Keeb kwm luv luv ntawm Istanbul: piav qhia, kev nyiam thiab nthuav qhov tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:06

Thawj qhov kev sib hais haum ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog niaj hnub no tshwm sim hauv Vll xyoo pua BC. Nws yog ib qho me me ntawm cov neeg Greek cov neeg nyob hauv, tuav lub npe ntawm Byzantium, uas tseem nrog nws mus txog rau 330 AD, thaum Emperor Constantine hloov lub npe tshiab Rome thiab tsiv lub nroog ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman mus rau ntawd. Tsis ntev, txawm li cas los xij, lub npe Constantinople tau raug xa mus rau lub nroog, uas tau siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog xyoo 1930.

Keeb Kwm ntawm Lub Nroog Istanbul

Greeks yeej tsis tau xaiv qhov chaw random rau kev tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb, thiab, pom tseeb, ntau cov txheej txheem kev cai dab qhuas yuav tsum tau ua txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho lub nroog tshiab. Cov lus dab neeg hauv keeb kwm ntawm Istanbul tsis yog qhov kawg, thiab raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, ua ntej tsim ib lub nroog tshiab, cov neeg los ntawm Greek cheeb tsam ntawm Megaris tig mus rau Delphic oracle, thiab nws tau qhia qhov chaw uas Constantinople yuav tshwm sim tom qab.

Txawm li cas los xij, hauv 330, ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub qub Greek colony, ntawm tus kheej kev txiav txim ntawm tus huab tais, kev ua haujlwm loj tau pib, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim lub nroog zoo nkauj uas yuav ua tim khawv txog qhov loj. ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws thiab ua lub peev tshiab tsim nyog.

Druga lus dab neeg haisuas Emperor Constantine tus kheej tau cim ciam teb ntawm lub nroog rau hauv daim ntawv qhia, thiab ib qho av rampart tau nchuav nrog lawv, hauv qhov kev tsim kho tau pib, nyiam cov kws tsim vaj tsev zoo tshaj plaws, cov kws kos duab thiab cov kws kos duab.

Konstantin thiab nws cov qub txeeg qub teg

Tau kawg, qhov kev tsim zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav thaum lub neej ntawm huab tais, thiab lub nra ntawm kev tsim kho tau poob rau nws cov qub txeeg qub teg thiab. Los ntawm cov lus ceeb toom txog kev ua koob tsheej nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm kev fij ntawm lub nroog tshiab, nws tuaj yeem xaus lus tias los ntawm hnub no lub nroog twb muaj hippodrome, uas tau tuav kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam, cov kws ua yeeb yam thiab kev sib tw tsheb sib tw uas cov neeg nyiam heev.

Vim tias cov ntseeg Vajtswv twb yog kev ntseeg ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman los txog rau lub sijhawm ntawd, lub porphyry stela tau muab fij rau Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv tau teeb tsa hauv lub nroog. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias porphyry nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm yog suav hais tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub semiprecious pob zeb. Lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj cov chav ntawm huab tais hauv Great Palace ntawm Constantinople, thiab cov menyuam yug hauv cov chav no tau txais lub npe ntawm Porphyrogenitus thiab raug suav tias yog cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm huab tais huab tais.

Nws yog nyob rau hauv Constantine l uas cov keeb kwm tseem ceeb xws li St. Sophia Cathedral hauv Istanbul, uas nws keeb kwm rov qab mus yuav luag ib txhiab xya puas xyoo, nrog rau Hagia Irene, uas yog qhov txaus siab rau cov neeg nyiam qub txeeg qub teg, tau pw.

Nyiaj tau ntau xyoo

Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim kho, Constantinople tau ua thawj zaug ua lub peev ntawm Roman Empire, tom qab ntawd Byzantine, thiab tom qab Ottoman. Yog li ntawd, rau ntau tshaj ib txhiab rau puas xyoo lub nroog muajpeev xwm txheej kom txog thaum Atatürk tsiv lub nroog mus rau Ankara, nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaws.

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias tom qab ntawd, Constantinople khaws cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev lag luam. Istanbul tseem yog lub nroog loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Turkey niaj hnub no, nrog cov pejxeem ntawm kaum tsib lab. Kev lag luam tseem ceeb hla lub nroog, hiav txwv thiab av.

Nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog

Tag nrho keeb kwm ntawm Istanbul tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob peb lub sijhawm tseem ceeb. Yog hais tias peb coj lub renaming ntawm Byzantium rau Constantinople raws li qhov pib, ces thawj lub sij hawm yuav suav hais tias lub xyoo thaum lub nroog yog lub peev ntawm ib tug Roman faj tim teb chaws, uas yog, los ntawm 330 mus rau 395. Lub nroog tau nquag tsim thiab tsim, thiab nws cov pejxeem feem ntau hais lus Latin.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom ntej, Constantinople yog lub peev ntawm lwm lub teb chaws Ottoman - Eastern Roman faj tim teb chaws, los yog, raws li nws feem ntau hu ua nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv keeb kwm, Byzantium. Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb hauv nws keeb kwm yog 1204, thaum nws raug tshem tawm los ntawm Crusaders, uas rhuav tshem cov nyiaj txiag thiab cov tsev teev ntuj, plundered palaces thiab khw muag khoom. Tau tsib caug xya xyoo lub nroog tau kav los ntawm Latin cov nom tswv mus txog rau thaum nws tau dim hauv 1261.

Nrog rau kev ywj pheej ntawm lub nroog, qee qhov kev txhawb siab ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman pib, tab sis nws tsis kav ntev, thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1453 keeb kwm ntawm Istanbul raws li lub nroog Greek xaus - nws tau ntes los ntawm Ottoman Turks. Tus huab tais Byzantine kawg, Constantine Xl, perishes nyob rau hauv hluav taws. Empire keeb kwm xaus.

Lub Sijhawm Ottoman

Lub sijhawm Ottoman hauv keeb kwm ntawm Istanbul pib thaum lub Tsib Hlis 29, 1453 thiab yuav kav mus txog rau xyoo 1923, thaum lub tebchaws Ottoman yuav raug tshem tawm thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas Turkish koom pheej yuav tshwm sim hauv nws qhov chaw.

Rau 450 xyoo ntawm kev tswj hwm Ottoman, lub nroog yuav muaj kev nce thiab nqis, ntau dua ib zaug cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog txawv tebchaws, suav nrog Lavxias, yuav sawv hauv qab nws phab ntsa. Txawm li cas los xij, thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm, nws yuav zoo siab nrog cov palaces thiab sultan lub harems, mosques zoo nkauj thiab cov khw muag khoom zoo nkauj, uas yuav nyiam cov khoom muag thoob plaws lub tebchaws.

Rau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm Ottoman dynasty, 29 sultans tau kav hauv nroog, txhua tus tau pab txhawb kev txhim kho lub nroog. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv, tau kawg, yog Sultan Mehmed ll Fatih, uas tau coj lub nroog, muab xaus rau Byzantine Empire thiab pib lub sijhawm tshiab hauv tebchaws Ottoman.

Nyob rau hauv Fatih, feem ntau cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv mosques, suav nrog Hagia Sophia. Txawm li cas los xij, cov zej zog kev ntseeg tsis raug ua txhaum cai, raug them se ntxiv rau cov neeg tsis yog Muslim.

Istanbul nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th

Txog nws qhov kev poob qis, lub teb chaws Ottoman pib ntxhov siab, thiab qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm haiv neeg thiab kev ntseeg sib luag tau shaken. Ib nthwv dej ntawm pogroms qhia tawm tsam cov ntseeg, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tawm tsam Armenians, tau tawg thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Kev tua neeg uas ua raws cov pogroms coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias tag nrho cov neeg Armenian ntawm Istanbul tau tawm hauv lub nroog.

Xyoo 1918, lub tebchaws Ottoman tau kos npe rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb nrog lub tebchaws Entente, yog li lees paub nws qhov swb. Los ntawm nolub sij hawm lub nroog tau nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm Western powers. Nws tau muab faib ua thaj chaw ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg Askiv thiab Fabkis, uas tswj hwm Istanbul thiab cov straits, ntawm ntug dej ntawm cov tub rog tau tso tseg.

Xyoo 1923, txoj haujlwm tiav lawm, cov tub rog txawv tebchaws raug tshem tawm hauv nroog, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd tsoomfwv tshiab tau tshem tawm Caliphate, tshem tawm txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev Ottoman tawm hauv lub tebchaws.

Lub peev ntawm lub xeev tshiab tau nyob hauv Ankara, uas tsawg kawg raug hem los ntawm kev cuam tshuam txawv teb chaws. Txawm li cas los xij, Istanbul khaws cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab kev lag luam mus txog niaj hnub no. Kev piav qhia luv luv txog keeb kwm ntawm Istanbul, peb tuaj yeem ntxiv tias qhov chaw nyob ntawm Patriarch of Constantinople, ib qho ntawm cov neeg ntseeg siab tshaj plaws, tseem nyob hauv lub nroog no.