Thawj cov ntaub ntawv tau pom nyob hauv Mesopotamia. Sumerian av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj tau them nrog pictograms. Lawv yog tus qauv ntawm Babylonian cuneiform tom qab. Yuav luag 2000 xyoo, cov ntsiav tshuaj tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv nqa khoom xwb, txog thaum cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub tau kawm txog kev ua papyrus.
Txwj Laug Scrolls Format
Nyob rau thaum ub, qhov layout ntawm cov ntawv nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Kab rov tav scrolls tau siv los sau cov ntawv sau. Cov ntawv nyeem tau muab faib ua ke. Qhov siab yog li ntawm 20 mus rau 40 cm, thiab qhov ntev yuav ncav cuag ob peb meters. Cov ntawv nqaim tshaj plaws tau siv los sau nqe.
Cov ntaub ntawv tau taw qhia vertically. Ntawm cov engravings thaum ub, koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntawv tshaj tawm nrog cov ntawv hauv lawv sab xis, uas tuav sab laug sab laug thiab nyeem tawm tsab cai tseem ceeb. Cov ntaub ntawv raug kaw hauv cov ntawv txuas ntxiv yam tsis siv cov kab lus. Nrhiav qhov tseeb yog qhov nyuaj heev.
Papyrus yog kim heev, thiab nws thaj chaw tau siv irrationally - sab nraub qaum ntawm cov ntawv tseem khoob. Cov phau ntawv qub tshaj tawm tuaj nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev txiav cov papyrus rau hauv daim thiab sib txuaslawv khi. Lub npog feem ntau yog ua los ntawm tawv. Cov qauv ntawm cov phau ntawv niaj hnub hu ua codices. Qhov tseeb, nws yog ib phau ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv sib cais hauv ib lub npog. Txawm hais tias zoo li yooj yim, cov codices tsis tau txais xws li kev faib raws li cov ntawv. Papyrus tawg thaum tig nplooj ntawv. Phau ntawv tau txais nws cov niaj hnub saib tsuas yog nyob rau thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog, thaum parchment tau tsim.
Scrolls tsis yog los ntawm papyrus xwb. Hauv Is Nrias teb, txiv tsawb nplooj tau siv, hauv Ancient Russia - birch bark. Cov ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv qub yog Phau Ntawv Tuag thiab Torah. Nws tsim nyog tham txog lawv kom ntxaws ntxiv.
Phau Ntawv Tuag
Ib tug masterpiece ntawm ancient Egyptian sau yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej thoob ntiaj teb. Ancient papyri tau pom thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv Thebes - lub chaw kev cai dab qhuas ntawm lub faj tim teb chaws ntawm lub pharaohs. Raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm, phau ntawv tau tsim ntau pua xyoo.
Cov lus qhia tseem ceeb no piav qhia txog kev faus neeg. Cov tawg ua ntej tsuas muaj kev thov Vajtswv xwb, tab sis tom qab ntawd muaj cov lus piav qhia thiab cov lus qhuab qhia ncaj ncees.
Torah: ntawv dawb ceev ntawm daim tawv nqaij
Nyob rau xyoo 2013, cov ntaub ntawv qub tshaj plaws ntawm Pentateuch ntawm Mauxes tau pom nyob rau hauv cov chav tsev ntawm University of Bologna. Los ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntawm ib tus neeg ua haujlwm rau lub sijhawm ntev, cov khoom qub tau raug ntaus nqi rau xyoo pua 17th. Radiocarbon tsom xam tau pom tias cov ntaub ntawv muaj tsawg kawg yog 850 xyoo. Ib daim duab ntawm ib daim ntawv qub tau tshwm sim hauv nplooj ntawv xov xwm thoob ntiaj teb.
Cov ntawv sau thaum ub yog ua los ntawm cov tawv yaj. Scroll ntevyog 36 m. Cov ntawv dawb ceev tau sau rau hauv kab lus Henplais. Nyob rau hauv kev hais lus lem muaj cov lus uas yog nyob rau hauv lub ancient Babylonian lub sij hawm. Qee qhov tawg tau raug txwv txij li xyoo pua 12.
Los ntawm cov neeg Sumerians thaum ub los txog niaj hnub no, daim ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb. Cov kev paub khaws cia hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv loj ntawm Ashurbanipal, niaj hnub no haum rau ib qho kev tshaj tawm uas tshem tau. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv sau tsis tuaj yeem tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees: tom qab tag nrho, lawv tso cai rau peb taug qab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev xav los ntawm lub sijhawm qub mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv digital.
