 txhiab nyob hauv Kamchatka Territory, ua 0.74% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem nyob rau ntawd, yog li plaub pawg neeg loj tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam. Lwm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg no nyob hauv thaj av Magadan.
Feem ntau ntawm Itelmens yog tsom rau hauv Milkovsky thiab Tigilsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Kamchatka Territory, nrog rau hauv nws qhov chaw tswj hwm - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Feem ntau ntawm Itelmens hais lus Lavxias, tab sis lawv cov lus ib txwm muaj yog Itelmen, uas yog koom nrog Itelmen ceg ntawm Chukchi-Kamchatka tsev neeg. Tam sim no cov lus no raug suav hais tias tuag.
Cov Itelmens lees paub Orthodox Christianity, tab sis, zoo li ntawm cov Koryaks, lawv muaj cov seem ntawm cov kev ntseeg qub.
Txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm Itelmens, uas tsis tau tsiv mus nyob rau hauv lub zos thiab nyob raws li ib txwm, yog nuv ntses.
History of Itelmens
Itelmens yog cov pej xeem thaum ub ntawm Kamchatka. Lawv feem ntau nyob rau sab qab teb ib nrab ntawm cov ceg av qab teb, muab sab qaum teb rau Koryaks. Thaum lub sijhawm cov neeg Lavxias tuaj txog, lawv cov lej muaj ntau dua 12.5 txhiab tus neeg, yog li tshaj li tus lej tam sim no los ntawm 3.5 npaug.
Tom qab kev kov yeej ntawm Kamchatka pib, tus naj npawb ntawm Itelmens pib poob sai. Thawj conquest ntawm notib neeg pib tag nrho tib yam Vladimir Atlasov. Nws hla cov ceg av qab teb los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb. Tom qab nws tua neeg los ntawm nws cov neeg koom tes hauv 1711, txoj haujlwm ntawm kev kov yeej Itelmens tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm Danila Antsiferov. Nws kov yeej Itelmens hauv ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1712 nws raug hlawv los ntawm lawv nrog nws detachment.
Txawm li cas los xij, Itelmens tsis tuaj yeem nres kev ua ntej ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws ntawm Kamchatka, thiab nws tau kov yeej thaum kawg. Nyob rau hauv 1740, lub ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm Vitus Bering nteg lub hauv paus rau kev sib kis ntawm Lavxias teb sab influence nyob rau hauv lub ceg av qab teb - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Thaum chiv keeb, cov neeg Lavxias hu ua Itelmen Kamchadals, tab sis tom qab ntawd lub npe no tau muab rau lwm haiv neeg, uas peb yuav tham hauv qab no.
Kamchadals yog leej twg?
Ib pawg haiv neeg ntawm Kamchatka, uas suav tias yog haiv neeg, yog Kamchadals. Cov haiv neeg no yog ib tug offshoot ntawm Russia lub teb chaws. Cov Kamchadals yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm thawj tus neeg Lavxias nyob hauv Kamchatka, uas ib nrab assimilated cov pej xeem hauv zos, feem ntau yog Itelmens, uas cov Russians lawv tus kheej yav tas los hu ua haiv neeg no.
Tam sim no, tag nrho cov neeg Kamchadals yog kwv yees li 1.9 txhiab tus neeg. Ntawm cov no, 1.6 txhiab nyob hauv Kamchatka, thiab kwv yees li 300 ntxiv nyob hauv thaj av Magadan.
Kamchadals hais lus Lavxias, thiab lub hauv paus ntawm lawv cov kab lis kev cai yog kab lis kev cai ntawm lub tebchaws ntawm Russia. Muaj tseeb tiag, cov neeg hauv zos, feem ntau yog Itelmens, kuj muaj qee yam cuam tshuam rau nws.
Anthropological nta ntawm haiv neegpejxeem
Tam sim no cia saib seb pab pawg twg cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm Kamchatka koom nrog.
Koryaks thiab Itelmens tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi zoo rau Arctic me haiv neeg. Hauv lwm txoj kev, nws yog hu ua Eskimo thiab yog sab qaum teb offshoot ntawm ib haiv neeg Mongoloid loj. Qhov no subrace yog ze dua nyob rau hauv anthropological cov ntsiab lus tsis yog rau lub continental Mongoloids, tab sis mus rau lub Pacific sawv daws yuav.
Qhov xwm txheej nyuaj dua nrog Kamchadals, vim tias haiv neeg no yog haiv neeg sib xyaw. Cov Kamchadals tau ua ke cov cim ntawm Caucasoid thiab Mongoloid hom, txij li qhov tseeb, pawg neeg no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm Russians nrog cov neeg qub qub ntawm Kamchatka. Hom haiv neeg no hu ua Ural.
Number dynamics
Ntau pua xyoo dhau los, cov neeg hauv paus txawm hauv Kamchatka tau poob qis heev. Qhov xwm txheej no tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam hauv ib zaug.
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev colonization ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws ntawm Kamchatka, cov kab mob sib kis tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txo cov pej xeem hauv zos, nrog rau kev tua cov neeg hauv paus txawm ua ib feem ntawm txoj cai colonization. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab, kev coj noj coj ua tau tshwm sim. Nws tau txuas nrog qhov tseeb tias nws tsis muaj koob meej los ua tus sawv cev ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm. Yog li ntawd, cov me nyuam los ntawm kev sib yuav sib yuav nyiam hu lawv tus kheej Russians.
Prospects
Kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm hauv Kamchatka yog qhov tsis meej. Tsoomfwv Lavxias tau pib txhawb kev txiav txim siab tus kheej ntawm haiv neeg ntawm cov pejxeem hauv cheeb tsam hauv kev pom zoo rau kev lees paubKoryak, Kamchadal lossis Itelmen haiv neeg los ntawm kev muab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov haiv neeg no nrog ntau cov txiaj ntsig. Tab sis qhov no tsis txaus ntseeg, vim tias tsuas yog kev txheeb xyuas tus kheej ntawm tus kheej nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg tsawg tsis ua rau cov kab lis kev cai qub ntawm cov neeg no ntau dua. Piv txwv li, yog tias tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm Itelmens tam sim no yog 3.1 txhiab tus neeg, uas yog ntau dua ob npaug ntawm daim duab hauv xyoo 1980, ces tus naj npawb ntawm Itelmen hais lus tsuas yog 82 tus neeg, uas tau lees tias nws qhov kev ploj tuag.
Thaj av xav tau kev nqis peev hauv kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg me hauv qhov nyiaj uas cov pej xeem ntawm Kamchatka npaj txhij los ua tswv.
Kev xaus lus dav dav
Peb tau kawm txog cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm Kamchatka, cov neeg nyob hauv thaj av qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Tau kawg, tam sim no, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thawj kab lis kev cai ntawm cov haiv neeg no tawm ntau yam uas xav tau, tab sis cov qauv hauv xeev tab tom sim ua txhua yam kom cov neeg no, lawv cov lus thiab kev coj noj coj ua tsis ploj tag.
Cia siab tias yav tom ntej cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm Kamchatka yuav nce ntxiv.
