Astronaut yog ib txoj haujlwm uas muaj nyob rau hauv halo ntawm kev sib hlub thiab kev ua yeeb yam rau qhov laj thawj. Tej zaum tsis muaj ib tug me nyuam tub nyob rau hauv lub USSR uas yuav tsis npau suav los ua ib tug. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv chaw ua haujlwm yog fraught nrog kev txaus ntshai tas li, thiab tsis yog hauv qhov chaw xwb … Kev tsaws ntawm lub qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob yog qhov tsis tuaj yeem xav txog. Tib neeg tuaj yeem nyob txhua qhov chaw, thiab yog li lawv yuav xav tau kev tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, ib tug tshwj xeeb txhais tau tias ntawm kev tiv thaiv - TP-82.
Qhov no yog dab tsi?
Nyob rau xyoo 1980s, lub Union tau tsim ib rab yaj phom tshwj xeeb rau kev tiv thaiv tus kheej ntawm cov neeg caij nkoj. Cov riam phom muaj peb lub thoob thiab ua raws li cov txheej txheem tsis siv neeg. Cov phom tshiab no muaj npe hu ua TP-82. Nws tau los ua ib feem ntawm SONAZ cawm txoj sia. Nyob rau hauv tsos, riam phom zoo li ib tug hybrid ntawm ib tug sawn-tawm ob-txheej phom phom nrog ib tug AK: nyob rau sab saum toj muaj ob tug du chim chim ntawm 32-gauge (huv), thiab nyob rau hauv qab yog ib tug chim ntawm caliber 5., 45.
Yam yuav tsum muaj rau qhov tshwm sim
Thawj thovLub creation ntawm xws riam phom yog legendary Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov. Xyoo 1979, nws tshwj xeeb tau mus xyuas Tula Arms Plant rau lub hom phiaj no. Nws hais rau cov neeg tua phom txog ib qho xwm txheej uas tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1965: tom qab ntawd lub qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob ntawm Voskhod-2 spacecraft tsaws rau hauv qhov chaw uas tsis tau npaj tseg. Ntau precisely, nyob rau hauv lub ntom forests ntawm lub Perm cheeb tsam. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb nrhiav yuav luag ob hnub, thaum tib neeg muaj kev nyuaj siab.
Nyob hauv hav zoov muaj ntau tus tsiaj txhu uas yuav pom tseeb tsis xav saj cov neeg caij nkoj tshiab. Qhov xwm txheej yog absurd nyob rau hauv tias tom kawg yuav tsis muaj dab tsi los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej thaum muaj kev tawm tsam. Leonov tau sau tseg tias yog tias cov astronauts muaj tsawg kawg yog qee yam riam phom tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem tawm tsam cov tsiaj, lawv yuav hnov zoo dua. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1981, txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus txiv neej uas xub mus rau sab nrauv pom kev txhawb nqa dav dav. Xyoo 1982, TP-82 tau raug suav nrog hauv cov khoom siv cawm ntawm txhua qhov chaw mus ncig.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm riam phom
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias rab phom no tsis yog qhov chaw xwb. Nws yog lub hom phiaj, ntawm lwm yam, txhawm rau pab cov neeg tsav dav hlau ntev ntev uas tuaj yeem nyob hauv cov tsiaj qus vim tias tsis muaj kev npaj tsaws xwm txheej ceev. Qauv TP-82 tuaj yeem siv los tiv thaiv cov tsiaj nyeg, cov neeg tsis zoo, cov ntsiab lus txhaum cai, nrog rau kev yos hav zoov. Nrog kev pab los ntawm tib rab yaj phom, nws muaj peev xwm xa lub teeb thiab suab teeb meem kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsaws nyob rau hauv ib tug sparsely populated cheeb tsam, khoob.
Riam phom tau tsim hauv Tula. Thawj zaug, rab yaj phom mus rau hauv qhov chaw nrog cov neeg coob ntawm Soyuz T-6 spacecraft nyob rau hauv 1982. Plaub xyoos tom qab, nws tau raug suav nrog hauv cov cuab yeej siv dav hlau dav hlau ntev. Qhov kev tso tawm tau ua tiav hauv xyoo 1987. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais tias TP-82 rab yaj phom tau siv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab cosmonaus txog 2007. Thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm no, lub txee lub neej ntawm cov mos txwv uas tau tsim rov qab rau hauv Union tsuas yog xaus. Nws raug suav tias tsis tsim nyog rov pib lawv cov khoom tsim tawm.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb
Raws li peb hais, riam phom no yog peb rab phom uas tsis siv neeg siv. Sab saum toj ob lub thoob yog tsim los rau ntau dua los yog tsawg dua cov pa 32 caliber, thaum lub hauv qab yog loaded nrog tshwj xeeb 5.45x40 mm cartridge. Nco qab tias Kalashnikov phom phom siv 5.45x39 mm mos mos. Txhawm rau xoom nyob rau hauv qis qis, siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb pom, lub zog uas tswj hwm los ntawm peb lub bolts.
Kev khiav tawm ntawm cov ntawv siv nyiaj los ntawm 32nd caliber yog ua los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab rho tawm zoo tib yam. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov ntaub ntawv siv nyiaj ntawm daim cartridge 5, 45x39, koj yuav tsum nias lub pob tshwj xeeb ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav extractor, uas nyob rau hauv qab ntawm riam phom. Yog li, rab yaj phom TP-82 yog qhov yooj yim heev, thiab yog li ntawd cov cosmonaus, uas feem ntau yog tub rog tsav, tsis muaj teeb meem tuav nws.
Yuav rov qab, riam phom yuav tsum tawg zoo li rab phom tua tsiaj. Muaj ib lub latch ntawm sab laug saum lub rab phom tuav,uas tag nrho cov qauv txhawb nqa. Txhawm rau rhuav tshem TP-82 rab yaj phom qhov chaw, nws tau hloov mus rau sab laug. Lub trigger mechanism yog hom rauj, tsis muaj tus kheej-cocking mechanism. Feem ntau, nws tus qauv tsim yog qhov yooj yim heev, tab sis muaj qee qhov tseem ceeb.
Tim thiab pom
Qhov peculiarity ntawm txhais mechanism yog tias txoj cai trigger tsuas yog lub luag haujlwm rau txoj cai du chim, thaum sab laug tuaj yeem hloov pauv ntawm sab laug thiab qis dua txhua lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv lub trigger guard muaj ib tug ruaj ntseg khawm uas locks tus triggers. Cov cuab yeej pom ntawm TP-82 qhov chaw rab yaj phom muaj qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws: txhua yam, qhib hom. Qhov no yog ua kom txo tau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tua txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj tshaj plaws.
Siv cov kev paub ntawm Tokarev, cov kws tshaj lij tau muab rau kev siv lub pob tw. Cov cuab yeej yooj yim no tso cai rau koj los txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm kev tua. Lub holster yog txuas rau hauv qab ntawm rab phom tuav. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog lub ntsiab lus zais. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub holster, nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb nyuaj sheath, muaj … ib tug tiag tiag machete, tsuas yog ib tug me me loj. Ntxiv mus, nws raug pom zoo kom tua raws nraim thaum nws nyob rau hauv lub holster, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lub pob tw tau txais qhov tsim nyog rigidity. Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, TP-82 rab yaj phom ntawm astronauts yog ib tug heev txawv txawv riam phom thiab tsis tshua muaj ntau yam riam phom.
yam ntxwv ntawm cartridges
Nws kuj yog qhov tshwj xeeb uas nws yuav tsum siv cov cartridges rau kev tua, tshwj xeebtsim los ntawm TSNIITOCHMASH. P. F. Sazonov coj cov kev tsim cov mos txwv tshiab thiab txawv txawv. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, peb hom cartridges tau tsim. Thawj yog tus qauv SP-D phom phom, uas tau tsim los siv kev tua tsiaj ib txwm muaj.32 caliber. Lub cartridge 12, 5x70 mm yog zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv nws cov nyhuv tuag rau cov mos txwv siv nyob rau hauv yos hav zoov phom nrog ib tug chim ntev ntawm txog 700 mm.
Qhov thib ob ntau yam, SP-P, yog lub teeb liab. Ib daim ntawv tua tsiaj yooj yim kuj tau siv los ua nws lub hauv paus. Qhov tseeb, raws li nws tus qauv tsim, qhov no yog lub foob pob hluav taws tshwj xeeb nrog lub sijhawm kub kub ntev.
Thaum kawg, SP-P cov mos txwv cartridge. Rau nws cov khoom siv, ib lub mos txwv ib nrab ntawm 5.45 mm caliber yog siv, compressed nyob rau hauv lub tes tsho 40 mm. Cov tub ntxhais yog ua los ntawm cov cuab yeej hardened steel, ib lub qhov me me tau drilled nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntswg ntawm cov mos txwv kom nce qhov kev nthuav dav. Raws li kev ntsuam xyuas, cov qhov txhab los ntawm cov mos txwv no muaj ntau zaus txaus ntshai tshaj li los ntawm tus qauv tsis siv neeg cartridge.
Hais txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig
Nws tau tshaj tawm tias thaum siv lub mos txwv cartridge, qhov kev tua hluav taws zoo tuaj yeem ncav cuag li 200 meters, thaum siv kev txhaj tshuaj, tus nqi no tau txo mus rau 40 meters. Cov mos txwv muaj xws li 40 rounds: kaum SP-D thiab kaum SP-S. Tag nrho cov seem yog mos txwv. Cov mos txwv haum rau hauv lub hnab tshwj xeeb canvas. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov cartridges no los ntawm lawv cov tub rog thiab kev yos hav zoov prototypes yog lawv qhov kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws, uas tau khaws cia txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas tsis tshua muaj siab, siab thiab qis,humidity.
siv yos hav zoov
Thoob plaws lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm lub xeev kev sim, TP-82 rab yaj phom, daim duab uas koj tuaj yeem pom hauv kab lus, tau siv ntau los ua riam phom tua tsiaj. Nws tau pom tias nrog nws cov kev pab, tsis muaj teeb meem ntau, koj tuaj yeem tau txais yuav luag txhua pawg ntawm cov kev ua si me me, nrog rau cov noog, hauv kev tua uas TP tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo. Cov phom phom phom tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tshem tawm cov npua qus, tshis, goited gazelles thiab txawm tias cov elks, yog tias tus tsiaj nyhav tsis tshaj 200 kilograms.
Cov neeg sim tau txaus siab rau qhov peev xwm ntawm riam phom uas tom kawg tau raug lub npe hu ua "tus neeg yos hav zoov npau suav". Nws tau tshaj tawm (tsis raug cai) tias thaum siv cov pa.32 yos hav zoov nrog qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom thiab txhaj tshuaj loj, nws tuaj yeem tau txais elk hnyav ntau dua ob puas qhov hnyav yam tsis muaj teeb meem ntau.
Kev siv tag nrho kev ua haujlwm
Lub teeb liab cartridge hloov tau zoo heev. Lub suab thiab suab nrov flash uas tshwm sim thaum nws siv tau muab lub sijhawm tseem ceeb uas tib neeg tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov neeg tshawb nrhiav. Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, TP-82 yog ib qho riam phom uas yuav yog ib qho kev pab zoo rau cov neeg taug kev uas pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb taiga. Txawm tias tus machete, uas tau "pob" hauv lub hnab, ua pov thawj tias zoo heev.
Alexander German, uas yog tus thawj coj ntawm kev cob qhia kev muaj sia nyob hauv cosmonaut, hais tias nyob rau hauv ob hnub (tus qauv kev kawm ntev) nwspawg ntseeg nrog kev pab los ntawm cov hniav no txiav ob peb cubic meters ntawm ntoo. Yog li lub machete yuav pab tau txawm tias thaum tsim tsev ib ntus!
Txoj kev xav ntawm TP-82 yog dab tsi? Lub cosmonaut lub riam phom zoo li muaj zog thiab ruaj khov, nws tau ua zoo. Txhua qhov chaw nruab nrab, xws li lub hnab, hnab thiab machete, muaj qhov hnyav tsawg kawg nkaus. Cov riam phom tswj tau ua raws li ergonomic schemes, lawv tau yooj yim thiab tswj tau yooj yim txawm tias tus neeg tau txais kev cob qhia tsawg heev. Fuses ua kom tiav kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev tuav txawm tias muaj riam phom thauj khoom, tshem tawm tag nrho qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tsis raug. Cov kws tua phom tshwj xeeb yeej nyiam qhov muag muag, tuav thiab sib npaug ntawm rab yaj phom.
Tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm Nws tau tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj lub hnab ntim, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tua hluav taws tshwj xeeb nrog kev txhaj tshuaj, ntawm qhov deb.
Kev txiav txim siab
Lub TP-82 cosmonauts 'peb phom phom loj kawg tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam xyoo 1986. Soviet cosmonaus yeej ib txwm ua tub rog nrog lawv, suav nrog thaum sib koom kev cob qhia thiab ua haujlwm nrog Asmeskas thiab Europeans. Kev tso riam phom raug txiav tawm thaum xyoo 80s lig. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog qhov tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov phom loj txaus. Cov neeg nyob hauv Tula lawv tus kheej hais tias thaum pib ntawm lub xeev lub cev qhuav dej, Kremlin cov tub ceev xwm tsuas yog tsis xav tau nyiaj txiag " ruam"project.
Tus naj npawb ntawm rab yaj phom uas sau tau tseem tsis tau paub. Nws tau xav tias qhov ntim ntau lawm tsis zoo li ntau tshaj 30-110 units (uas yog meej meej me me). Yog tias koj xav pom rab yaj phom tsawg no nrog koj lub qhov muag, koj tuaj yeem mus xyuas Artillery Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv St. Petersburg, Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Cosmonautics, uas nyob hauv Moscow, lossis mus rau Tula.
Npua
Raws li tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, muaj (lossis muaj) ib qho analogue ntawm TP-82 hu ua "Vepr". Hauv kev muaj tiag, tsis muaj leej twg tau pom rab phom zoo li no, tsis muaj cov duab ntawm nws. Piv txwv li, ersatz no tau tsim nrog lub chaw tswj xyuas tsis zoo thiab tau npaj rau cov thawj coj ua dav hlau ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov no tsuas yog lus xaiv, vim tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv raug cai ntawm cov riam phom no. Yuav ua li cas los xij, Vepr tau nruab nrog tib lub thawv tshwj xeeb, thiab yog li hauv 2007 lub sijhawm siv riam phom no (txawm tias nws yog) kuj tau los xaus.
