Rab phom yog dab tsi: piav qhia, hom, yam ntxwv thiab duab

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:00

Keeb kwm ntawm rab phom ua ib hom riam phom tau pib hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog. Qhov kev paub ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm lub cannon hnub rov qab mus rau Tuam Tshoj lub Song Dynasty thaum ntxov li ntawm xyoo pua 12th, txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm riam phom muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th. Nyob rau hauv 1288, cov tub rog ntawm aforementioned dynasty liam lawv tus kheej nrog cov phom tua hluav taws, thiab cov piv txwv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm cov riam phom no nrog rau hnub tim ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm tib lub sijhawm. Los ntawm 1326, cov phom no twb tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Europe, thiab lawv siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tau kaw yuav luag tam sim ntawd. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, cannons tau dav thoob plaws hauv Eurasia. Lawv tau siv los ua riam phom tiv thaiv tub rog mus txog rau xyoo 1374, thaum cov phom loj tau tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Europe, thawj zaug siv los tiv thaiv phab ntsa.

Hauv xyoo 1464, Ottoman Empire tau tsim lub phom loj loj hu ua Great Turkish Bombard. Lub cannon, uas yog ib hom kev ua rog, tau pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua tom qab 1453. Cov phom European tau ua tiav lawv qhov ntev, sib dua, muaj tseeb dua thiabntau npaum "classical form" nyob ib ncig ntawm 1480. Qhov no classic European rab phom tsim tseem tsis tau hloov pauv zoo rau xyoo 1750s.

Vim li cas rab phom thiaj hu li ntawd?

Lo lus Askiv rau riam phom no, cannon, los ntawm lo lus Italian qub cannone, uas txhais tau tias "pib loj". Lo lus no yog thawj zaug siv rau rab phom los ntawm 1326 hauv Ltalis thiab los ntawm 1418 hauv tebchaws Askiv.

Lo lus Lavxias "cannon" yog keeb kwm qub Lavxias teb sab thiab muaj cov hauv paus nrog cov lus "lav" thiab "cia".

History

Lub phom loj tuaj yeem pib thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 12th hauv Suav teb thiab tej zaum yuav yog ib qho kev loj hlob zoo sib xws lossis kev hloov pauv ntawm rab phom, ib qho riam phom luv luv los tiv thaiv cov neeg ua ke nrog rab phom puv raj thiab qee yam zoo li hmuv. Thawj qhov projectiles, xws li cov khoom siv hlau los yog cov plooj (porcelain shards), tau muab tso rau hauv cov kab noj hniav ntawm cov xyoob hmuv ntev, tab sis cov ntawv thiab xyoob tej kas tham tau raug hloov los ntawm cov hlau. Cov neeg Suav thaum ub tsis paub meej tias lub cannon yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus.

Medieval China

Qhov kev paub ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm lub cannon yog cov duab puab los ntawm Dazu Rocky Toj siab hauv Sichuan hnub tim 1128, tab sis cov qauv qub qub qub thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tsis tshwm sim txog rau xyoo pua 13th. Cov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th cannon yog Wuwei bronze cannon hnub tim 1227, Heilongjiang tes cannon hnub tim 1288, thiabXanadu rab yaj phom, hnub tim 1298. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog Xanadu rab yaj phom tau sau nrog hnub tsim khoom, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li suav tias yog qhov kev lees paub ntxov tshaj plaws txog tam sim no. Qhov riam phom no yog 34.7 cm ntev thiab hnyav 6.2 kg. Pom tau tias, cov Suav tsis paub tias rab phom yog dab tsi thiab rab phom yog dab tsi - thaum lub sij hawm lawv cov hnub no hom riam phom sib txawv.

rab phom Heilongjiang feem ntau kuj tau saib los ntawm qee cov keeb kwm tias yog rab phom qub tshaj plaws. Nws tau pom nyob ze ntawm thaj chaw cuam tshuam nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua uas tau sau tseg hauv annals, thaum lub sij hawm lub foob pob hluav taws raug foob. Raws li Yuan keeb kwm, xyoo 1288, ib tug thawj coj ntawm pawg neeg Jurchen hu ua Li Ting tau coj cov tub rog nrog riam phom tuav tes tawm tsam tus tub huabtais Naiyang uas ntxeev siab.

Chen Bingying sib cav tias ua ntej 1259 tsis muaj rab phom zoo li no hauv Suav teb, thiab Dang Shushan ntseeg tias Wuwei riam phom thiab lwm yam piv txwv ntawm Xia era qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cannons hauv 1220. Stephen Ho mus ntxiv, hais tias riam phom tau tsim thaum ntxov li 1200. Sinologist Joseph Needham thiab Renaissance siege tus kws tshaj lij Thomas Arnold muab kev kwv yees ntau dua, hais txog 1280 raws li hnub ntawm "qhov tseeb" cannon. Txawm hais tias lawv muaj tseeb lossis tsis yog, nws zoo li qhov tsawg kawg yog rab phom tiag tiag tshwm sim qee zaum hauv lub xyoo pua 13th.

Xyoo 1341, Xian Zhang tau sau zaj paj huam "Hloov Case ntawm Cannon", uas piav qhia txog lub pob phom loj uas raug rho tawm los ntawm cov yeeb nkab xyoob uas tuaj yeem "taws lub siab lossis lub plab los ntawm kev ntaus tib neeg lossis nees, thiab txawm txiav. ob pebntsej muag."

Los ntawm 1350s, cov phom no twb tau siv los ntawm Suav hauv kev tsov rog hauv zos. Xyoo 1358, cov tub rog Ming tsis tuaj yeem ntes lub nroog vim yog siv cov phom loj los ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv.

thawj zaug ntawm Western cannons yuav tsum tau qhia yog thaum ntxov xyoo pua 16th explosive cannons, uas Suav pib tsim los ntawm 1523 thiab tom qab ntawd txhim kho.

Thaum lub sijhawm 1593 siege hauv Pyongyang, 40,000 Ming cov tub rog tau tua phom rau cov tub rog Nyij Pooj. Txawm hais tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev siv arquebuses los ntawm cov tub rog Nyij Pooj, lawv tau nyob hauv txoj haujlwm nyuaj vim tsis muaj riam phom ntawm lub zog sib piv. Thaum lub sij hawm Nyiv invasion nyob rau hauv Kauslim Teb (1592-98), lub koom haum Ming thiab Joseon tau siv dav siv phom loj hauv av thiab dej hiav txwv, nrog rau cov nkoj vaub kib.

Nyob hauv UK

Tawm ntawm Tuam Tshoj, cov ntawv nyeem ntxov tshaj plaws uas hais txog rab phom yog Roger Bacon's Opus Majus (1267) thiab Opus Tertium. Cov ntawv tom kawg, txawm li cas los xij, tau txhais raws li piav qhia txog thawj lub foob pob hluav taws coj mus rau Tebchaws Europe. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo, ib tug British artillery tub ceev xwm tawm tswv yim hais tias lwm txoj hauj lwm tentatively ntaus nqi rau Bacon, Ib qho piv txwv ntawm Hnyav Shooting Phom, kuj hu ua Opus Minor (piv txwv li, "ua hauj lwm me me"), hnub tim 1247, muaj ib tug encrypted mis rau phom phom. muab zais rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Cov lus thov no, txawm li cas los xij, tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm, yog li nws tsis paub meej tias Bacon paub dab tsi yog rab phom loj. ATTxawm li cas los xij, cov qauv uas tau muab los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev ua phom lossis txawm tias foob pob hluav taws: cov hmoov phom no kub hnyiab thiab ua rau cov pa taws feem ntau.

In continental Europe

Hauv Tebchaws Europe muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov phom hnub tim 1322 thiab nrhiav tau nyob rau xyoo pua cuaj, tab sis poob rau qhov tsis paub. Hmoov zoo, txawm nyob hauv daim duab, rab phom los ntawm ntau pua xyoo sib txawv tau yooj yim sib txawv nyob ntawm lawv "hnub nyoog".

Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws European kev piav qhia ntawm cov riam phom no tau tshwm sim hauv 1326 hauv cov ntawv sau, txawm hais tias tsis tas sau los ntawm W alter de Milemet, hu ua De Nobilitatibus, sapientii et prudentiis regum ("Nyob rau ntawm Majesty, Kev Txawj Ntse thiab Kev Txawj Ntse ntawm Vaj Ntxwv"). Cov ntawv sau no tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov phom loj hauv Tebchaws Europe, vim hais tias nws piav qhia txog riam phom nrog lub thoob loj, cannonballs thiab tus pas nrig ntev uas tsim los thawb cov tib yam cannonballs. Ib daim ntawv los ntawm thaj chaw deb nroog Turin, hnub tim 1327, muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qee qhov nyiaj them rau kev tsim cov khoom siv lossis cov cuab yeej tsim los ntawm Friar Marcello rau pov "cov hmoov txhuas".

Thiab, cov ntaub ntawv sau hnub tim 1331, piav qhia txog kev tawm tsam los ntawm ob tus tub rog German tawm tsam tus kav nroog Friuli. Thaum lub sij hawm tawm tsam no, lawv tau siv qee yam riam phom uas nws lub hwj chim yog raws li rab phom. Xyoo 1320 tau tshwm sim los ua qhov chaw pib rau thawj phom nyob hauv Europe, uas cov neeg European feem ntau pom zoo.medieval historians. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov kws tshawb fawb qhia tias qhov tsis muaj phom phom phom nyob rau hauv cov ntawv teev npe Venetian zoo rau kev ua tsov ua rog tshiab xyoo 1321 txhais tau hais tias cov neeg nyob sab Europe tseem tsis tau paub yuav tua los ntawm rab phom loj - thiab, feem ntau, tseem tsis tau paub tias nws yog dab tsi.. li. Peb tsuas vam tias yav tom ntej archaeology yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv rau peb thaum kawg daws qhov teeb meem no.

Ancient riam phom

Cov phom loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe yog lub bronze me me pom hauv Loshula, Scania, nyob rau sab qab teb Sweden. Nws hnub tim los ntawm thaum ntxov mid-14th caug xyoo thiab tam sim no nyob rau hauv Swedish keeb kwm tsev cia puav pheej nyob rau hauv Stockholm. Cov duab ntawm cov phom loj hauv tsev cia puav pheej muaj rau txhua tus neeg uas xav paub txog keeb kwm ntawm riam phom, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem mus rau Stockholm.

Tab sis tsis yog cov Swedes xwb tau sau tseg rau lawv cov riam phom ingenuity. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cannon tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th Fabkis, ntawm chav kawm, tawm ntau yam uas yuav tsum tau xav, tab sis lub sij hawm ntawd cov phom Gallic tau nrov heev thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov cuab yeej no tau paub los ntawm Fabkis lub npe pot-de-fer thiab tonnoire, nrog rau German ribaldis thiab büzzenpyle. Ribaldis, uas tua cov xub loj thiab yooj yim cannonballs, yog thawj zaug hais nyob rau hauv cov lus ceeb toom ntawm Askiv Privy Ambassador thaum lub sij hawm npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Crécy, ntawm 1345 thiab 1346. Tom qab ntawd, cov kab ntawm cov phom phom German no ploj lawm, thiab lo lus "ribaldis" sai sai poob rau hauv kev siv tsis raug.

Txog Lub Renaissance

Kev Sib Tw ntawm Crécy, uas tau tshwm sim ntawm Askiv thiab Fab Kis xyoo 1346, tau sau tseg thaum ntxov siv lub phom loj los pab tiv thaiv ib pab pawg loj ntawm cov neeg hla nkoj uas tau siv los ntawm Fab Kis. Thaum pib, cov neeg Askiv xav siv rab phom loj loj los tiv thaiv cov tub rog, rub lawv cov archers mus, ntseeg hais tias lub suab nrov nrov los ntawm cov phom loj yuav ntshai cov nees nce qib thiab tua cov neeg caij tsheb.

Cov qauv ntawm cov phom loj thaum ntxov tuaj yeem siv tsis tau tsuas yog tua cov tub rog thiab ntshai cov nees, tab sis kuj rau kev tiv thaiv. Cov phom Askiv tau siv los ua cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm Breteuil Tsev fuabtais, thaum cov neeg Askiv tawm tsam Fabkis txoj kev vam meej. Yog li, lub cannon tuaj yeem siv los rhuav tshem cov cuab yeej siege ua ntej nws mus txog lub fortifications. Kev tua los ntawm lub cannon yog tej zaum twb tau ua nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd rau lub siege, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv txoj kev no nws muaj peev xwm tsis tau tsuas yog ua txhaum lub fortifications, tab sis kuj mus tua hluav taws. Qhov tshwj xeeb igniter siv nyob rau hauv cov phom no feem ntau yuav yog cov hmoov sib tov tshwj xeeb.

Lwm yam ntawm cov tub rog European thaum ntxov yog tias nws yog lub foob pob me me, txawm li cas los xij txav qeeb qeeb thiab yog qhov kawg mus txog kev sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov tseeb, nws zoo li cov phom uas siv hauv Kev Sib Tw ntawm Crécy muaj peev xwm txav tau nrawm nrawm, vim tias muaj cov xwm txheej tsis qhia npe uas sau tseg tias riam phom tau siv los tua Fabkis lub yeej, qhia tias nws yog.mobile txaus los tua. Cov phom phom loj no thaum kawg tau muab txoj hauv kev rau cov phom loj ntawm phab ntsa uas tau tshwm sim thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe thaum xyoo 1300s.

Middle East

Raws li keeb kwm Ahmad Yu al-Hasan, thaum Tsov Rog ntawm Ain Jalut xyoo 1260, Mamluks siv rab phom tawm tsam Mongols. Nws hais tias nws yog "thawj phom loj hauv keeb kwm" thiab siv cov tshuaj phom phom yuav luag zoo tib yam rau cov ntawv qhia phom phom phom zoo. Nws kuj tseem hais tias qhov "superweapon" no tsis paub rau Suav lossis Europeans. Hassan tau hais ntxiv tias cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntxov tshaj plaws rau hom riam phom no yog los ntawm Middle East, raws li cov ntaub ntawv qub uas tau tshaj tawm tias ib rab phom tes tau siv los ntawm Mamluks ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Ain Jalut hauv 1260. Txawm li cas los xij, Hasan cov lus thov tau tsis lees paub los ntawm lwm tus neeg keeb kwm xws li David Ayalon, Iqtidar Alam Khan, Joseph Needham, Tonio Andrade, thiab Gabor Agoston. Khan hais tias nws yog cov Mongols uas tau muab cov hmoov phom rau lub ntiaj teb Islamic, thiab ntseeg tias cov neeg Iyiv Mamluks tau txais cov phom loj hauv xyoo 1370. Raws li Needham, lo lus midfa, hnub tim rau cov ntawv nyeem los ntawm 1342 txog 1352, tsis tau hais txog rab phom tiag tiag lossis foob pob, thiab cov dab neeg ntawm cov phom phom hlau hauv ntiaj teb Islamic tsis tau sau txog 1365. Andrade hnub tim cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub cannon nyob rau hauv Middle East qhov chaw mus rau 1360s. Gabor Agoston thiab David Ayalon ntseeg tias Mamluks yeej siv phom siege los ntawm 1360s, tab sis kev siv riam phom ua ntej hauv ntiaj teb Islamic tsis meej. Muaj qee qhov pov thawj ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov phom phom phom hauv Emirate ntawm Granada los ntawm 1320s thiab 1330s, tab sis cov lus sib cav tau muab tso rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov qauv no tsis yog qhov ntseeg tau los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev kawm.

Ibn Khaldun tau tshaj tawm txog kev siv cov phom loj los ua siege xyaw los ntawm Sultan Marini Abu Yaqub Yusuf thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm Sijilmas hauv 1274. Ibn Khaldun txoj kev sib tw rau siege Sijalmassa hauv 1274 tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, thiab tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv rau cov phom hlau loj uas, thaum raug rho tawm haujlwm, tawm suab nrov nrov, "ua rau Allah nws tus kheej txaus ntshai." Txawm li cas los xij, cov peev txheej no tsis sib haum rau lub sijhawm tshaj tawm thiab tau sau ib puas xyoo tom qab, nyob ib ncig ntawm 1382, thiab yog li ntawd, feem ntau yuav cuam tshuam qhov tseeb tiag. Cov ntawv no tau, vim li ntawd, tau raug tso tseg raws li kev tsis sib haum xeeb los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm feem ntau, uas tau ceev faj txog kev thov ntawm riam phom Islamic raug siv nyob rau lub sijhawm 1204-1324, raws li cov ntawv lig medieval Arabic siv tib lo lus rau rab phom thiab cov sib xyaw ua ntej incendiary… Tus kws sau keeb kwm Needham, piv txwv li, ntseeg tias Ibn Khaldun hauv nws cov lus piav qhia muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab zoo tib yam hlawv hmuv, forges thiab catapults, uas tau pom los ntawm cov neeg nyeem tom qab thiab cov neeg txhais lus raws li cov lus piav qhia ntawm cannons.

Russian phom

Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov phom siv los ntawm Russia tsis tshwm sim txog 1382. Thaj, thaum xub thawj lawv tsuas yog siv rau hauv sieges, thiab ntau zaus rau kev tiv thaiv dua li kev tawm tsam. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1475, thaum Ivan III nrhiav tau thawj Lavxias teb sab cannon foundry nyob rau hauv Moscow, puas tau cov advanced riam phom ntawm kev puas tsuaj pib tsim nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Cov keeb kwm ntawm cov riam phom no nyob rau hauv Russia tau los ntev heev los ntawm lub sij hawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th mus rau lub 57 hli cannon, dav siv nyob rau hauv lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog.

Nyob hauv Balkans

Cov phom loj loj tom qab tau raug hu ua foob pob thiab ntev peb mus rau tsib feet. Lawv tau siv los ntawm Croatian nroog ntawm Dubrovnik thiab Kotor rau kev tiv thaiv thaum ntxov thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. Thawj lub foob pob tau ua los ntawm hlau, tab sis tooj liab tau dhau los ua ntau dua vim nws pom tias muaj kev ruaj khov dua thiab tuaj yeem txav pob zeb mus txog 45 kilograms (99 phaus).

Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, Byzantine Empire pib tsim nws tus kheej rab phom los tiv thaiv Ottoman Empire, pib nrog qhov nruab nrab 3ft (0.91m) cannons hauv 10 ntsuas. Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws txhim khu kev qha hais txog kev siv phom loj hauv Balkans hnub rov qab mus rau 1396, thaum Byzantines yuam cov Turks tawm los ntawm kev tua lawv los ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm Constantinople los ntawm cov Basurmans. Txawm li cas los xij, cov Turks tau kawm yuav ua li cas los tsim lawv tus kheej rab phom thiab nteg siege rau Byzantine peev dua nyob rau hauv 1422. Los ntawm 1453, cov Ottoman tau siv 68 rab phom tua Hungarian los tua cov phab ntsa ntawm Constantinople rau 55 hnub, tua txhua tus neeg uas sawv ntawm lawv txoj kev. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm lawv cov phom yog lub Turkish Great Bombardier, uas yuav tsum tau ib pab neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm 200 tus txiv neej thiab 70 oxen, thiab tsawg kawg yog 10,000 tus txiv neej siv.thauj no bronze hulk. Phom phom ua rau qhov kev puas tsuaj Greek yav dhau los uas tsis siv, thiab Byzantines tau tso siab rau Constantinople hauv kev txaj muag, poob lawv lub tebchaws mus ib txhis.

Zoo kawg

Cov tsos thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov phom loj yuav luag tsis hloov mus rau ntau pua xyoo kom txog rau thaum lub kiv puag ncig ntawm kev txawj ntse thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, thaum thawj cov phom loj tau tshwm sim. Tab sis riam phom historians thiab tsuas yog xav paub nyeem ntawv nco ntsoov zoo li cas keeb kwm ntawm artillery pib. Qhov no kuj tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev txhim kho cov kab lis kev cai loj nrog kev lag luam tub rog nrov, thiab yog li tam sim no txhua tus menyuam paub tias rab phom yog dab tsi.