Akkerman fortress nyob ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm cov fortifications ntawm Eastern Europe. Ib tug loj bastion nce saum lub Dniester estuary, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub ancient ancient nroog ntawm Tyre, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm los ntawm cov Greeks. Tau ntau txhiab xyoo, cov qauv tiv thaiv tau tiv thaiv cov neeg hauv nroog los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam.
Akkerman fortress nyob qhov twg
Cov neeg ncig tebchaws so hauv Odessa thiab cov chaw nyob ze (hauv Zatoka, Karolina-Bugaz, Ilyichevsk) yuav tsum tau hnov txog kev mus ncig rau Akkerman. Cov qhua feem ntau tsis txawm xav tias nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub hnub-scorched Dub hiav txwv steppe nce lub fortress loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Ukraine nrog thaj tsam ntawm 9 hectares. Cov kev xav los ntawm kev xav txog ntawm qhov chaw ruaj khov thaum ub yuav nyob hauv lub cim xeeb thiab lub siab ntawm cov qhua mus ib txhis.
Akkerman fortress nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 57,000-muaj zog lub nroog hu ua Belgorod-Dnestrovsky. Tam sim no nws yog ib qho chaw nyob ntsiag to ntawm cheeb tsam Odessa, thiab ib zaug nws yog lub nroog qub tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe, uas tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Greek Miletus, txawm tias nyob hauv.6 xyoo pua BC e. Lub npe thib ob ntawm lub tsev yog consonant nrog lub npe ntawm kev sib hais haum - Belgorod-Dniester (Belgorod) fortress.
Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam ua rau hauv av raws Danube, Dniester thiab Dnieper tus dej xav tau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg nyob ze sib tw. Cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv thaum ub tau tsim los rau lub hom phiaj no, uas muaj mus txog rau xyoo pua 12th, tau khaws cia hauv cov khoom tawg. Nyob rau hauv lub 60s, ib co ntsiab lus tau pom (puag ncig, phab ntsa), ua rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 5 BC. e. Ib feem ntawm lub fortification system yog rebuilt thiab siv nyob rau hauv Roman lub sij hawm raws li ib tug citadel, qhov twg lub Roman garrison twb stationed.
Tom qab kev txeeb lub nroog los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Golden Horde, lub Akkerman fortress tau pw. Keeb kwm ntawm lub fortification pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, thaum Khan Berke pib tsim lub citadel, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub plawv ntawm lub fortress loj. Kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav rau yuav luag ob centuries, lub sijhawm ntawd cov neeg tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau ntsib cov qhua uas xav tau ntau dua ib zaug.
keeb kwm thaum ntxov: 13th-15th caug xyoo
Thaum pib, lub fortress tau xauj los ntawm cov neeg ua lag luam Genoese, uas siv nws los ua qhov chaw tiv thaiv kev lag luam, kev thauj mus los thiab khaws cov khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev Bessarabia tau los nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Moldavian Thawj Tswj Hwm, uas yog nyob rau lub ncov ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob.
Ob leeg Genoese thiab Moldavians ntxiv dag zog rau lub fortification, uas mus txog qhov loj me. Lub citadel muaj zog txaus los tiv thaiv ib tug siege peb zaug.muaj zog Ottoman Empire. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv 1484 Akkerman poob, tab sis tsis yog vim muaj peev xwm ntawm cov thawj coj Turkish, tab sis vim yog kev ntxeev siab (raws li feem ntau tshwm sim) ntawm cov nom tswv thiab cov txwj laus hauv nroog.
keeb kwm lig: XVI-XXI caug xyoo
Rau lub teb chaws Ottoman Empire Akkerman fortress tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau sab qaum teb. Nws tau rov qab los ntawm Cossacks, Poles, Moldavian kav. Cov phab ntsa muaj zog nres cov neeg thov kom muaj lub nroog. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVIII, thaum lub sij hawm peb lub Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog, qhov teeb meem hloov. Tom qab poob lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo yav dhau los, Ottoman tau ntsib tus neeg sib tw loj nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv 1770, thawj zaug nyob rau hauv 328 xyoo, lub citadel poob nyob rau hauv lub siab los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm General OA Igelstrom. Nyob rau hauv 1774 lub nroog yuav tsum tau xa rov qab mus rau lub Turks. Muaj ib zaug, M. I. Kutuzov yog tus thawj coj ntawm Akkerman. Ib thaj tsam ntawm Bessarabia thaum kawg tau dhau mus rau Russia xyoo 1812. 1832 yog xyoo kawg rau lub citadel ua tub rog chaw.
Thawj Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Tsov Rog thiab qhov kev hloov pauv tom ntej hauv Russia ib zaug ntxiv dua daim duab qhia ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Nyob rau hauv 1918, Moldova thiab Lower Transnistria tau muab rau lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Romania. Nyob rau hauv 1940, lub USSR annexed cov cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv 1941-1944. tuav los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab cov phooj ywg Romania. Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR, Belgorod-Dnestrovsky tseem yog ib feem ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Ukraine.
Ackerman fortress: piav qhia
Fortification yog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov qauv nrog kev tiv thaiv kev sib koom ua ke. Cov phab ntsa sab nrauv stretch rau 2.5 km thiab kaw thaj chawthaj tsam li ntawm 9 hectares. Ntauwd tau teeb tsa rau ntawm qhov chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog Maiden (Ovid), Storozhevaya, Pushkin. Ntawm 34 tus pej thuam, 26 tau dim, qhov siab ntawm lub fortifications ntawm 5 mus rau 15 meters, lawv thickness yog 1.5-5 meters.
Ib feem ntawm lub fortress mus rau estuary, uas yog ib tug natural barrier. Los ntawm cov av cov phab ntsa yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug impressive moat. Txawm tias tom qab ntau pua xyoo, nws qhov tob nce mus txog 14 meters. Lub tshav puam tau muab faib ua ib cheeb tsam: kev lag luam (sab nraum phab ntsa), pej xeem thiab garrison. Qhov kawg ob yog thaiv los ntawm ib phab ntsa sab hauv. Ib lub tsev teev ntuj raug ntsia rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw pej xeem (ib feem ntawm lub minaret tau khaws cia)
Citadel
Nyob rau hauv qhov deb tshaj ntawm lub fortification, ntawm ntug dej ntawm Dniester, nce siab tshaj plaws thiab fortified ib feem ntawm lub tsev fuabtais - lub citadel. Nws yog ib zaug crowned nrog plaub yees:
- Nyiaj txiag.
- Cawm.
- Commandant's chaw ua haujlwm.
- Dungeon.
Lub Tuam Txhab Nyiaj Txiag tau tawg, tab sis qhov no ua rau Akkerman Fortress tsis zoo nkauj tsawg. Kev sib tw nyob ze ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress amaze lub tswv yim nrog lawv cov peev txheej thiab naturalness. Niaj hnub no knights, rau kev lom zem ntawm cov inhabitants ntawm Belgorod-Dnestrovsky thiab tourists, converge nyob rau hauv "kev sib ntaus sib tua", zoo li lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob deb.
xeev tam sim no
Hmoov tsis zoo, Akkerman fortress tau maj mam raug rhuav tshem. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias nws yog ua raws li cov pob zeb limestone tsuas yog 5 meters tuab. Cov dej ntawm lub estuary ntxuav lub hauv paus, yaig ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov masonry - cov qauv xav tau kev kho kom zoo thiab kim.
Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias:qhov deformation ntawm qee ntu ntawm lub fortress mus txog qib tseem ceeb. Thaum twg los xij, phab ntsa thiab yees tuaj yeem tawg. Vim muaj kev nyab xeeb, ntau qhov chaw raug kaw rau pej xeem. Qhov tseeb, txij li kev tsim kho ntawm lub fortification grandiose, nws tsis tau rov qab los, txawm hais tias Akkerman tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv vaj tse nyob rau xyoo pua 19th.
tshawb fawb Archaeological
Kev khawb ntawm Tyra thaum ub tau pib thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nws ruins "so" raws nraim ntawm lub fortress phab ntsa. Nrhiav tau nyob rau xyoo tas los no:
- Cov ntu tshiab ntawm cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv (sab qaum teb sab hnub poob thiab ntauwd nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm qhov chaw khawb av).
- Hellenistic tsev nyob.
- Lub tsev nrog lub colonnade los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws.
- Late Antique tsev thiab cov tsev nrog apse los ntawm 5th-11th centuries.
Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias nyob rau lub sijhawm qub qub, Thira tseem muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub nroog qub thiab tej zaum yuav khaws cia rau hauv lub sijhawm medieval thaum ntxov. Yog li, nws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws monument ntawm ancient thiab medieval keeb kwm nyob rau hauv Ukraine.
Hauv xyoo 1919-1922, Romanian archaeologists nrhiav tau ib feem ntawm cov phab ntsa tiv thaiv ntawm lub sijhawm qub thiab Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab hauv lub fortress. Tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, ntau qhov kev mus ncig ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Archaeology ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm Ukrainian SSR ua rau nws muaj peev xwm qhib rau ntawm thaj chaw fortified, sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub rooj vag loj, qee qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev ntawm 4th-2nd centuries. BC. e. thiab II-III centuries AD. e., nyob rau ntawm ib lub pob tsuas los ntawm ib sab ntawm lub estuary. Qhov no yog ib txoj kev nrog lub qhov dej ntws, uas yog hais txog lub sijhawm Roman (Kuv Transverse), qhov seem ntawm Golden Horde.cov qauv thiab industrial complexes ntawm ob qho tib si ancient thiab medieval lub sij hawm. Excavations kuj tau ua nyob rau hauv lub fortress nws tus kheej.
Lub Akkerman fortress, raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws tus qauv tsim, tsis tuaj yeem tsim ib zaug, uas ua rau kev xav tias lub citadel tau tsim thaum lub sijhawm muaj Genoese nyob ntawm no. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb, raws li cov ntaub ntawv sau thaum nruab nrab nruab nrab, ntseeg tias Slavic Belgorod, tus thawj ntawm lub nroog Golden Horde, sawv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Tyra. Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg, lawv kuj tau tso siab rau qee cov ntaub ntawv uas pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb, tab sis cov txheej thiab lub tsev seem ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm 5th-12th centuries tsis pom.
Hauv qab cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, hnub tim XIII-XV centuries, tau ncaj qha antique. Qhov tseeb ntawm lawv yog suav tias yog lig antique (lub quarter kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th). Nws nteg nyob rau hauv ib tug haib txheej ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws (III caug xyoo). Tag nrho cov khoom siv ntawm Roman lub sij hawm yog sawv cev los ntawm thaj chaw thiab pej xeem (vexillation tsev) complexes, txoj kev, industrial chaw (roob).
Tourism
Ackerman yog lub pov haum vaj tsev ntawm thaj av Odessa. Ntau lub tuam txhab npaj cov ntaub ntawv ncig xyuas ib hnub los ntawm Odessa thiab cov chaw nyob sib ze. Ntau pua tus neeg ncig tebchaws tuaj ncig txhua hnub rau Belgodod-Dnestrovsky, qhov chaw nyiam tshaj plaws yog Akkerman fortress. Tus nqi ntawm kev ncig xyuas yog kev ywj pheej heev, daim pib nkag nqi 40 hryvnia (lub caij 2015). Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus neeg tuaj xyuas yws txog qhov txwvKev mus ntsib chaw kho mob xwm txheej ceev thiab kev tsim kho tsis zoo.
Koj puas xav pom koj tus kheej seb lub fortress Akkerman zoo li cas? Peb yuav qhia koj yuav ua li cas mus txog qhov ntawd:
- tsheb thauj mus los ntawm cov koom haum mus ncig ua si;
- by suburban tsheb ciav hlau (tsheb ciav hlau) "Odessa - Belgorod-Dnestrovsky";
- tsheb npav - muaj cov kev tsis tu ncua los ntawm Ilyichevsk, Odessa thiab thaj chaw chaw so;
- taxi;
- tus kheej thauj.
Los ntawm Odessa mus rau Akkerman, tib txoj kev coj los ntawm Budak Spit ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Dniester. Txoj kev deb li 75 km.
Txawm hais tias qhov kev tsis saib xyuas ntawm qhov nyuaj, Akkerman Fortress tseem ua rau nws zoo siab nrog nws qhov loj, keeb kwm nplua nuj thiab kab lis kev cai. Los, koj yuav tsis khuv xim nws!
