Hluav taws xob tam sim no, qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no: txhais thiab qhov tseem ceeb

Cov txheej txheem:

Hluav taws xob tam sim no, qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no: txhais thiab qhov tseem ceeb
Hluav taws xob tam sim no, qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no: txhais thiab qhov tseem ceeb

Video: Hluav taws xob tam sim no, qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no: txhais thiab qhov tseem ceeb

Video: Hluav taws xob tam sim no, qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no: txhais thiab qhov tseem ceeb
Video: Saib Mis paub Poj niam (hluas nkauj) tus yam ntxwv lub siab 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Los ntawm chav kawm ntawm physics, txhua tus paub tias hluav taws xob tam sim no txhais tau hais tias cov lus txib txav mus los ntawm cov khoom uas nqa cov nqi. Yuav kom tau txais nws, ib qho hluav taws xob teb yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus neeg xyuas pib. Ib yam yog qhov tsim nyog kom cov hluav taws xob tam sim no txuas ntxiv mus ntev.

Qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no tuaj yeem yog:

  • static;
  • tshuaj;
  • mechanical;
  • semiconductor.
hluav taws xob tam sim no ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no
hluav taws xob tam sim no ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no

Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv, kev ua haujlwm yog ua, qhov twg cov khoom sib txawv tau muab cais tawm, uas yog, qhov hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw tam sim no raug tsim. Sib cais, lawv sib sau ua ke ntawm tus ncej, ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov conductors. Thaum cov ncej txuas nrog tus neeg xyuas pib, cov khoom uas muaj tus nqi pib txav mus, thiab cov hluav taws xob tau tsim.

Qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no: kev tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob

Txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xya, nws siv ntau heevkev siv zog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog qhov teeb meem no tau nce zuj zus. Thiab yog li Otto von Guericke tau tsim lub ntiaj teb thawj lub tsheb hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sim nrog leej faj, nws, molten nyob rau hauv lub hollow iav pob, hardened thiab tsoo lub khob. Guericke ntxiv dag zog rau lub pob kom nws tuaj yeem sib tw. Tig nws thiab nias ib daim tawv nqaij, nws tau txais lub txim. Qhov kev sib txhuam no zoo heev pab txhawb lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm hluav taws xob. Tab sis cov teeb meem nyuaj dua tsuas yog daws tau nrog kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm kev tshawb fawb.

Qhov teeb meem yog tias Guerike tus nqi ploj sai sai. Txhawm rau ua kom lub sijhawm ntawm kev them nqi, lub cev tau muab tso rau hauv cov hlab ntsha kaw (iav fwj), thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog dej nrog tus ntsia thawv. Qhov kev sim tau ua kom zoo dua thaum lub raj mis npog ntawm ob sab nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (piv txwv li nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv ci). Vim li ntawd, lawv thiaj paub tias ua tau yam tsis muaj dej.

Qab ceg ua lub zog

Lwm txoj hauv kev los tsim hluav taws xob tau pom thawj zaug los ntawm Luigi Galvani. Raws li ib tug biologist, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib lub chaw soj nstuam uas lawv sim nrog hluav taws xob. Nws pom yuav ua li cas ib tug Qav tuag ceg cog lus thaum nws zoo siab los ntawm lub txim los ntawm lub tshuab. Tab sis muaj ib hnub, cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam tau ua tiav los ntawm kev sib tsoo thaum tus kws tshawb fawb tau kov nws nrog lub taub hau steel.

Nws pib nrhiav seb yog vim li cas qhov hluav taws xob tuaj ntawm. Qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no, raws li nws cov lus xaus kawg, yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm Qav.

Lwm tus Italian, Alessandro Volto, tau ua pov thawj qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm "qav" qhov xwm txheej tam sim no. Nws tau raug pom tias qhov loj tshaj plaws tam sim notshwm sim thaum tooj liab thiab zinc ntxiv rau kev daws ntawm sulfuric acid. Qhov kev sib xyaw no hu ua galvanic lossis tshuaj cell.

Tab sis siv cov cuab yeej zoo li no kom tau txais EMF yuav kim dhau. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua haujlwm sib txawv, txhua yam, txoj hauv kev los tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob.

Lub tshuab hluav taws xob li niaj zaus ua haujlwm li cas?

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, G. H. Oersted tau tshawb pom tias thaum lub sijhawm tam sim no dhau los ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, thaj chaw ntawm cov keeb kwm sib nqus tau tshwm sim. Ib me ntsis tom qab, Faraday pom tias thaum cov kab ntawm lub zog ntawm daim teb no hla, EMF yog induced nyob rau hauv tus neeg xyuas pib, uas ua rau ib tug tam sim no. EMF sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub zog thiab cov neeg xyuas pib lawv tus kheej, nrog rau lub zog ntawm lub teb. Thaum hla ib puas lab kab ntawm quab yuam ib ob, qhov induced EMF los ua ib tug Volt. Nws yog tseeb hais tias phau ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv lub magnetic teb tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau ib tug loj hluav taws xob tam sim no. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tam sim no ntawm hom no tau pom lawv tus kheej zoo dua los ntawm winding cov hlau ntawm lub kauj loj lossis ua rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub nruas. Lub kauj yog mounted rau ntawm ib tug ncej ntawm ib tug hlau nplaum thiab rotating dej los yog chav. Xws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob.

Tesla

hluav taws xob circuit muaj ib qhov chaw tam sim no
hluav taws xob circuit muaj ib qhov chaw tam sim no

Tus kws tshawb fawb ci ntsa iab los ntawm Serbia Nikola Tesla, tau mob siab rau nws lub neej rau hluav taws xob, ua ntau qhov kev tshawb pom uas peb tseem siv niaj hnub no. Polyphase hluav taws xob tshuab, asynchronous hluav taws xob motors, hluav taws xob xa mus los ntawm multiphase alternating tam sim no - qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov npe.inventions ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb zoo.

Ntau tus ntseeg tias qhov tshwm sim hauv Siberia, hu ua Tunguska meteorite, yog tshwm sim los ntawm Tesla. Tab sis, tej zaum, ib qho ntawm cov khoom tsim tsis meej tshaj plaws yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm txais tau qhov hluav taws xob txog li kaum tsib lab volts. Qhov txawv txav yog ob qho tib si nws cov cuab yeej thiab cov kev suav uas tsis ua raws li cov cai paub. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov hnub lawv pib tsim lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum, uas tsis muaj ambiguities. Yog li ntawd, tus invention ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb tsis nco qab ib pliag.

Tab sis hnub no, nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm theoretical physics, muaj kev txaus siab tshiab rau nws txoj haujlwm. Cov ether tau lees paub tias yog cov pa roj, uas txhua txoj cai ntawm cov tshuab siv roj siv tau. Nws yog los ntawm qhov ntawd uas Tesla kuj zoo kawg nkaus rub lub zog. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias ether txoj kev xav tau tshwm sim yav dhau los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb. Tsuas yog nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm SRT - Einstein txoj kev xav tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo, uas nws tsis lees paub qhov muaj nyob ntawm ether - nws tsis nco qab, txawm hais tias txoj kev xav dav dav tsim tom qab tsis sib cav txog nws li.

Tab sis tam sim no, cia peb nyob ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab cov khoom siv uas muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no.

Kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej siv cuab yeej - cov peev txheej tam sim no

hluav taws xob Circuit Court muaj cov roj teeb tam sim no
hluav taws xob Circuit Court muaj cov roj teeb tam sim no

Cov khoom siv li no yog siv los hloov lub zog sib txawv rau hauv lub zog hluav taws xob. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lub cev thiab tshuaj txoj kev rau tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau tshawb pom nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev dhau los, lawv tau dhau los ua dav tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, thaum nws pib loj hlob sai heev.xov tooj cua electronics. Thawj tsib khub galvanic tau ntxiv nrog 25 ntau hom. Thiab txoj kev xav, tuaj yeem muaj ntau txhiab tus khub galvanic, txij li lub zog pub dawb tuaj yeem paub txog ntawm cov oxidizer thiab reductant.

Lub cev qhov chaw tam sim no

Lub cev tam sim no tau pib txhim kho me ntsis tom qab. Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub ua rau ntau thiab ntau qhov kev xav tau nruj dua, thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob thermal thiab thermionic tau ua tiav nrog cov haujlwm nce ntxiv. Lub cev tam sim no yog cov khoom siv uas thermal, electromagnetic, mechanical and radiation and nuclear decay energy is converted into electronic energy. Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, lawv kuj suav nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob, MHD generators, nrog rau cov siv los hloov hnub ci hluav taws xob thiab atomic decay.

txhawm rau kom cov hluav taws xob tam sim no hauv tus neeg xyuas pib tsis ploj mus, yuav tsum muaj qhov chaw sab nraud los tswj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib. Rau qhov no, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau siv uas muaj qee lub zog hluav taws xob los tsim thiab tswj qhov sib txawv. EMF ntawm qhov hluav taws xob tam sim no ntsuas los ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm kev xa cov nqi zoo thoob plaws hauv lub voj voog kaw.

Kev tawm tsam hauv qhov tam sim no quantitatively characterizes nws, txiav txim siab npaum li cas ntawm lub zog poob thaum dhau los ntawm qhov chaw.

Lub zog thiab kev ua haujlwm yog sib npaug ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm qhov hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob sab nraud rau EMF.

tam sim no qhov chaw muaj nyob rau hauv lub Circuit Court tseem ceeb hluav taws xob
tam sim no qhov chaw muaj nyob rau hauv lub Circuit Court tseem ceeb hluav taws xob

Tshuaj muaj peev xwmtam sim no

Ib qho tshuaj tam sim no hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob EMF yog ib qho khoom siv uas lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau hloov mus ua hluav taws xob.

Nws yog raws li ob lub electrodes: tus neeg saib xyuas tsis zoo thiab tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing zoo, uas yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov electrolyte. Qhov sib txawv muaj peev xwm tshwm sim ntawm cov electrodes, EMF.

Cov khoom siv niaj hnub no feem ntau siv:

  • ua tus neeg txo qis - lead, cadmium, zinc thiab lwm yam;
  • oxidant - nickel hydroxide, lead oxide, manganese thiab lwm yam;
  • electrolyte - daws cov kua qaub, alkalis lossis ntsev.

Zinc thiab manganese qhuav hlwb tau dav siv. Ib lub nkoj ua los ntawm zinc (muaj qhov tsis zoo electrode) raug coj mus. Ib tug zoo electrode yog muab tso rau hauv nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm manganese dioxide nrog carbon los yog graphite hmoov, uas yuav txo tau cov kuj. Cov electrolyte yog muab tshuaj ammonia, hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab lwm yam khoom.

Lub roj teeb ua kua qaub feem ntau yog cov tshuaj thib ob hauv cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, nrog lub zog siab, ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab tus nqi qis. Cov roj teeb ntawm hom no yog siv rau ntau qhov chaw. Lawv feem ntau nyiam rau cov roj teeb pib, uas tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig hauv cov tsheb uas lawv feem ntau muaj kev ywj pheej.

Lwm lub roj teeb muaj xws li hlau (anode), nickel oxide hydrate (cathode) thiab electrolyte - ib qho aqueous tov ntawm poov tshuaj los yog sodium. Cov khoom siv tau muab tso rau hauv cov raj nickel-plated steel.

Kev siv hom no tsis kam tom qab Edison lub Hoobkas hluav taws kub xyoo 1914. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peb sib piv cov yam ntxwv ntawm thawj thiab thib ob hom roj teeb, nws hloov tawm tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm hlau-nickel tuaj yeem ua tau ntau zaus ntev dua li cov hlau lead-acid.

DC thiab AC generator

Generators yog cov khoom siv uas tsom los hloov lub zog ntawm lub zog rau hauv hluav taws xob.

Lub tshuab hluav taws xob DC yooj yim tshaj plaws tuaj yeem sawv cev ua tus ncej ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, uas tau muab tso rau ntawm cov ncej sib nqus, thiab qhov kawg txuas nrog insulated ib nrab lub nplhaib (sau). Rau cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej qhov kev sib hloov ntawm tus ncej nrog lub collector. Tom qab ntawd ib qho hluav taws xob tam sim no yuav raug ntxias nyob rau hauv nws, hloov nws cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm magnetic teb kab. Hauv cov saw hlau sab nraud, nws yuav mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia. Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub collector yuav kho cov alternating tam sim no uas yog generated los ntawm tus ncej. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav qhov tam sim no, tus neeg sau khoom yog ua los ntawm peb caug-rau lossis ntau dua daim hlau, thiab tus neeg xyuas pib muaj ntau tus ncej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm armature winding.

Cia peb xav txog dab tsi yog lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov chaw tam sim no hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Cia peb kawm seb lwm qhov chaw twg muaj nyob.

Hluav taws xob: hluav taws xob tam sim no, lub zog tam sim no, qhov chaw tam sim no

qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob
qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob

Hluav taws xob Circuit Court muaj qhov tam sim no, uas, ua ke nrog lwm yam khoom, tsim txoj hauv kev rau tam sim no. Thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm EMF, tam sim no thiab voltage qhia cov txheej txheem electromagnetic tshwm sim hauv qhov no.

Qhov yooj yim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob muaj qhov tam sim no (roj teeb, galvanic cell, lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam), cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob (lub tshuab hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam), nrog rau cov xov hlau txuas ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. qhov chaw thiab cov neeg siv khoom.

Hluav taws xob circuit muaj sab hauv (qhov hluav taws xob) thiab sab nraud (xaim, hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv, ntsuas ntsuas) qhov chaw.

Nws yuav ua haujlwm thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nkaus xwb yog tias muab lub kaw lus kaw. Ib qho tawg ua rau qhov ntws ntawm qhov tam sim no nres.

Cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob muaj qhov tam sim no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm galvanic cells, hluav taws xob accumulators, electromechanical thiab thermoelectric generators, photocells, thiab lwm yam.

Cov tshuab hluav taws xob ua raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, uas hloov lub zog rau hauv cov tshuab, teeb pom kev zoo thiab cua sov, cov nroj tsuag electrolysis, thiab lwm yam.

Cov khoom siv pabcuam yog cov cuab yeej siv los qhib thiab tawm, ntsuas ntsuas thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv.

Tag nrho cov khoom raug muab faib ua:

  • nquag (qhov twg cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob muaj EMF tam sim no qhov chaw, hluav taws xob motors, roj teeb, thiab lwm yam);
  • passive (uas suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov xaim txuas).

Chain kuj yog:

  • linear, qhov twg qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm lub caij yog ib txwm ua los ntawm txoj kab ncaj;
  • nonlinear, qhov twg qhov kev tawm tsam nyob ntawmvoltage los yog tam sim no.

Ntawm no yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws Circuit Court, qhov chaw tam sim no, tus yuam sij, lub teeb hluav taws xob, rheostat suav nrog hauv Circuit Court.

tam sim no qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob Circuit Court
tam sim no qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob Circuit Court

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no, tib neeg tau nug cov lus nug ntxiv txog kev txhim kho lwm lub zog.

Ntau qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob

Puas muaj qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no? Nws tsis yog tsuas yog lub hnub, cua, lub ntiaj teb thiab tides. Lawv twb dhau los ua lub npe hu ua lwm qhov chaw hluav taws xob.

emf ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no
emf ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no

Kuv yuav tsum hais tias muaj ntau qhov chaw xaiv. Lawv tsis muaj ntau, vim tias lawv tseem tsis tau siv thiab yooj yim. Tab sis leej twg paub, tej zaum yav tom ntej yuav nyob tom qab lawv.

Yog li, hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tau los ntawm dej ntsev. Norway twb tau tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob siv lub tshuab no.

Cov chaw fais fab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm cov roj hlwb nrog cov khoom siv oxide electrolyte.

Piezoelectric generators paub tias yog siv los ntawm kinetic zog (footpaths, ceev pob, turnstiles thiab txawm seev cev pem teb twb muaj nyob nrog no technology).

Tseem muaj cov nanogenerators uas yog tsom los hloov lub zog hauv tib neeg lub cev rau hauv hluav taws xob.

Thiab dab tsi txog algae siv los ua cua sov tsev, ntaj ncaws pob uas tsimhluav taws xob hluav taws xob, tsheb kauj vab uas tuaj yeem them cov khoom siv, thiab txawm tias cov ntawv txiav zoo siv los ua lub zog?

Kev cia siab loj heev, tau kawg, koom nrog kev txhim kho hluav taws xob hluav taws xob.

Txhua yam no yog qhov muaj tseeb niaj hnub no, uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua haujlwm. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias qee tus ntawm lawv yuav sai sai no tag nrho, zoo li hluav taws xob hauv tsev niaj hnub no.

Tej zaum ib tug yuav nthuav tawm cov lus zais ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Nikola Tesla, thiab tib neeg yuav tuaj yeem tau txais hluav taws xob yooj yim los ntawm ether?

Pom zoo: