Puas yog tus kws kos duab kos duab, kev ua haujlwm lossis kev ua haujlwm?

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:01

Txhua tus neeg laus, txawm tias nyob deb heev ntawm kev kos duab thiab kos duab, paub los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv tias tus kws kos duab yog tus tsim engineer, craftsman, architect thiab builder tag nrho dov mus rau hauv ib tug. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIV, raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm A. I. Sobolevsky, lo lus "kws tsim kho" tuaj rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus sau los ntawm phau ntawv South Slavic. Txog thaum ntawd, cov kws txawj txawj tsim thiab tsim lub tsev teev ntuj, kho kom zoo nkauj thiab pleev xim rau lawv, hu ua pawg ntseeg tswv.

Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture

Feem ntau cov keeb kwm ntawm architecture hu ua qhov pib ntawm kev tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab pob zeb architecture lub xyoo pua XI. Tom qab thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir tau pib qhia txog kev ntseeg hauv Russia, nrog rau kev nthuav tawm ntawm kev ntseeg no, kev tsim kho cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tuam tsev pib tsim. Rau txhua lub nroog ntawm Ancient Russia, tus kws tsim vaj tsev zoo yog tus neeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas qhov loj thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov tuam tsev thiab cov tsev teev ntuj nyob, thiab, yog li ntawd, theem ntawm lub hwj chim thiab lub hwj chim ntawm tus nqi ntawm lawv tau tsim. Kom txog rau thaum peb lub sij hawm, los ntawm lub pob zeb tej hauj lwm ntawm architectural creativity ntawm lub sij hawm, tsuas yog lub St. Sophia Cathedrals nyob rau hauv Kyiv thiab Veliky Novgorod, lub Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral thiab lub rooj vag. Lub Koom Txoos Trinity hauv Pechersky Monastery hauv Kyiv.

Kev tshwm sim ntawm Lavxias kev lig kev cai

Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm XI txog XII centuries. Txhua tus kws tsim vaj tsev Lavxias yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov tub ntxhais kawm uas kawm cov qauv ntawm Byzantine lub tsev teev ntuj architecture thiab kev tsim ntawm nws cov thawj coj, sim ua kom rov tsim cov qauv kom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub peev xwm, lub zog thiab cov txuj ci.

Cov khoom loj ducal thiab princely tsim cov haujlwm hauv Veliky Novgorod ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th yog qhov kawg "muab". Lub quarter thib ob ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th dhau los ua lub sijhawm uas lawv tus kheej, cov tsev kawm kos duab Lavxias tau tshwm sim thiab txhim kho.

Txog thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XII, kev tsim cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tuam tsev tsis tau ua. Thiab tsuas yog nrog lub zog los ntawm Yuri Dolgoruky, kev tsim kho ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj ntseeg los ntawm pob zeb pib. Nws tus successor Andrey Bogolyubsky, siv zog ua kom lub koob meej ntawm Vladimir Principality, kuj ua pob zeb tsim.

Hnub no nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias thaum lub sijhawm kav Andrei Bogolyubsky, ib lub tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev tau tsim, uas tom qab ntawd tau tswj hwm nws cov kev cuam tshuam rau cov tswv ntawm lwm tus thawj tswj hwm uas tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm feudal strife thiab fragmentation ntawm Russia.

Ob lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture

Nyob rau hauv Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vsevolod lub Zes Loj, uas tau kav lub tebchaws Vladimir-Suzdal tom qab Bogolyubsky, cov yam ntxwv tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv kev kos duab thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev, uas tom qab ntawd yuav ua rau muaj kev tshwm sim ntawm ob lub tsev kawm vaj tsev. Thawj, thiaj li hu ua tsev kawm ntawv Vladimir,txuas ntxiv cov kev cai classical ntawm pob zeb dawb siv, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no complex carved kho kom zoo nkauj tau ua. Nws cov neeg sawv cev ua haujlwm hauv Yuryev-Polsky, Suzdal thiab Nizhny Novgorod. Lub tsev kawm ntawv thib ob, Rostov, tau txawv los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo nkauj ntawm brickwork thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm pob zeb dawb. Nws adherents ua nyob rau hauv Yaroslavl thiab Rostov lub Great.

Novgorod-Pskov kev lig kev cai

Lub tsev kawm ntawv no tau yug los, raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm, rov qab rau xyoo pua 11th, thaum St. Sophia Cathedral tau tsim tsa hauv Novgorod. Txawm li cas los xij, lub hnub qub ntawm qhov kev lig kev cai no rov qab mus rau qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th - lub sijhawm ntawm lub zog siab tshaj plaws thiab kev vam meej ntawm Novgorod koom pheej. Cov piv txwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm no yog Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Hloov Kho ntawm Tus Cawm Seej ntawm Ilyina Street thiab Fyodor Stratilat ntawm Ruche.

Pskov kev tsim vaj tsev kab lis kev cai yog ze rau Novgorod's, tab sis cov kws tshaj lij taw qhia nws tus kheej peculiarities. Cov kev tsim tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm Pskov architects yog cov tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Nicholas los ntawm Usokha, Vasily ntawm Gorka, Kuzma thiab Demyan los ntawm Primostye thiab lwm yam.

Architecture ntawm Moscow Principality

Nyob rau hauv lub XIV-XV centuries, kev nom kev tswv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Muscovy tau nce siab, uas ua rau muaj kev vam meej ntawm kev tsim kho thiab architecture. Cov kab lig kev cai ntawm architecture, tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal, tau ntse saws los ntawm Moscow tshwj xeeb. Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog lub sijhawm yug thiab tsim ntawm Moscow architectural tsev kawm ntawv. Lub sijhawm no yog sawv cev los ntawm Dormition Cathedral ntawm Gorodok hauv Zvenigorod, uas tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no.

Hnub zoo ntawm MoscowArchitectural tsev kawm ntawv tuaj nyob rau hauv lub reign ntawm Ivan III, nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub XV caug xyoo. Tus kws kes duab vajtse zoo ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Italian Aristotle Fioravanti, tau tsim lub Assumption Cathedral hauv Moscow Kremlin.

Architectural kab lig kev cai ntawm lub nceeg vaj Lavxias teb sab

Kev txais yuav lub npe huab tais los ntawm Ivan the Terrible thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm Russia mus rau hauv lub nceeg vaj, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, tau los ua lub zog muaj zog rau kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov spheres ntawm tib neeg, suav nrog architecture. Lub sijhawm no, tus kws tsim vaj tsev tsis yog tsuas yog tus tsim cov tuam tsev, cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov princely chambers. Thawj pob zeb fortresses - kremlins - pib ua. Ib tug ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws architects-builders ntawm xws fortresses yog Fyodor Kon, uas ua cov phab ntsa ntawm lub White City nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub Smolensk Kremlin, thiab cov phab ntsa ntawm lub Pafnutyevo-Borovsky, Boldinsky thiab Simonov monasteries.

Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj haujlwm ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev yog St. Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky), uas, raws li ib qho qauv, tau tsim los ntawm Pskov tus kws kes duab vajtse Postnik Yakovlev ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Ivan the Terrible.

Lub Hnub nyoog ntawm Peter

Art historian thiab artist I. E. Grabar hu ua Russia lub teb chaws ntawm architects. Cov lus no tuaj yeem ua tiav rau St. Petersburg, uas, hauv kev xav ntawm Emperor Peter I, yuav tsum tau pab txhawb rau kev hloov pauv ntawm Muscovite Russia mus rau Tebchaws Europe. Thaum lub sij hawm kev tsim kho ntawm "brainchild ntawm Petrov" - St. Petersburg - architects thiab Lavxias teb sab architects caw los ntawm txawv teb chaws koom tes, sib tham sib thiab sib tw. Cov npe xws li Domenico Giovanni Trezzini thiab Jean Baptiste Leblon, Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli thiab GeorgJohann Mattarnovi tau sau mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv keeb kwm architectural ntawm lub nroog ntawm Neva. Peter kuv, uas nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev nyiam cov neeg ua haujlwm txawv teb chaws rau kev tsim kho lub peev tshiab, lub sijhawm no tau teeb tsa lawv cov xwm txheej uas lawv qhia lawv cov neeg pabcuam Lavxias thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm cov khoom siv tes ua thiab "kos duab" uas lawv tus kheej muaj. Ib tug ntawm cov thawj xws li "homegron" architects yog Trezzini tus pab thiab tub ntxhais kawm Zemtsov thiab Eropkin. Xws li lub ntiaj teb nto moo architects ntawm St. Petersburg li Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (tus tub ntawm Carl Rastrelli), Antonio Rinaldi, Nikolaus Gerbel, S. I. Chevakinsky, Karl Ivanovich Rossi, raws li zoo raws li ntau yam tsis muaj tsawg zoo architects koom nyob rau hauv lub ntxiv kev loj hlob thiab kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev. nroog.

Siv qhov xaus

Lavxias teb chaws architecture ntau pua xyoo tsis tau tsuas yog tsim nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb, lub teb chaws txoj kev. Kev hloov pauv hauv kev nom kev tswv, kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev sib raug zoo, kev sib cuam tshuam nrog ntau haiv neeg - tag nrho cov no muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev tsim ntawm tsis yog Lavxias thiab Soviet nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog Lavxias architecture.

Hnub no tag nrho lub ntiaj teb qhuas tsis yog tsuas yog kev tsim ntawm F. Konya, Rossi, Voronikhin, Bazhenov thiab Kazakov. Tus kws kes duab vajtse Vlasov, Fomin, Pyasetsky, Savin thiab ntau lwm tus tau ua pov thawj qib siab ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev nrog lawv cov tswv yim thiab kev txawj ntse.