Cov suab puam Karakum (Turkmenistan): piav qhia, nta, huab cua thiab nthuav qhov tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:00

Cov suab puam ntawm Karakum (Turkmenistan) yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv Central Asia thiab ib qho loj tshaj plaws ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Nws thaj chaw loj heev. Qhov no yog ¾ ntawm thaj tsam ntawm tag nrho Turkmenistan. Karakum Desert nyob qhov twg? Nws nyob hauv thaj chaw nyob nruab nrab ntawm toj roob hauv pes ntawm Karabil, Vankhyz thiab Kopetdag nyob rau sab qab teb, nrog rau ntawm Khorezm lowland nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, nws thaj chaw ciam teb ntawm lub hav Amudarya, thiab sab hnub poob, ntawm tus dej Uzboy.

geography

Karakum yog cov suab puam ntawm Asia, ncav cuag yuav luag 800 km raws qhov sib npaug thiab 450 km raws meridian. Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm lub hiav txwv xuab zeb no yog ntau tshaj peb puas thiab tsib caug square kilometers. Qhov no loj dua qhov loj ntawm lub teb chaws xws li Ltalis thiab UK. Nws yog qhov nthuav kom sib piv cov suab puam Karakum nrog cov qauv zoo sib xws. Lub Turkmen xuab zeb hiav txwv yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov loj tshaj plaws. Cov neeg uas xav paub seb cov suab puam twg loj dua - Kalahari lossis Karakum, yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lub ntuj tsim ntawm teb chaws Africa yuav luag ob zaug ntau dua. Nws cheeb tsam yog 600 square kilometers.

Cov suab puam Karakum muaj ntau yam hauv nws txoj kev nyem, geological qauv, av thiabzaub. Hauv qhov no, cov kws tshawb fawb faib nws mus rau South-Eastern, Lowland (Central) thiab Zaunguz (Northern) zones. Peb qhov chaw ntawm cov suab puam no txawv ntawm ib leeg los ntawm keeb kwm, huab cua puag ncig, thiab qib kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam.

Northern Karakum

Zaunguz ib feem ntawm Turkmen xuab zeb hiav txwv muaj cov qauv qub tshaj plaws. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias kev tsim ntawm Northern Karakum tau tshwm sim ntau tshaj li ib lab xyoo dhau los. Qhov no yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm thaj chaw, towering tshaj li ntawm 40-50 kilometers. Qhov chaw no muab laj thawj hu rau Northern Karakum toj siab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis muaj tseeb vim tias qhov kev sib cais loj dhau ntawm thaj chaw no, ntawm qhov chaw uas kyrs nyob - meridianally elongated xuab zeb ridges, ncav cuag qhov siab ntawm 80-100 m, nruab nrab ntawm cov bass kaw..

Cov dej hauv av tshwm sim nyob rau sab qaum teb Karakum suab puam feem ntau yog ntsev. Qhov no tsis tso cai rau siv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam no rau pastures. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, huab cua hauv zos no hnyav dua li ntawm ob thaj chaw.

Los ntawm sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob, Zaunguz Karakum txwv cov channel qub qub qub ntawm Western Uzbay. Nyob rau sab qab teb, thaj chaw suab puam no tawg nrog ib qho chaw, qhov siab ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm 60 txog 160 meters. Qhov kev nkhaus ntawm txoj hlua, takyrs thiab xuab zeb bass stretches ntawm Amu Darya thiab mus txog Uzboy nyob rau sab hnub poob. Yuav ua li cas cov kev nyuaj siab ntxhov siab no tsim los tseem tsis tau paub. Raws li qee cov kws tshawb fawb, ntug ntawm Zaunguz uplifttsim los ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm ntsev, uas fluttered thiab rhuav tshem tej pob zeb. Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov kev pab no yog ib qho kev khaws cia me me ntawm Amu Darya.

South-Eastern thiab Central Karakum

Cov cheeb tsam no yog qhov qis qis, nrog qhov siab ntawm 50 mus rau 200 m. Qhov twg cov suab puam Karakum hla ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov tsis paub meej. Tom qab tag nrho, ciam teb ntawm cov khoom no yog heev conditional. Tab sis lawv xaiv nws los ntawm Tenjen-Chardjou railway kab.

Hais txog lawv cov toj roob hauv pes, Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab Central Karakum yog qhov txawv ntawm sab qaum teb los ntawm cov qauv tiaj tus. Qhov no, nrog rau muaj nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ib xyoos puag ncig pastures thiab ntau lub qhov dej tshiab, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv lawv ntau zog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev lag luam. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov cheeb tsam no tau yooj yim los ntawm lub sijhawm ntev uas tsis muaj Frost, qhov chaw nyob ze cov nroog loj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm qhov ntsuas kub zoo.

Climate

Karakum yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib thaj chaw loj heev uas pom qhov kub thiab txias diurnal fluctuations ntawm huab cua huab cua. Feem ntau, qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov suab puam no yog cais raws li cov continental sharply. Ntxiv mus, qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub Ib Hlis Ntuj nyob rau sab qaum teb yog tsau nyob ib ncig ntawm rho tawm tsib degrees, thiab nyob rau sab qab teb - ntxiv rau peb. Thaum Lub Xya Hli, tus pas ntsuas kub nce ntawm 28 txog 34 degrees. Tab sis ntawm no yog qhov nthuav. Vim yog huab cua hloov pauv txhua hnub, Karakum suab puam yog suav tias yog ib qho kub tshaj plaws hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv nruab hnub nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm nws qhov chaw tus pas ntsuas kubnce mus rau tsib caug degrees thiab siab dua. Raws li rau cov av, qhov sov so yog ntau dua. Qee zaum qhov kub ntawm cov xuab zeb nce mus txog yim caum degrees.

Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, cov suab puam Karakum yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm huab cua hnyav heev. Lub caij no, hauv hiav txwv xuab zeb, tus pas ntsuas kub poob qis dua peb caug degrees.

Raws nag xob nag cua, qhov no tsawg heev. Thaum lub xyoo, nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm cov suab puam, lawv tus lej nce mus txog 60 mm, thiab nyob rau sab qab teb - 150 mm. Lub caij los nag tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Karakum suab puam yog thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis mus txog Lub Plaub Hlis. Lub sijhawm no, txog li xya caum feem pua ntawm cov dej nag txhua xyoo los ntawm no.

Nyob hauv lub npe

Txhais los ntawm cov lus Turkmen "Kara-Kum" txhais tau tias "dub xuab zeb". Tab sis lub npe no tsis muaj tseeb. Cov suab puam Karakum tsis muaj cov xuab zeb dub. Lub npe ntawm lub ntuj tsim no feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias cuaj caum-tsib feem pua ntawm nws thaj chaw yog rau qee qhov uas npog cov nroj tsuag, uas poob nws cov xim ntsuab thaum lub caij ntuj sov. Qhov seem tsib feem pua ntawm cov suab puam yog xuab zeb dunes. Lawv lub npe nyob rau hauv Turkmen suab zoo li "ak-kum". Txhais, txhais tau tias "dawb xuab zeb".

Muaj lwm yam ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub npe ntawm Turkmen suab puam. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias lo lus "dub" yog lub cim dawb huv thiab txhais tau tias thaj chaw uas tsis hloov mus rau lub neej, ua phem rau tib neeg.

Archaeological discoveries

Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, Karakum suab puam tau nyob los ntawm tib neeg thaum ntxov li plaub txhiab xyoo BC. Qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov pab pawg neeg thaum ubtshawb pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv lub oasis ze ntawm qhov dej ntws ntawm Murghaba River tam sim no defunct. Ib feem ntawm thaj chaw no nyiam cov neeg nyob rau ntau pua xyoo tom qab. Txawm tias thaum kawg ntawm peb txhiab xyoo BC, thaum thaj chaw loj ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws mus rau Is Nrias teb tau npog los ntawm huab cua hnyav tshaj plaws, cov neeg nyob hauv Northern Syria lossis Eastern Anatolia tau tsiv mus rau lub pas dej no.

Ib qho kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 1972. Kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm keeb kwm coj los ntawm V. I. Sarianidi nrhiav pom cov ruins ntawm lub tuam tsev qub ntawm Gonur-Depe hauv Karakum Desert, uas txhais tau tias "lub roob grey" hauv Turkmen. Qhov kev sib hais haum no yog ib qho loj loj ua los ntawm pob zeb, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm kev txi, hluav taws thiab lwm yam qauv. Raws li ib puag ncig, tag nrho cov tsev tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov phab ntsa muaj zog, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov pej thuam square. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws thaum ub Margush tuaj rau lub nroog no los hneev tua hluav taws.

Tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm Gonur los ntawm archaeological ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm Sarianidi, nrhiav pom lwm ob puas chaw nyob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav tias Margush hauv yav dhau los tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Mesopotamia, Egypt, Tuam Tshoj lossis Is Nrias teb.

Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo txhiab xyoo BC, tib neeg yuav tsum tau tawm ntawm lub pas dej da dej no mus nrhiav qhov dej ntws puv puv. Cov xuab zeb tom qab ntawd tsuas yog tshem tawm cov cim ntawm ib zaug muaj zog kev vam meej, uas qee cov kws tshawb fawb nyiam xav txog thawj tus tuav ntawm Zoroastrianism.

Kev kawm version

Cov suab puam Karakum tau tsim muajtsis ntev los no. Yog li, lub hnub nyoog ntawm nws cheeb tsam Zaunguz yog hais txog ib lab xyoo. Qhov no tsawg dua li lub hnub nyoog ntawm Namib Suab puam, uas tau muaj rau 55 lab xyoo.

Tsab hnub poob ntawm Karakums tseem hluas. Nws tau tsim los ntawm steppes tsuas yog 2-2.5 txhiab xyoo dhau los.

Dab tsi yog geological pedigree ntawm Karakum suab puam? Muaj ob txoj kev xav rau qhov no. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm mining engineer A. M. Konshin, tsim cov suab puam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub ancient qhuav li Aral-Caspian Hiav txwv, uas yog ib feem ntawm prehistoric Tethys dej hiav txwv.

Raws li qhov kev xav thib ob, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau pom zoo, thaj chaw ntawm Karakum tau tsim ua tsaug rau Murgab, Amu Darya thiab ntau lwm tus dej, uas nqa av nplaum, xuab zeb thiab lwm yam khoom los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm pob zeb. ntawm sab qab teb ridges ntawm lub roob Kopetdag. Cov txheej txheem no tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub sijhawm Quaternary. Lub sijhawm no, qhov txias txias tau hloov pauv sai sai, thiab cov glaciers melted ua rau qhov tseeb tias cov dej ntws nrawm nrawm thiab ntws puv. Qhov kev xav no tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los ntawm geologists.

Flora thiab fauna

Lub ntiaj teb zoo kawg nkaus ntawm cov suab puam Karakum yog qhov nthuav rau cov kws tshawb fawb uas niaj hnub siv zog los nthuav lawv cov qab ntug. Cov xuab zeb hiav txwv ntawm Turkmenistan yog qhov chaw uas tsuas yog hnub-hlub cov neeg sawv cev ntawm flora thiab fauna yog concentrated, muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj ntau ntawm noo noo.

Cov suab puam Karakum tau xaiv los ntawm ntau hom tsiaj reptiles thiab ntau dua ib txhiab homarthropods. Peb caug hom noog thiab ob puas thiab xya caum hom nroj tsuag nyiam nyob hauv thaj chaw no. Lawv xav txog cov suab puam lawv lub tsev, uas txhais tau hais tias muaj ib yam dab tsi tsis meej thiab tsis paub rau txiv neej nws tus kheej.

Ntsuab

Ntau yam nroj tsuag loj hlob ntawm thaj chaw xuab zeb ntawm Karakum suab puam. Ntawm lawv yog dub thiab dawb saxaul, cherkez, kandym thiab astragalus. Kuj tseem muaj xuab zeb acacia. Ntawm cov nyom nyom nyob rau hauv cov suab puam, feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov o ntawm sedge, muaj saxaul, s altwort, ephemeral thiab lwm cov zej zog ntawm no.

Xerophytic shrubs thiab semi-shrubs loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm arid Karakum plains. Feem ntau lawv tsis muaj nplooj los yog los thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov.

Cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov suab puam yog branched thiab ntev. Lawv raug yuam kom nkag mus rau qhov tob tob. Piv txwv li, camel pos. Nws cov hauv paus hniav nkag mus tob rau hauv cov av xuab zeb ntau tshaj nees nkaum meters.

Cov nroj tsuag suab puam rov tsim dua los ntawm cov noob, uas feem ntau pubescent lossis muaj tis txawv. Cov qauv no txhawb nqa lawv txoj kev txav hauv huab cua. Ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm Karakum suab puam coj hauv paus yooj yim txawm tias thaum lawv nkag mus rau hauv cov av tsiv. Tugai tshwj xeeb yog qhov txawv. Cov no yog cov paj dawb dawb thiab paj ntoo, cov cereals loj, zuag thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag uas nyiam ya raws uas tuaj yeem pom ntawm ntug dej ntawm Karakum Canal.

Nyob ntiaj teb

Muaj ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm fauna nyob rau hauv cov suab puam Karakum. Cov no yog cov tsiaj yoog tau zoo rau kev muaj nyob hauv cov xuab zeb. Lawv feem ntau nyiam uanocturnal, thiab tseem tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj dej rau lub sijhawm ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tsiaj uas tuaj yeem pom hauv cov suab puam yog cov neeg khiav dej num zoo heev. Lawv taug kev deb tau yooj yim.

Ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj txhu hauv Karakum Suab puam, ib tus tuaj yeem ntsib hma thiab jackal, goitered gazelle thiab a squirrel av, steppe thiab dune miv, jerboa thiab corsac hma. Lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov tsiaj reptiles ntawm no yog sawv cev los ntawm saib lizards thiab cobras, xuab zeb boas thiab ib tug xub nab, agamas thiab steppe vaub kib. Suab puam crows thiab larks, saxaul jays thiab sparrows, thiab buckwheat finches ya saum ntuj saum hiav txwv xuab zeb.

Ntawm cov invertebrates nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, muaj scorpions, phalanxes, beetles thiab karakurt kab laug sab. Ntau tshaj li tsib caug hom ntses nyob hauv Amu Darya, Karakum Canal thiab hauv cov reservoirs, cov uas muaj herbivorous silver carp thiab nyom carp.

Desert Cat

Lub lynx los ntawm Karakum suab puam tsim nyog tshwj xeeb. Yog li feem ntau hu ua caracal. Tseeb tiag, cov tsiaj no zoo ib yam li lawv tus cwj pwm. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho zoo tib yam lynx tsis muaj peev xwm ciaj sia nyob hauv cov suab puam uas tsis muaj hav zoov. Rau cov caracal, cov cheeb tsam no yog lawv lub tsev. Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Cov tsiaj suab puam yog pleev xim rau lub teeb xim av, uas tso cai rau nws yuav luag tsis pom ntawm cov foothill ledges thiab xuab zeb dunes. Cov zaub mov tseem ceeb ntawm caracal yog noog, nas thiab lizards.

Ntawm lub suab puam Karakum yog dab tsi, qhov twg yog qhov chaw nyob ntawm tus tsiaj nyaum no? Cov no yog ntu ntawm Aral Hiav Txwv mus rau Hiav Txwv Caspian. Tab sis hmoov tsis,txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov cheeb tsam no tau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj ntawm cov miv suab puam, thiab niaj hnub no tsuas muaj li 300 tus neeg nyob hauv tej yam ntuj tso.

Repetek Nature Reserve

Nws raug nquahu kom pib paub txog cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu ntawm Karakum suab puam los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm nws thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj. Nws nyob ntawm no, nyob deb ntawm 70 kilometers sab qab teb ntawm lub nroog Chardzhou, uas nyob rau hauv 1928 lub cim Repetek Nature Reserve tau tsim. Nws txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb yog los tiv thaiv thiab kawm txog tej yam ntuj tso uas cov suab puam Karakum nplua nuj nyob hauv.

Repetek Nature Reserve npog thaj tsam ntawm peb caug-tsib txhiab hectares, uas muaj cov zej zog cov nroj tsuag tseem ceeb ntawm cov xuab zeb hiav txwv ntawm Turkmenistan thiab nws ntau haiv neeg.

Karakum suab puam muaj npe. Qhov no me me xuab zeb tsim - Karakum - nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan. Nws nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob lub pas dej - Sassikol thiab Balkhash.

Nyob hauv cov suab puam Karakum, ntau tus neeg ncig tebchaws nyiam los ntawm qhov cub kub. Nws nyob ze lub zos Darvaza. Nov yog lub qhov dej tshawb nrhiav yav dhau los uas tau tawg vim muaj qhov tsis muaj nyob ze.

Muaj dej hauv av ntau heev hauv cov suab puam Karakum. Lawv qhov tshwj xeeb loj tshwj xeeb yog nyob ze ntawm Amu Darya.

Neeg txhiab lub qhov dej tau khawb hauv cov suab puam Karakum. Ntxiv mus, dej los ntawm lawv, raws li txoj cai, yog muab rho tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug ancient txoj kev, rau cov ntxhuav taug kev nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog yog siv.