Kev sib sau ua yeeb yam muaj tswv yim, qhia txog lub neej ntawm pawg haiv neeg, nws lub hom phiaj, nws cov kev xav, tau nqus cov pej xeem kos duab ntawm Russia. Epos, fairy tales, legends tau tsim thiab muaj nyob ntawm cov neeg los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam - qhov no yog ib hom paj huam, suab paj nruag thawj suab - plays, tunes, songs, theatrical ua yeeb yam yog ib tug nyiam festive spectacle - feem ntau nws yog ib tug puppet ua yeeb yam. Tab sis kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev ua yeeb yam satirical kuj tau ua nyob rau ntawd. Cov pej xeem kos duab ntawm Russia kuj nkag mus tob rau hauv kev seev cev, kos duab zoo nkauj, kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua. Lavxias teb sab seev cev kuj pib nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Cov pej xeem kos duab ntawm Russia tau txhim tsa lub hauv paus keeb kwm rau niaj hnub kos duab kab lis kev cai, tau dhau los ua qhov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, qhia txog kev paub txog tus kheej ntawm tib neeg.
Sau cov ntawv sau tuaj tom qab ntau dua li cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov ncauj uas tau sau lub hleb muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov dab neeg txij li lub sijhawm pagan. Cov paj lug heev, hais lus, riddles, nkauj thiab seev cev puag ncig, spells thiab charms, epics thiab fairy tales, uas cov pej xeem kos duab ntawm Russia txiav mus rau ib tug ci ntsa iab. Lub ancient Lavxias teb sab epic xav txogsab ntsuj plig ntawm peb cov neeg, kev coj noj coj ua, cov xwm txheej tiag tiag, cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub neej, nthuav tawm thiab khaws cia cov kev siv ntawm cov cim keeb kwm. Yog li, piv txwv li, Vladimir lub Hnub Liab, txhua leej txhua tus nyiam tus huab tais, tau ua tus qauv rau tus tub huabtais tiag tiag - Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, tus phab ej Dobrynya Nikitich - tus txiv ntxawm Vladimir Thawj, boyar Dobrynya. Hom kev hais lus pej xeem muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb.
Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum pib cov ntaub ntawv zoo Lavxias teb sab, nws keeb kwm. Maj mam, nrog nws cov kev pab, cov lus qub Lavxias teb sab tau tsim, uas tau los ua kev sib koom ua ke. Thawj phau ntawv - xuas tes sau, tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kub thiab lwm yam hlau zoo nkauj, pob zeb, enamel. Lawv kim heev, vim tib neeg tsis paub lawv ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev txhawb nqa kev ntseeg, cov phau ntawv nkag mus rau qhov chaw deb tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab av, txij li cov neeg xav paub txog Ephraim cov neeg Syrian, John Chrysostom thiab lwm yam kev cai dab qhuas txhais cov ntawv nyeem. Cov ntaub ntawv qub Lavxias teb sab qub yog tam sim no sawv cev los ntawm cov ntawv keeb kwm, keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg dawb huv (lub neej), cov lus qhia rhetorical ("Lo lus", ib qho ntawm lawv yog "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Igor's Campaign"), taug kev (los yog taug kev, sau ntawv mus ncig) thiab ntau lwm yam. hom, tsis yog li ntawd nto moo. Lub kaum plaub caug xyoo ua ib tug tag nrho series ntawm monuments ntawm folklore ntawm exceptional tseem ceeb. Qee hom kev hais lus pej xeem, xws li epic, tau dhau mus rau hauv qeb ntawm cov ntawv sau. Qhov no yog li cas "Sadko" thiab "Vasily Buslaev" tau tshwm sim, kaw los ntawm cov dab neeg.
piv txwv ntawm pej xeem kos duab
Lub ncauj muaj tswv yim tau ua lub tsev khaws khoom ntawm tib neeg lub cim xeeb. Lub heroic tawm tsam rau lub Tatar-Mongol quab thiab lwm yam invaders tau hu los ntawm lub qhov ncauj mus rau qhov ncauj. Nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov nkauj zoo li no uas cov dab neeg uas muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no tau tsim: hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kalka, qhov twg "xya caum tus zoo thiab siab tawv" tau txais peb txoj kev ywj pheej, txog Evpaty Kolovrat, uas tiv thaiv Ryazan los ntawm Batu, txog Mercury, uas tiv thaiv Smolensk. Cov kev kos duab ntawm qhov ncauj ntawm Russia tau khaws cia qhov tseeb ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Tver tawm tsam Baskak Shevkal, hais txog Shchelkan Dudentievich, thiab cov nkauj no tau hu deb dhau ntawm ciam teb ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Tver. Cov compilers ntawm epics coj cov xwm txheej ntawm lub Kulikovo teb rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nyob deb, thiab cov qub dluab ntawm Lavxias teb sab heroes tseem siv los ntawm cov neeg rau pej xeem tej hauj lwm mob siab rau kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam Golden Horde.
Txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum, cov neeg nyob hauv Kiev-Novgorod Rus tseem tsis tau paub sau ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm sau ntawv ua ntej no tau coj mus rau peb lub sijhawm cov lus hais lus kub kis los ntawm qhov ncauj mus rau qhov ncauj thiab los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Thiab tam sim no festivals ntawm pej xeem kos duab nyob rau hauv Russia yog tuav, qhov twg tag nrho cov tib zaj nkauj, tales thiab epics ntawm ib txhiab xyoo dhau los tau hnov. Epics, nkauj, dab neeg, dab neeg, riddles, hais, lus paj huam tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau cov hom qub qub uas tseem suab niaj hnub no. Feem ntau ntawm cov lus dab neeg uas tau nqis los rau peb yog paj huam. Daim ntawv poetic ua rau nws yooj yim rau kev nco cov ntawv, thiab yog li ntawd, tau ntau pua xyoo, cov lus dab neeg tau dhau los dhau ib tiam dhau los, hloov mus rau qhov ua tau zoo, polished los ntawm ib tus neeg txawj hais dab neeg mus rau lwm tus.
Small genres
Cov ntim me me ua haujlwm rau qee yam me me ntawm cov lus dab neeg. Cov no yog cov lus piv txwv: puns, nplaig twisters, proverbs, tso dag, riddles, kos npe rau, hais, proverbs, dab tsi lub qhov ncauj pej xeem kos duab muab rau peb. Riddles yog ib qho ntawm cov yeeb yam zoo li no ntawm pej xeem paj huam, uas tau los ntawm qhov ncauj. Ib tug hint los yog allegory, ib tug roundabout, roundabout hais lus - ib tug allegorical piav nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv daim ntawv ntawm ib yam khoom - qhov no yog dab tsi riddle yog raws li V. I. Dahl. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ib tug allegorical depiction ntawm lub phenomena ntawm kev muaj tiag los yog ib yam khoom uas yuav tsum tau twv. Txawm nyob ntawm no, qhov ncauj lus dab neeg kos duab muab rau ntau yam sib txawv. Riddles tuaj yeem piav qhia, allegories, lus nug, ua haujlwm. Feem ntau lawv muaj ob feem - ib lo lus nug thiab lus teb, riddles thiab riddles, interconnected. Hais txog cov ntsiab lus, lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab zoo sib xws rau kev ua haujlwm thiab lub neej: flora thiab fauna, xwm, cuab yeej thiab kev ua ub no.
Paj Lug thiab cov lus uas tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub nim no los ntawm lub sijhawm qub, cov no yog cov lus qhia zoo, kev xav zoo. Feem ntau, lawv kuj yog ob feem, qhov twg cov seem yog proportionate thiab feem ntau rhyme. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus thiab cov lus pov thawj feem ntau yog ncaj qha thiab piv txwv, muaj kev coj ncaj ncees. Feem ntau peb pom nyob rau hauv cov lus paj lug thiab hais multivariance, uas yog, ntau variants ntawm ib tug proverb nrog tib yam kev coj ncaj ncees. Paj Lug yog qhov txawv ntawm cov lus hais los ntawm lub ntsiab lus dav dav, uas yog siab dua. Cov laus tshaj plaws ntawm lawv hnub rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua kaum ob. Keeb kwm ntawm pej xeem kos duab nyob rau hauv Russia sau tseg hais tias mus rau niaj hnub no ntauPaj Lug tuaj luv, qee zaum poob txawm tias lawv lub ntsiab lus qub. Yog li ntawd, lawv hais tias: "Nws noj tus dev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no," implying siab professionalism, tab sis cov neeg Lavxias teb sab txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub qub hnub: "Yog, nws choked ntawm nws tus Tsov tus tw." Kuv txhais tau tias, tsis yog, tsis siab.
Music
Ancient hom suab paj nruag pej xeem nyob rau hauv Russia yog raws feem ntau ntawm cov nkauj ib hom ntawv nyeem. Ib zaj nkauj yog ib hom suab paj nruag thiab hais lus nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis hais ib zaj nkauj lossis piav qhia, uas yog tsim los rau kev hu nkauj xwb. zaj nkauj tuaj yeem ua suab paj nruag, seev cev, ua yeeb yam, keeb kwm, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv qhia ob qho tib si kev ntshaw ntawm ib tug neeg thiab ntau tus neeg, lawv ib txwm nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog lub xeev sab hauv.
Txawm hais tias muaj kev hlub, kev xav txog txoj hmoo, piav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo lossis tsev neeg lub neej - qhov no yuav tsum yog qhov txaus siab rau cov neeg mloog, thiab tsis tas yuav ntxiv lub siab lub siab rau zaj nkauj, ntau tus neeg li sai tau. mloog tus hu nkauj. Cov neeg yog heev fond ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm parallelism, thaum lub mus ob peb vas ntawm lyrical hero yog pauv mus rau xwm. "Koj sawv dab tsi, swaying, nyias roob tshauv", "Hmo ntuj tsis muaj lub hli ci", piv txwv li. Thiab yuav luag tsis tshua tuaj hla ib zaj nkauj pej xeem uas qhov kev sib luag no tsis tuaj. Txawm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm zaj nkauj - "Ermak", "Stepan Razin" thiab lwm tus - nws yog lossi pom. Los ntawm qhov no, lub siab lub ntsws ntawm zaj nkauj yuav muaj zog dua, thiab zaj nkauj nws tus kheej pom tau ntau dua.
Hom kev kos duab pej xeem tau tshwm sim ntau dua li lub xyoo pua cuaj, thiab lo lus "epic" tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 thiab hais txog ib zaj nkauj ntawm ib qho epic xwm. Peb paub cov epics uas tau hu nkauj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua cuaj, txawm hais tias lawv yeej tsis yog thawj zaug, lawv tsuas tsis ncav cuag peb, poob rau ntau pua xyoo. Txhua tus me nyuam paub zoo epic heroes - heroes uas embodied lub zoo tagnrho ntawm lub teb chaws patriotism, ua siab loj thiab lub zog: tus tub lag luam Sadko thiab Ilya Muromets, loj heev Svyatogor thiab Mikula Selyaninovich. Cov zajlus ntawm lub epic yog feem ntau sau nrog lub neej situationality, tab sis nws yog ho enriched nrog zoo heev fictions: lawv muaj ib tug teleport (lawv muaj peev xwm instantly kov yeej kev deb ntawm Murom mus rau Kyiv), swb cov tub rog ib leeg ("raws li nws yoj mus rau sab xis. - yuav muaj ib txoj kev, raws li nws yoj mus rau sab laug - txoj kab "), thiab, ntawm chav kawm, dab: peb lub taub hau zaj - Gorynychi nab. Cov hom ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem kos duab nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj hom tsis txwv rau qhov no. Tseem muaj dab neeg dab thiab dab neeg.
Epics txawv ntawm fairy tales nyob rau hauv uas nyob rau hauv lub tom kawg txheej xwm yog kiag li tsis tseeb. Fairy tales muaj ob hom: niaj hnub thiab tej yam yees siv. Cov neeg sib txawv tshaj plaws, tab sis cov neeg zoo tib yam tau piav qhia hauv lub neej niaj hnub - princes thiab princesses, vaj thiab vaj, cov tub rog thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov pov thawj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws. Thiab cov dab neeg dab neeg yuav tsum nyiam cov tub rog zoo, tsim cov khoom qub nrog cov txuj ci tseem ceeb, thiab lwm yam. Zaj dab neeg yog feem ntau optimistic, thiab qhov no yog qhov txawv nws los ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm lwm yam hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv fairy tales, tsuas yog zoo feem ntau yeej, phem rog yeej ib txwm ua tsis tiav thiab raug thuam nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev. lus dab neeg hauvTsis zoo li zaj dab neeg - ib zaj dab neeg hais txog qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb, cov duab zoo heev, qhov xwm txheej zoo kawg, uas yuav tsum tau pom los ntawm cov neeg piav qhia thiab cov neeg mloog raws li qhov tseeb. Pagan cov dab neeg hais txog kev tsim lub ntiaj teb, keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws, hiav txwv, haiv neeg, hais txog kev siv cov ntawv tseeb thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab tiag tiag tau los rau peb.
Hnub no
Niaj hnub nimno pej xeem kos duab ntawm Russia tsis tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li haiv neeg kab lis kev cai, txij li kab lis kev cai no yog kev lag luam ua ntej. Txhua qhov kev sib haum xeeb niaj hnub no - los ntawm lub zos me tshaj plaws mus rau lub nroog loj - yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau haiv neeg, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm txhua tus yam tsis muaj qhov sib xyaw me me thiab qiv nyiaj tsuas yog ua tsis tau. Tam sim no hu ua pej xeem kos duab yog qhov kev xav stylization, folklorization, tom qab uas yog kev kos duab, uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm haiv neeg motifs.
Qee zaum qhov no yog ob qho tib si amateur creativity, zoo li huab hwm coj kab lis kev cai, thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm handicraftsmen. Hauv kev ncaj ncees, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tsuas yog pej xeem cov khoom siv tes ua - kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua - tuaj yeem lees paub tias yog purest thiab tseem txhim kho. Tseem muaj tam sim no, ntxiv rau kev tshaj lij, thiab haiv neeg muaj tswv yim, txawm hais tias ntau lawm tau muab tso rau hauv lub conveyor ntev thiab muaj peev xwm rau improvisation yog scanty.
Tib neeg thiab muaj tswv yim
neeg txhais li cas lo lus neeg? Cov pejxeem ntawm ib lub tebchaws, ib lub tebchaws. Tab sis, piv txwv li, kaum ob ntawm cov haiv neeg qub nyob hauv Russia, thiab pej xeem kos duab muaj cov yam ntxwv uas muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov haiv neeg. Chuvashs, Tatars, Maris, txawmChukchi - tsis yog musicians, artists, architects qiv los ntawm ib leeg nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kos duab? Tab sis lawv cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws yog nkag siab los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb kab lis kev cai. Thiab yog li ntawd, ntxiv rau cov menyuam roj hmab zes, peb muaj qee yam khoom xa tawm, uas yog peb daim npav ua lag luam sib koom ua ke. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev tawm tsam, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib koom ua ke hauv lub tebchaws, qhov no yog cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev muaj tswv yim niaj hnub ntawm cov neeg ntawm Russia. Hnub no yog:
- haiv neeg (folklore) creativity,
- kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws,
- kev tsim ntawm tib neeg,
- amateur Art.
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Txoj kev ntshaw kom zoo nkauj yuav muaj sia nyob ntev npaum li tus neeg tseem muaj sia nyob. Tias yog vim li cas kev kos duab nthuav dav niaj hnub no.
Art, creativity hobby
Art yog nyob ntawm tus neeg tseem ceeb, kev coj noj coj ua, qhov uas yuav tsum muaj txuj ci zoo, thiab kev ua haujlwm yog qhov qhia txog qib ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm noob neej. Nws muaj me ntsis ua rau pej xeem kos duab, tshwj tsis yog kev tshoov siab: tag nrho cov kws sau nkauj, piv txwv li, sau symphonies siv cov suab paj nruag ntawm pej xeem cov nkauj. Tab sis qhov no tsis txhais tau tias nws tsis yog ib zaj nkauj pej xeem. Cov cuab yeej ntawm kev coj noj coj ua yog kev muaj tswv yim ua qhov qhia txog kev txhim kho ntawm pab pawg lossis ib tus neeg. Xws li kab lis kev cai tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo thiab ntau yam. Thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, zoo li tus qauv ntawm tus tswv, nthuav tawm rau tib neeg rau qhov ua tau rov ua dua, yog kev nyiam ua, kev zoo nkauj ntawm hom no, uas yog tsim los daws kev ntxhov siab los ntawm kev siv tshuab ntawm lub neej niaj hnub no.
Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom qee yamCov cim ntawm qhov pib ntawm thawj zaug, kos cov ntsiab lus thiab txhais tau tias kev qhia hauv pej xeem kos duab. Cov no yog cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntau: xaws, paj ntaub, carving, forging thiab casting, hniav painting, embossing, thiab hais txog. Kev kos duab tiag tiag hauv pej xeem tsis paub qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv kev kos duab rau ib txhiab xyoo. Tam sim no nws yog heev enriched nyob rau hauv niaj hnub pej xeem kos duab. Qib ntawm stylization hloov pauv, raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm tag nrho cov qub qiv motifs.
Applied arts
Los ntawm feem ntau cov plaub hau grey thaum ub, cov neeg Lavxias teb sab kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua tau paub. Qhov no yog kab tias tib hom uas tsis tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau niaj hnub no. Txij li thaum lub sij hawm immemorial thiab rau niaj hnub no, cov khoom no tau siv los kho kom zoo nkauj thiab txhim kho lub neej hauv tsev thiab kev sib raug zoo. Khoom siv tes ua nyob deb nroog mastered txawm tias cov qauv tsim, tsim nyog rau lub neej niaj hnub no.
Txawm hais tias tam sim no tag nrho cov khoom no tsis yog qhov ua tau zoo raws li kev ua kom zoo nkauj. Qhov no suav nrog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, xuav, cov khoom ua si, thiab kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv. Ntau cheeb tsam thiab cheeb tsam muaj lawv tus kheej hom kev kos duab, crafts thiab needlework. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov hauv qab no.
Shawls thiab samovars
Lub Orenburg shawl yog ob qho tib si sov thiab hnyav shawls, thiab weightless scarves thiab gossamer shawls. Knitting qauv uas los ntawm qhov deb yog qhov tshwj xeeb, lawv txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb nyob mus ib txhis hauv kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, kev zoo nkauj, kev txiav txim. Cov tshis ntawm cheeb tsam Orenburg kuj yog tshwj xeeb, lawv muab txawv txawv fluff, nws yuav spun thinly.thiab khov kho. Txhawm rau kom phim cov neeg nyob mus ib txhis ntawm Orenburg thiab Tula masters. Lawv tsis yog pioneers: thawj tooj liab samovar tau pom nyob rau hauv lub excavations ntawm lub Volga lub nroog ntawm Dubovka, lub discovery hnub rov qab mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog.
Nyob rau hauv Russia, tshuaj yej tau cag nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Tab sis thawj lub rooj cob qhia samovar tau tshwm sim hauv Tula. Chav tsev no tseem nyob hauv kev hwm, thiab tshuaj yej haus los ntawm samovar ntawm Pine cones yog qhov tshwm sim zoo ib yam nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov tsev. Lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab kho kom zoo nkauj - tej thoob, vases, nrog ligature painting, embossing, decorations rau tes thiab kais dej, tiag tiag tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab, ntxiv mus, tsis tshua muaj neeg nyiam nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Twb yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, txog li 1200 samovars tau tsim nyob rau hauv Tula ib xyoos! Lawv raug muag los ntawm qhov hnyav. tooj dag raug nqi rau caum-plaub rubles ib pood, thiab liab tooj liab raug nqi cuaj caum. Ntxim qab heev li os.
