Kev siv hluav taws xob txuag niaj hnub no yog ua raws li kev siv hluav taws xob txuag hluav taws xob. Hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no, qhov teeb meem no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb heev. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov nce ntawm cov peev txheej ntawm ntau lub lag luam. Tom ntej no, xav txog dab tsi ua rau kev siv hluav taws xob zoo.
Kev lag luam tswv yim
Thaum tsim cov phiaj xwm mus sij hawm ntev, txhua qhov kev tsim khoom tsom feem ntau ntawm tus nqi, thauj khoom thiab peev xwm. Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb me me hauv cov tswv yim ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam yog qhov sib koom ntawm peev peev hauv kev tsim kho tshiab rau xyoo tom ntej. Rau ntau tus thawj coj, kev siv hluav taws xob zoo yog qhov kawg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej ceev ntawm qhov teeb meem no ua rau peb mob siab rau nws. Kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov peev txheej thev naus laus zis thiab kev siv hluav taws xob zoo yuav tsum ua raws li cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm ntawm txhua lub lag luam. Tsis tas li ntawd, tej zaum yuav muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm kev siv nyiaj, uas, dhau los,tig, yog fraught nrog tsis ua raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm cov zis.
Kev siv hluav taws xob hauv kev ua liaj ua teb
Hnub no, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, kev siv cov kev ntsuas kev txuag nyiaj los ntawm kev lag luam tsis muaj zog txaus. Kev nce qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv kev ua liaj ua teb yog ib txoj haujlwm loj thiab nyuaj. Muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov teeb meem no yog teeb meem ntawm kev txhim kho kom zoo thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo kom them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau kev txo qis hluav taws xob, nrog rau kev txhim kho kev ntsuas rau nws qhov kev siv kom zoo. Cov dej num no thiab txoj hauv kev los daws lawv yuav tsum suav nrog hauv txoj kev npaj tswv yim ntawm txhua lub lag luam.
Kev daws teeb meem
Qhov muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai ntawm cov nqi nce ntawm kev lag luam tuaj yeem kov yeej los ntawm kev siv cov phiaj xwm theem rau lub zog thiab thev naus laus zis tshiab ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom nrog rau yav dhau los paub txog cov nqi thiab cov khoom siv. Qhov kev siv ntawm qhov kev pab cuam yuav tsum tau nqa mus rau hauv tus account tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom, lub sij hawm ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm lub enterprise.
khoom siv tsis tau
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev ua raws li kev cog lus tseg nyiaj txiag yog kev txhim kho cov phiaj xwm zoo uas suav nrog kev hloov cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob ntev. Ntau tus ntawm lawv tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov tuam txhab rau ntau tshaj 15 xyoo. Cov cuab yeej siv tsis tu ncua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog boilers, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub zog siab uas tsis xav tau hnub no. Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas tau ua haujlwm rau lub sijhawm ntev ua rau qeeb qeeb ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tsis tau siv tsis tas yuav tsum muaj peev txheej loj. Tab sis vim hnav thiab tsim kua muag, kev tawg tshwm sim los ntawm lub sijhawm. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, ua rau downtime nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tus nqi ntawm kev saib xyuas, kho, hloov ntawm cov khoom nce ntxiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev xav tias ncua kev nqis peev rau kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov kev teeb tsa no yuav txuag lub tuam txhab nyiaj. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li kev xyaum qhia, vim li ntawd, cov nuj nqis tsis tsuas yog txo qis, tab sis kuj nce ntxiv.
Taw qhia ntawm cov phiaj xwm cog lus
Feem ntau cov phiaj xwm rau kev siv hluav taws xob zoo pib ua raws li txoj haujlwm dav dav ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm txhua yam khoom siv. Kev tsim ntawm cov xwm txheej tsim nyog rau kev siv cov haujlwm zoo li no tshwm sim thaum kev tswj hwm kev lag luam, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj thiab suav cov nqi ntawm cov khoom tsim, nkag siab txog qib ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej. Tshwj xeeb, qhov coefficient ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, kev tswj hwm sim nrhiav txoj hauv kev ceev tshaj plaws thiab kim tshaj plaws los cawm. Kev ua tiav ntawm txoj haujlwm no yog thawj theem ntawm kev lag luam txoj haujlwm kev lag luam. Kev ua raws li cov phiaj xwm tom ntej no feem ntau suav nrog kev ua ub no hauv ntau qhov chaw, kev daws teeb meem tshiab, kev ua haujlwm nyuaj dua. Tom qab ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tsim nyog ntawm thawj theem, cov hom phiaj tshiab tau teeb tsa. Lawv muab kev tswj hwm tus nqi yooj yim dua thiab tswj tus nqi.siv hluav taws xob. Tom qab ntawd, cov kev pab cuam raug teeb tsa thiab siv los hloov cov khoom siv uas siv tsis tau nrog cov niaj hnub ntau dua. Qhov no feem ntau xav tau kev nqis peev nyiaj txiag tseem ceeb.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev suav
Kev siv hluav taws xob tau zoo yog ua tiav yog tias kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam txhab tau ua nrog rau kev tsom xam ntawm qhov ntim thiab kev ua kom zoo ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej lag luam. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog xam lub zog coefficient nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tsim. Nws txawv rau txhua qhov kev lag luam. Yog li, lub zog tivthaiv rau ferrous metallurgy yog 40%, mechanical engineering - 20%, dej ntau - 30%, thiab lwm yam. Qhov kev qhia no yuav me me. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no, kev siv hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm hauv kev lag luam tso cai rau koj los tsim cov khoom ntim ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub undersupply ntawm cov kev pab cuam yuav ntau zaus tshaj nws cov nqi.
Kev qhia txog kev siv hluav taws xob zoo
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam uas siv zog rau kev hloov kho tshiab yog los txo cov peev txheej poob rau txhua qhov ntawm lub kaw lus thiab hauv kev teeb tsa lawv tus kheej. Kev tsim khoom, kev sib kis thiab kev siv hluav taws xob kom ntseeg tau tias cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tsis cuam tshuam tau ua nyob rau hauv ntau cov lus qhia. Cov tseem ceeb yog:
1. Kev tsim kho zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv thaum lub sijhawm rov tsim kho. Txoj hauv kev no suav nrog kev siv:
- rationalvoltage;
- tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv;
- PS qhov chaw;
- tus naj npawb thiab lub zog ntawm transformers ntawm substations;
- reactive zog them;
- fais fab mov schemes thiab lwm yam.
2. Txo qhov poob hauv kev ua haujlwm. Nws suav nrog:
- kev tswj hluav taws xob;
- kev tswj hwm thiab tswj kev siv hluav taws xob hom;
- qis qis qis txais;
- kev kho tshiab ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm thiab siv cov khoom siv niaj hnub no, kev lag luam thiab txhim khu kev qha hluav taws xob thiab thev naus laus zis;
- daim ntawv thov kev pom zoo rau kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov cua thiab cov twj tso kua mis;
- kev teeb tsa lub teeb pom kev tsis siv neeg tswj txhua hnub;
- nce lub zog zoo;
- daim ntawv thov ntawm kev pom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub zog hloov hluav taws xob.
3. Kev faib tawm ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob, kev txhim kho ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb rau ib chav tsev ntawm cov zis. Txhawm rau siv txoj haujlwm no, lub tuam txhab yuav tsum muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab kev suav nyiaj.
4. Kev kos cov ntawv sib npaug raws li qhov kev tsim khoom, kev xa tawm thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tau ua tiav. Lawv tau tsim ua ntej rau tus kheej kev teeb tsa thiab cov chav nyob, maj mam txav mus rau kev cob qhia, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau tag nrho cov lag luam tag nrho.
5. Lub koom haum thiab kev ntsuas. Lawv txoj kev loj hlob yog nqa mus rau hauv tus account qhov tshwj xeebntawm no los yog lub enterprise.
Resource poob
Txhua qhov kev teeb tsa uas suav nrog hauv cov khoom siv, suav nrog cov hloov pauv thiab cov kab, yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev tawm tsam. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tau ua tiav nrog nws qhov kev poob. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tshwm sim hauv transformers thiab ntawm kab. Kev suav cov tswv yim feem ntau yog ua los rau hauv tus account qhov kev poob hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev. Poob hauv transformer windings, xov hlau thiab cables yog proportional rau lub square ntawm load tam sim no ntws los ntawm lawv, uas ua rau lawv lub npe - load. Lawv kuj feem ntau hu ua cov hloov pauv. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov load tam sim no feem ntau hloov raws sijhawm.
koom xwm txheej xwm
Raws li kev noj nce ntxiv thiab kev teeb tsa tshiab koom nrog hauv kab sib chaws, yog li ua kom poob. Ntawm cov tuam txhab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, cov txheej txheem suav tau ua tiav. Raws li lawv cov txiaj ntsig, yog tias tsim nyog, siv kev ntsuas los txo qhov poob. Cov tseem ceeb suav nrog:
- Txhim kho qhov ntsuas qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm 10 kV thiab 0.38 kV tsheb npav ntawm transformer substations lossis cov ntsiab lus 10/0, 4 kV, RTP 110 … 35/10 kV.
- Txhim kho cov theem loads hauv tes hauj lwm nrog qhov hluav taws xob ntawm 0.38 kV.
- Kev xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev qhib cov kab nyiaj siv ua haujlwm (khoom siv hluav taws xob) nrog qhov hluav taws xob ntawm 10 … 35 kV nrog ob txoj kev siv hluav taws xob.
- Kev txiav tawm ntawm ib lub tshuab hloov pauv hauv hom qis qis ntawm ob-transformer substations, nrog rau ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb nrog lub caij nyoog load.
- Txo kev siv hluav taws xob rau lub chaw nres tsheb uas xav tau.
- Txo lub sijhawm ntawm kev saib xyuas thiab kho cov hloov pauv, kab thiab hloov pauv.
Technical Measures
Kev ntsuas lub koom haum, nrog rau cov txheej txheem rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem nyiaj txiag, feem ntau tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov nqi pib tseem ceeb. Hauv qhov no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nqa lawv tawm. Nrog rau kev ntsuas, qhov xwm txheej txawv me ntsis. Lawv cuam tshuam nrog kev nqis peev ntxiv. Ntawm cov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb, cov hauv qab no yuav tsum tau hais txog:
- Kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li qub, cov roj teeb nruab nrog tsis siv neeg tswj fais fab.
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov overloaded thiab underloaded transformers nyob rau hauv cov neeg siv khoom substations.
- Kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej ntawm RTP nrog kev tswj hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv kev thauj khoom.
- Hloov pauv ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob ntau dhau, suav nrog cov ceg ntoo ntawm cov kab hla mus rau cov tsev.
- Kev hloov pauv mus rau qhov nce qib ntsuas hluav taws xob.
Reactive zog them
qhov kev tshwm sim no suav tias yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev them nyiaj no los ntawm cov capacitors txuas nrog rau qhov sib npaug yog raws li hauv qab no: ib feem ntawm lub zog uas tau xa mus raws cov kab reactive, tshwj xeeb, tsis yog siv rau kev ua haujlwm lossis cua sov. Nws tsuas yog ua raws li kev ntsuas ntawm lub zog uas cov chaw sib nqus ntawm lub receiver thiab qhov chaw pauv nrog ib leeg. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tam sim no uas sib haum mus rau reactivelub zog, dhau los ntawm cov kab sib kis, provokes poob. Qhov teeb meem no, txawm li cas los xij, tuaj yeem daws tau. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias kev lag luam zoo tshaj plaws, lub tsev txhab nyiaj capacitor hauv cov tes hauj lwm nrog qhov hluav taws xob ntawm 0.38 kV yuav tsum muaj lub zog zoo li no thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws, qhov taw qhia uas yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.33, lub zog hluav taws xob rau cov neeg siv khoom yuav nyob ntawm. tsawg kawg yog 0,95.
Transformers nrog kais hloov
Txhim kho lawv ntawm 110… 35/10 kV substations kom ntseeg tau tias kev siv hluav taws xob hauv kev lag luam tsis yog tsuas yog poob qis xwb, tab sis kuj ua raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tso zis rau cov neeg siv khoom. Vim qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev suav thiab qhov muaj peev xwm tiag tiag, qee qhov transformers suav nrog hauv lub network ua haujlwm yuav raug underloaded. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov nce ntawm cov load rau cov kev teeb tsa no tsis zoo li, tshwj tsis yog tias ib tus neeg txiav txim siab siv hluav taws xob tsis raug cai los ntawm kev txuas rau lawv. Nws yog ib advisable mus hloov xws li transformers nrog tsawg haib li. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, qhov poob ntawm idling yuav raug txo, thiab nyob rau hauv lub windings nws yuav nce. Muab qhov xwm txheej no, nws tuaj yeem suav qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub tshuab hloov pauv nrog rau hauv lub network, ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv nrog lub zog qis dua yuav tsim nyog.
Network bandwidth
Nws nce yog ua los ntawm kev tsim kho cov chaw tshiab thiab kab. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntsuas kuj suav nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm tag nrho cov xov hlau overloaded thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho lub network raws li cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Hloov ntawm cov chaw fais fab nyob deb nroog mus rau qhov nce qhov ntsuas hluav taws xobmuaj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lay kab nrog ib tug voltage ntawm 10 kV es tsis txhob ntawm 6 kV. Kev siv hluav taws xob kom raug feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg txais. Kev suav cov txheej txheem tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua rau tag nrho cov khoom siv. Qhov ntawd yog, lawv yuav tsum them rau kev tsim khoom, xa tawm, thiab siv hluav taws xob.
Rationing
Nws kuj tsis tseem ceeb me me. Qhov kev ntsuas no muab rau kev tsim cov qauv rau kev siv cov peev txheej tshwj xeeb. Ua kom muaj kev txuag hluav taws xob tseem ceeb tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm kev txhim kho kev loj hlob, cov qauv kev tshawb fawb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv qhov no yog kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv them nyiaj rau kev ua tiav thiab kev ua tiav ntawm cov qauv. Cov kev cai rau kev siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas ib ntus thiab txhim kho raws li cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis hloov pauv, cov neeg ua haujlwm txhim kho lawv cov kev txawj ntse, thiab cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub siv ntau dua ntawm cov lag luam. Cov haujlwm no yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam tsev muaj feem cuam tshuam. Cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau kev siv hluav taws xob, uas tau txais nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev suav, yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas yam tsis muaj kev poob rau lub lag luam no. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev ntsuas thaum lub sijhawm qee lub sijhawm (lub caij ua haujlwm, xyoo, thiab lwm yam) nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam. Kev faib khoom tuaj yeem siv tau tsuas yog nrog kev tsim kom zoo ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm kev lag luam.
Load teem sijhawm
Yog tsis muaj lawv, siv tauhluav taws xob tsis tau. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm transformers, xov hlau thiab lwm yam tes hauj lwm yog ua raws li lub siab tshaj plaws tsim load. Qhov ntau tam sim no yuav dhau los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov system thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo, hnub lossis lwm lub sijhawm, lawv yuav koom nrog ntau dua. Raws li, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav siab dua. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, lub sij hawm tiag tiag ib txwm txawv ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv uas rau feem ntau ntawm lub sij hawm lub load yog qis dua tus xam.
