Richard Avenarius: biography, kev tshawb fawb hauv kev xav

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Richard Avenarius: biography, kev tshawb fawb hauv kev xav
Richard Avenarius: biography, kev tshawb fawb hauv kev xav

Video: Richard Avenarius: biography, kev tshawb fawb hauv kev xav

Video: Richard Avenarius: biography, kev tshawb fawb hauv kev xav
Video: North and South Book one S1 E5 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Richard Avenarius yog German-Swiss positivist philosopher uas qhia hauv Zurich. Nws tsim ib txoj kev tshawb xav epistemological ntawm kev paub, hu ua empirio-kev thuam, raws li txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav yog los tsim lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb raws li kev paub dawb huv. Kev lig kev cai, metaphysicians tau muab faib ua ob pawg - sab nraud thiab sab hauv. Hauv lawv txoj kev xav, kev paub sab nraud siv tau rau kev nkag siab, uas muab lub hlwb nrog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, thiab kev paub sab hauv muaj feem xyuam rau cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv kev nco qab, xws li kev nkag siab thiab kev paub daws teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv nws Critique of Pure Experience, Avenarius tau sib cav tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv.

Short biography

Richard Avenarius yug hauv Paris thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 19, 1843. Nws yog tus tub thib ob ntawm tus tshaj tawm German Edouard Avenarius thiab Cecile Guyer, tus ntxhais ntawm actor thiab artist Ludwig Geier thiab ib nrab tus muam ntawm Richard Wagner. Lub tom kawg yog tus txiv ntawm Richard. Nws tus tij laug Ferdinand Avenarius tau tsim lub Dürerbund, lub koom haum ntawm German kws sau ntawv thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam, uas sawv ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm German kev hloov pauv kev coj noj coj ua. Raws li tus txiv lub siab xav,Richard tau mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau kev muag phau ntawv, tab sis tom qab ntawd mus kawm hauv University of Leipzig. Nyob rau hauv 1876 nws tau los ua Privatdozen ntawm Philosophy, tiv thaiv ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm Baruch Spinoza thiab nws pantheism. Xyoo tom qab nws tau raug xaiv tsa tus xibfwb ntawm kev xav hauv Zurich, qhov chaw nws tau qhia txog thaum nws tuag.

Nyob rau xyoo 1877, nrog kev pab los ntawm Hering, Heinze thiab Wundt, nws tau tsim lub Plaub Hlis Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb, uas nws luam tawm tag nrho nws lub neej.

Nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog ob qhov kev thuam ntawm Pure Experience (1888–1890), uas coj nws cov thwjtim xws li Joseph Petzold thiab cov neeg tawm tsam xws li Vladimir Lenin.

Avenarius tuag hauv Zurich thaum Lub Yim Hli 18, 1896 tom qab mob plawv thiab ntsws ntev.

Philosopher Richard Avenarius
Philosopher Richard Avenarius

philosophy (luv luv)

Richard Avenarius yog tus tsim ntawm empirio-kev thuam, ib qho kev xav ntawm epistemological raws li txoj haujlwm ntawm lub tswv yim yog los tsim "ntiaj teb lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb" raws li "kev paub dawb huv". Hauv nws lub tswv yim, rau qhov kev pom zoo ib yam ntawm lub ntiaj teb kom dhau los ua tau, qhov kev txwv tsis zoo yog xav tau ntawm qhov tau muab ncaj qha los ntawm kev nkag siab dawb huv, nrog rau kev tshem tawm tag nrho cov metaphysical Cheebtsam uas ib tug neeg, los ntawm introjection, imports rau hauv kev paub dhau los. txoj kev paub.

Muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm Richard Avenarius thiab Ernst Mach, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog raws li lawv tau nthuav tawm hauv Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Xav. Philosophers yeej tsis paub ib leeg tus kheej thiab tsim lawv txoj kev xav ntawm ib leeg. Maj mam lawv tau los ntseeg ntawm qhov kev pom zoo sib sib zog nqus ntawm lawvcov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Philosophers tuav ib qho kev xav txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev thiab lub hlwb, nrog rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "kev lag luam ntawm kev xav". Ob leeg tau ntseeg tias qhov kev paub dawb huv yuav tsum raug lees paub tias tsuas yog qhov lees paub thiab muaj peev xwm txaus ntawm kev paub. Yog li, kev tshem tawm ntawm introjection tsuas yog ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev puas tsuaj tag nrho ntawm metaphysics, uas Mach aspired rau.

Ntxiv rau Petzold thiab Lenin, Wilhelm Schuppe thiab Wilhelm Wundt tau nkag siab meej txog lub tswv yim ntawm Richard Avenarius. Thawj, tus kws tshawb fawb txog kev tsis txawj tuag, tau pom zoo nrog tus tsim ntawm empirio-kev thuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, thaum lub thib ob thuam qhov kev kawm txuj ci ntawm nws cov lus nthuav tawm thiab nrhiav kev taw qhia txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv nws cov lus qhuab qhia.

Kwv tij Richard Avenarius Ferdinand
Kwv tij Richard Avenarius Ferdinand

Axioms ntawm Avenarius 'philosophy

Ob qhov chaw ntawm empirio-kev thuam yog postulates txog cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev paub. Raws li thawj axiom, kev paub txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tsuas yog kev hloov kho ntawm qhov kev xav uas txhua tus neeg pib xav tias nws nyob hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog ib puag ncig thiab lwm tus neeg uas hais txog nws thiab nyob ntawm nws. Raws li qhov thib ob axiom, kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab txhais tau tias qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm cov kev paub ua ntej kev tshawb fawb muaj, thiab txhua hom kev paub thiab kev paub hauv cov kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb yog txuas ntxiv ntawm kev paub ua ntej kev tshawb fawb.

Biological mus kom ze

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm Avenarius 'kev xav ntawm kev paub yognws txoj kev lom neeg. Los ntawm qhov kev pom no, txhua txoj kev paub txog yuav tsum tau txhais raws li qhov tseem ceeb, thiab tsuas yog hauv txoj kev no nws tuaj yeem nkag siab. Qhov kev txaus siab ntawm German-Swiss philosopher tau qhia feem ntau rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev vam khom ntawm tib neeg thiab lawv ib puag ncig, thiab nws tau piav txog cov kev sib raug zoo no hauv cov lus qub, siv ntau lub cim.

Avenarius tus txiv yawg Richard Wagner
Avenarius tus txiv yawg Richard Wagner

Principal coordination

Lub ntsiab lus pib rau nws txoj kev tshawb fawb yog qhov "natural" kev xav ntawm "tus thawj tswj hwm" ntawm tus kheej thiab ib puag ncig, uas ib tus ntsib nws thiab lwm tus neeg uas hais txog nws. Muaj ib lub npe hu ua aphorism los ntawm Richard Avenarius tias "tsis muaj ib yam khoom uas tsis muaj kev kawm."

Thawj thawj tswj hwm kev sib koom tes yog li muaj nyob rau ntawm "lub ntsiab lus nruab nrab" (tus neeg) thiab "cov ntsiab lus tsis sib haum" uas nws tau thov. Tus neeg sawv cev thiab hauv nruab nrab hauv qhov system C (central nervous system, hlwb), cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab kev ua haujlwm.

Txoj kev hloov kho

System C yuav hloov tau ob txoj hauv kev. Nws nyob ntawm ob qhov "ib feem ntawm lub cev": kev hloov pauv hauv ib puag ncig (R) lossis stimuli los ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraud (xws li cov hlab ntsha tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab) thiab kev hloov pauv hauv cov metabolism (S) lossis kev noj zaub mov. System C yog ib txwm siv zog rau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tswj hwm nws lub zog (V), lub xeev ntawm kev so hauv kev sib koom ua ke.cov txheej txheem rov qab ƒ(R) thiab ƒ(S) tshem tawm ib leeg, tswj qhov sib npaug ƒ(R) + ƒ(S)=0 lossis Σ ƒ(R) + Σ ƒ(S)=0.

Yog ƒ(R) + ƒ(S) > 0, ces nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm so los yog tshuav nyiaj li cas muaj kev cuam tshuam, kev sib raug zoo ntawm nro, "ntse". Lub kaw lus nrhiav kom txo (tso tseg) thiab txawm tawm qhov kev cuam tshuam no los ntawm kev txav mus rau theem nrab cov kev cuam tshuam txhawm rau txhawm rau rov qab nws lub xeev qub (kev txuag siab tshaj plaws lossis V). Cov kev cuam tshuam thib ob no rau kev sib txawv ntawm V lossis kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev hauv C system yog lub npe hu ua kev ywj pheej ntawm lub neej (cov haujlwm tseem ceeb, cov txheej txheem physiological hauv lub hlwb), uas tshwm sim hauv 3 theem:

  • pib (qhov pom ntawm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb);
  • medium;
  • end (rov qab mus rau lub xeev dhau los).
Ernst Mach
Ernst Mach

Tau kawg, kev tshem tawm qhov sib txawv tsuas yog ua tau raws li qhov system C txaus siab ua. Ntawm cov kev hloov pauv uas ua ntej qhov kev ua tiav ntawm kev npaj tau yog kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, kev loj hlob, kev hloov pauv, kev coj ua, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub neej series, uas tseem mus nyob rau hauv 3 theem (siab, ua hauj lwm, tso), yog cov txheej txheem nco ntsoov thiab kev txawj ntse ("cov lus hais txog cov ntsiab lus"). Piv txwv li, ib qho kev paub yog tam sim no yog qhov pib ntu tsis paub thiab ntu kawg tau paub.

About problems

Richard Avenarius nrhiav los piav qhia qhov tshwm sim thiabteeb meem ploj nyob rau hauv dav dav raws li hauv qab no. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa los ntawm ib puag ncig thiab lub zog ntawm tus neeg pov tseg (a) vim tias qhov kev txhawb nqa tau nce ntxiv los ntawm tus neeg pom qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, kev zam, lossis kev tsis sib haum xeeb, lossis (b) vim tias muaj ntau lub zog tam sim no.. Hauv thawj kis, cov teeb meem tshwm sim uas tuaj yeem, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo, raug daws los ntawm kev paub. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thib ob, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov tswv yim-idealistic tshwm sim - tso cov tswv yim thiab cov txiaj ntsig (piv txwv li, kev coj ncaj ncees lossis kev zoo nkauj), sim lawv (piv txwv li, tsim cov tshiab) thiab dhau los ntawm lawv - hloov qhov muab.

Leipzig University
Leipzig University

E-tus nqi

Cov Lus Qhia (E-tus nqi) uas nyob ntawm qhov hloov pauv ntawm lub zog ntawm lub cev C tau muab faib ua 2 chav kawm. Thawj yog "cov ntsiab lus" lossis cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus - cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav xws li ntsuab, kub thiab qaub, nyob ntawm seb cov khoom ntawm qhov kev xav lossis kev xav (qhov twg "yam" ntawm kev paub yog nkag siab tias "cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus" complexes. "). Cov chav kawm thib ob yog tsim los ntawm "cov ntsiab lus", cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam rau cov kev xav lossis kev xav ntawm kev nkag siab. Avenarius paub qhov txawv 3 pawg ntawm cov koom haum hauv paus (hom kev paub): "zoo", "adaptive" thiab "prevailing". Ntawm cov chaw muaj kev cuam tshuam yog lub suab sensual (pleasantness thiab unpleasantness) thiab kev xav hauv kev xav (kev ntxhov siab thiab kev ntxhov siab, kev xav ntawm kev txav). Adaptive entities muaj xws li zoo tib yam (ntawm tib hom, tib yam), existential (existence, tsos, non-existence), secular (tseem ceeb,uncertainty) thiab notal (paub, tsis paub), raws li zoo raws li ntau ntawm lawv cov kev hloov kho. Piv txwv li, kev hloov kho ntawm qhov zoo ib yam suav nrog kev dav dav, kev cai lij choj, tag nrho, thiab ib feem, ntawm lwm tus.

Kev paub dawb huv thiab kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb

Richard Avenarius tau tsim lub tswv yim ntawm kev paub dawb huv thiab txuas nrog nws txoj kev xav ntawm lub cev sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb raws li nws cov kev xav ntawm biology thiab psychology ntawm kev paub. Nws lub tswv yim ntawm kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tau ua tiav nrog kev tshem tawm tag nrho ntawm pawg metaphysical thiab kev txhais dualistic ntawm kev muaj tiag los ntawm kev cais tawm ntawm introjection. Qhov tseem ceeb ua ntej rau qhov no yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, kev lees paub ntawm qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug ntawm txhua yam uas tuaj yeem nkag siab, txawm tias nws tau txais los ntawm kev paub sab nraud lossis sab hauv. Vim yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg, lawv cuam tshuam tib yam, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv ib nqe lus los ntawm Richard Avenarius los ntawm phau ntawv "Human Concept of the World", lub tswv yim no tau hais raws li hauv qab no: "Raws li qhov muab, txiv neej thiab ib puag ncig nyob rau tib theem. Nws tau paub nws ib yam li nws tau paub nws tus kheej, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho kev paub dhau los. Thiab nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev paub uas tau pom, tus kheej thiab ib puag ncig yog nyob rau hauv txoj ntsiab cai ntawm ib leeg thiab sib npaug."

Zurich University
Zurich University

Ib yam li ntawd, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm R thiab E nyob ntawm txoj kev xaav. Lawv muaj peev xwm sib npaug rau cov lus piav qhia thiab sib txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov qub yog txhais raws li cov khoom ntawm ib puag ncig, thaum lub sijhawm tom kawg suav tias yog cov lus ntawm lwm tus neeg. Tsis yog tib yam nkausmuaj qhov sib txawv ontological ntawm lub hlwb thiab lub cev. Hloov chaw, muaj kev sib raug zoo ua haujlwm ntawm lawv. Cov txheej txheem yog kev puas siab puas ntsws insofar raws li nws nyob ntawm qhov kev hloov ntawm qhov system C, nws muaj ntau tshaj li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua yam, uas yog, insofar raws li nws txhais tau tias kev paub. Psychology tsis muaj lwm yam kev kawm ntawm nws qhov kev pov tseg. Qhov no tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis kev kawm ntawm kev paub dhau los, txij li tom kawg yog nyob ntawm qhov system C. Hauv nws cov lus, Richard Avenarius tsis lees paub qhov kev txhais ib txwm muaj thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm lub siab thiab lub cev. Nws tsis paub txog lub hlwb lossis lub cev, tab sis tsuas yog ib hom kev ua xwb.

Kev paub txog kev paub

Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau kev paub txog lub tswv yim zoo ntawm kev paub dawb huv thiab rau qhov sawv cev ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam ntawm kev paub. Ib yam li ntawd, kev xav raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv dag zog tsawg kawg yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem theoretical ntawm abstraction, yog li kev paub feem ntau yog taw qhia rau qib ntawm kev siv zog yuav tsum tau txais kev paub. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws duab uas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv muab yuav tsum raug cais tawm, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xav txog dab tsi yog ntsib nyob rau hauv kev paub nrog tsawg tshaj plaws tau siv ntawm lub zog, thiab yog li tau txais ib tug ntshiab kev paub. Ib qho kev paub "ua kom huv ntawm tag nrho cov khoom cuav ntxiv" tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis cov neeg koom nrog, uas xav tias tsuas yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib puag ncig. Qhov uas tsis yog kev paub dawb huv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm nqe lus (E-lub ntsiab lus) cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig nws tus kheej yuav tsum raug tshem tawm. Qhov peb hu ua "kev paub" (lossis "khoom muaj nyob") yog nyob rau hauvqee qhov kev sib raug zoo nrog system C thiab ib puag ncig. Ib qho kev paub yog ntshiab thaum nws raug tshem tawm ntawm txhua qhov kev tawm tsam uas tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm ib puag ncig.

Materialism thiab empirio-kev thuam
Materialism thiab empirio-kev thuam

Lub tswvyim ntawm lub ntiaj teb

Lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog hais txog "cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ib puag ncig" thiab nyob ntawm qhov kawg ntawm C-system. Nws yog ntuj yog tias nws zam qhov yuam kev ntawm introjection thiab tsis yog cuav los ntawm animistic "inserts". Introjection hloov cov khoom perceiving mus rau tus neeg perceiving. Nws faib peb lub ntiaj teb ntuj tsim rau sab hauv thiab sab nrauv, cov ntsiab lus thiab cov khoom, lub siab thiab qhov teeb meem. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov teeb meem metaphysical (xws li kev tsis txawj tuag thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm lub siab thiab lub cev) thiab pawg metaphysical (xws li tshuaj). Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm. Introjection, nrog nws qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm duplication ntawm kev muaj tiag, yuav tsum tau hloov los ntawm empirio-tseem ceeb hauv paus ntsiab lus kev sib koom tes thiab kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas yog raws li nws. Yog li, thaum kawg ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb rov qab los rau nws daim ntawv qub: kev nkag siab zoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb nrog kev siv nyiaj tsawg kawg nkaus.

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