G. Kineshma: pej xeem, keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog, qhov chaw, duab

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:58

Ib lub nroog qub hauv thaj av Ivanovo nrog qhov zoo nkauj, me ntsis tsis yog neeg Lavxias thiab lub npe txawv txawv nyob ntawm ntug dej zoo nkauj ntawm Volga. Cov pej xeem ntawm Kineshma yog qhov txaus siab rau qhov zoo nkauj hauv nroog toj roob hauv pes uas tau khaws tus ntsuj plig tiag tiag ntawm lub nroog Lavxias tiag tiag.

Vim li cas lawv thiaj hu li ntawd?

Lavxias teb sab archaeologist ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th Uvarov tau sau tseg tias tsis tshua muaj npe Lavxias feem ntau pom nyob hauv nruab nrab Russia. Tshwj xeeb yog tias lawv cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv dej (hydronyms). Tom qab ntawd, thaj chaw uas tau tsim nyob ze cov chaw dej tau txais cov npe ntawm cov dej ntws, pas dej thiab swamps. Tib yam xwm txheej yog nrog Kineshma.

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, Finno-Ugric pab pawg neeg ntawm Chud thiab Merya nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub cheeb tsam, uas tom qab ntawd ploj tag nrho ntawm cov Slavic haiv neeg. Lub toponym Kineshma hais txog lawv cov lus uas ploj lawm. Nws yog feem ntau hais tias lub npe txhais ua "dej tsaus nti", "chaw nres nkoj" thiab "ua npuas ncauj". Kuj tseem muaj cov kab txawv ntau dua - "pob zeb lis zais hauv swamps". Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus lees paub tias lub npe cuam tshuam nrog dej. Nws ua kom pom tseebtib Uvarov hauv nws cov keeb kwm sau.

Tseem muaj ib co pej xeem keeb kwm, uas ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Kineshma nyiam ntau. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, Cossack ataman Stenka Razin ib zaug tau caij nkoj ntawm no nrog nws cov neeg loj leeb ntawm plows loaded nrog booty tom qab "kev sib tw rau zipuns" rau Persia. Ib tug poj huab tais Persian zoo nkauj zaum ntawm ib sab ntawm tus tub sab tseem ceeb, xav txog qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev nyob ua ke nrog cov neeg phem. Sailing dhau qhov chaw keeb kwm no, nws nug tias: "Koj puas muab pov rau kuv?"

Kev Qhia

Lub nroog yog qhov chaw tswj hwm ntawm Kineshma koog tsev kawm ntawv. Cov vaj tsev qub ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam ua los ntawm cov cib liab, cov tsev lag luam, cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam thiab cov boulevards hla lub Volga tau khaws cia ntawm no. Ib tug peculiar mix ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tub luam nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm Ostrovsky plays thiab lub Hoobkas ntiaj teb no ntawm Maxim Gorky muab ib tug tshwj xeeb tus kheej rau lub Volga lub zos. Raws li cov neeg ncig teb chaw - qab zib thiab cozy.

Hais txog kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab cov pej xeem, Kineshma yog lub nroog thib ob hauv thaj av Ivanovo. 83.4 txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv kev sib hais haum. Lub npe ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog Kineshma: txiv neej - Kineshma, poj niam - Kineshma, lub npe dav dav yog Kineshma. Lub tuam txhab tseem ceeb muaj nyob rau hauv lub tshuab tsim, tshuaj thiab lub teeb kev lag luam (cov khaub ncaws thiab textile). Kineshma Employment Center muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub lag luam hauv cov kev lag luam no.

Lub nroog nyob ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm txoj kev thauj khoom loj txuasmetropolitan thiab western regions. Nws tau tsim kev sib txuas lus thauj mus los tau zoo: txoj kev, huab cua hauv cheeb tsam (lub tshav dav hlau me me los ntawm qhov chaw dav hlau ya mus rau Kostoroma thiab Yuryevets), kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab dej sib txuas.

Txawm hais tias muaj kev lag luam loj loj, qhov xwm txheej ib puag ncig zoo heev. Qhov no tau ua kom yooj yim los ntawm kev kaw ntawm qee lub chaw tsim khoom, tab sis feem ntau cov dej loj thiab hav zoov.

thaj chaw yam ntxwv

Lub nroog nyob rau sab xis ntawm tus dej Volga, 30 km ntawm ciam teb nrog thaj av Kostroma thiab 120 km ntawm thaj av Nizhny Novgorod. Mus rau lub peev ntawm lub teb chaws - 400 km, mus rau lub regional center - 100 km, mus rau Kostroma - 90 km. Nyob rau sab nraud ntawm Kineshma yog lub nroog me ntawm Zavolzhsk, qhov ze tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Volga yog lub nroog ntawm Navoloki, downstream yog lub zos ntawm Reshma thiab Yuryevets.

Kineshma nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntuj, uas yog hu ua "Volga Switzerland" vim hais tias ntawm lub ntuj thiab huab cua zoo heev thiab toj roob hauv pes, haum rau kev ua si thiab tourism. Lub nroog nyob ntawm ciam teb ntawm cov hav zoov sib xyaw thiab European taiga. Lub Volga (Gorky Reservoir) thiab ob peb ntawm nws cov dej ntws hauv lub nroog: Kineshma, Tomna, Kazokha. Cov pej xeem ntawm Kineshma nyiam siv sij hawm rau ntau lub pas dej, nuv ntses, ua luam dej lossis tsuas yog qhuas cov toj roob hauv pes zoo nkauj. Cov neeg nyob hauv nroog thiab cov qhua hauv nroog hais lus sov siab txog lub sijhawm ua si ntawm cov chaw cia khoom, kev pom zoo nkauj ntawm cov boulevards hla lub Volga thiab nkoj mus ncig ua si. River harbor ntawm Kishenemka -qhov chaw ib txwm muaj rau Lavxias teb sab kev sib tw hauv powerboating, qhov twg 6 ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv tau teeb tsa.

Kineshma tau tsim tsa raws ntug dej, tam sim no qhov ntev ntawm Volga yog li 15 km. Thaj chaw nyob hauv nroog yog 48.9 txhiab hectares, suav nrog cov tsev thiab cov tsev nyob ntawm 26.3 txhiab hectares, 0.33 txhiab hectares yog hav zoov, thiab 0.12 txhiab hectares yog cov dej. Kev nyab xeeb yog temperate continental, nrog rau lub caij ntuj sov kub thiab frosty winters nrog tas li daus npog. Lub hli txias tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam yog Lub Ib Hlis nrog qhov kub nruab nrab ntawm rho tawm 11.5 txog 12 ° C, lub caij sov sov tshaj plaws yog Lub Xya Hli nrog qhov nruab nrab kub ntxiv ntawm 17.5 txog 18.7 ° C.

Pabneeg

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj pes tsawg tus neeg nyob hauv Kineshma thaum lub sijhawm tsim (1777) tsis tau khaws cia. Qee qhov kwv yees ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov pej xeem tuaj yeem muab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias thaum tsov rog xyoo 1812 muaj 1278 tus neeg raug tsim tawm ntawm no. Thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov pej xeem ntawm lub nroog Kineshma tau tshwm sim xyoo 1856, thaum 2100 tus neeg nyob hauv nws. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, lub nroog cov pej xeem loj hlob vim muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam dej. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm los ntawm 1894, thaum cov pej xeem ntawm lub nroog Kineshma yog 4398 cov neeg nyob, ntawm 186 yog cov nom tswv, 82 yog cov neeg ntseeg, 2111 yog neeg philistines, 1870 yog cov neeg peasants, thiab 149 yog lwm chav kawm. nce 96%. Los ntawm 1897, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv tau nce mus rau 7600. Tus lej siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej kev hloov pauv tau sau tseg hauv 1913 - 9200.

Thaum lub sijhawm Soviet, thawj qhov tawg ntawm cov pejxeem loj hlob sai tau tshwm sim thaum muaj kev lag luam. Los ntawm 1926 txog 1939, cov pejxeem ntawm Kineshma tau nce los ntawm 33,700 mus rau 75,000. Qhov kev nce no feem ntau yog los ntawm cov neeg nyob deb nroog thiab cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm lwm cheeb tsam. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, cov pejxeem tau nce mus txog 100,000 hauv xyoo 1976, vim muaj cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab thiab kev tsim kho tshiab. Los ntawm 1986 mus rau 1991, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv keeb kwm nyob hauv lub nroog - 105,000. Txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, cov pejxeem tau poob qis, nyob rau xyoo tas los no, me ntsis. Hauv 2017, 83,871 tus neeg nyob hauv nroog. Kev hloov pauv me ntsis ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zoo heev pab txhawb lub koom haum ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Kineshma.

kev lag luam

Lub nroog yog qhov chaw qub qub ntawm lub tebchaws, qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev lag luam yog nyob hauv kev lag luam engineering - 43%, kev lag luam teeb pom kev zoo, feem ntau yog textile thiab khaub ncaws, tuav 24%, tshuaj lom neeg - 17 %

Tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov khoom tsim nyob rau hauv 2017 muaj txog 7.7 billion rubles, uas yog me ntsis tsawg dua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo dhau los - lub industrial ntau lawm Performance index yuav yog 99.6%. Kev tsim cov tsoos tsho yog nce ntxiv (kev lag luam ntau lawm Performance index - 106.1%), uas yog tsim los ntawm cov lag luam me. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, cov khoom raug tsim rau 858 lab rubles. Kev tsim cov khoom siv textile kuj nce mus rau 285 lab rubles. MainKev lag luam: Kineshma Spinning thiab Weaving Factory thiab NetTeks.

Lub tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws ib zaug "Avtoagregat" tam sim no tsim cov khoom seem thiab cov khoom siv rau lub tsheb, nrog cov ntim ntau lawm ntawm 720 lab rubles. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw yog muab rau technopark. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm Avtoagregat thiab lwm yam kev lag luam ntawm lub nroog Soviet kev lag luam cuam tshuam rau cov pejxeem ntawm Kineshma nyuaj, yuam ntau tus neeg tawm mus rau lwm thaj chaw hauv kev tshawb nrhiav haujlwm.

nce me ntsis (103.6%) qhov ntim ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus. Nws raug nqi txog 800 lab rubles. Cov lag luam tseem ceeb: Kineshma bakery, "Volga-Khleb" thiab Kineshma lub nroog mis nyuj cog.

Historic Enterprises

Kineshma nto moo rau nws cov nroj tsuag qub thiab cov chaw tsim khoom, ntau qhov tseem ua haujlwm. Raws li cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi thiab cov neeg nyob hauv, cov tsev tsim khoom tsim khoom ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th muab qhov tshwj xeeb tsw rau lub nroog toj roob hauv pes.

Nyob rau xyoo 1878, tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab inventor A. I. Byuskenmeister tau tsim lub tuam txhab Electrocontact, qhov chaw tsim cov galvanic coals, thawj zaug hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Tam sim no cov nroj tsuag tsim cov khoom siv electro-carbon thiab cov khoom siv los ntawm cov hmoov hlau. Nyob rau xyoo 1894, lub Hoobkas tau tsim lub lauj kaub tais diav thiab pobzeb, tam sim no "Polikor", uas tsim cov khoom siv refractory.

Ib qho ntawm cov lag luam qub tshaj plaws - textile Hoobkas "Tomna", nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1879xyoo, nws koom nrog kev tsim cov paj rwb ntaub, ntaub qhwv kho mob thiab cov ntaub so.

Industrialists los ntawm Vichuga Kormilitsyn thiab Razorenov ua ib lub Hoobkas nyob rau hauv lub bank, nyob ze ntawm lub confluence ntawm tus Tomna River nrog lub Volga, hu nws lub Volga-Tomneska ntawv-spinning Hoobkas.

Lub Hoobkas spinning "Krasnaya Vetka" tau teeb tsa hauv xyoo 1881 los ntawm cov kwv tij Razorenov, tom qab ntawd tsuas yog hu ua "Vetka". Lub tuam txhab tsim cov paj rwb xov paj. Cov poj niam ntawm Kineshma tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov tuam txhab textile txij thaum ub.

Lub tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam tshuaj yog Dmitrievsky Chemical Plant, uas tsim cov kuab tshuaj organic thiab cov kua qaub. Lub tuam txhab rau kev tsim cov acetic acid thiab nws cov ntsev tau tsim los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom nto moo S. Morozov thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1899 ntawm Dmitrievka River.

Kineshma Employment Center

Lub nroog muaj ib lub koomhaum tseemfwv uas nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog los txhawb kev lag luam thiab pab cov pejxeem hauv nroog kom muaj kev ua haujlwm. Lub Chaw Ua Haujlwm Pabcuam Kev Lag Luam kom nyiam cov peev txheej ua haujlwm, thiab cov neeg muaj peev xwm - nrhiav haujlwm tsim nyog. Npaj kev ua haujlwm ib ntus thiab them nyiaj rau pej xeem ua haujlwm, cuam tshuam nrog kev them nyiaj poob haujlwm. Ntxiv rau kev muab kev ua haujlwm, Kineshma Employment Center muab kev pabcuam txav mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm rau cov neeg poob haujlwm thiab lawv tsev neeg. Lub Chaw Ua Haujlwm kuj tseem muab kev txhawb nqa lub hlwb rau cov neeg poob haujlwm.

Institutionmuab kev cob qhia ua haujlwm thiab kev cob qhia ntxiv, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nrhiav haujlwm thawj zaug, cov poj niam ntawm niam txiv so thiab cov nyiaj laus uas npaj siab ua haujlwm. Rau cov pej xeem zoo li no, cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb raug faib rau ntawm Kineshma Employment Center.

Ancient keeb kwm

Nyob puag thaum ub, rov qab rau xyoo III-II txhiab xyoo BC. e., nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, Finno-Ugric pab pawg neeg ntawm Meryans roamed los ntawm cov hav zoov nkauj xwb, uas tsim lawv cov chaw nyob raws ntug dej ntawm tus dej. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th, Slavic pab pawg neeg pib tua cov zos no. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 859, raws li Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo, Varangians tau tswj hwm kom them se rau Meryans. Cov lus tshaj tawm kawg uas yog cov neeg sib cais hnub rov qab mus rau 907, thaum lawv koom nrog hauv kev sib tw ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oleg tawm tsam Constantinople. Meryans, tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau hauv pawg neeg Lavxias, tawm hauv lawv lub tebchaws - Kineshma.

Hnub pib ntawm kev sib hais tsis paub. Thawj sau hais txog lub nroog hnub rov qab mus rau 1429, thaum nws raug rhuav tshem los ntawm hordes ntawm Kazan Khan. Nyob rau hauv 1504, raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb charter ntawm sab ntsuj plig kos npe los ntawm tub huabtais Ivan III ntawm Moscow, kev sib hais haum ntawm Kineshma, ua ke nrog lub nroog ntawm Lukh, tau tso cai rau tub huabtais F. I. Belsky. Ntau tshaj 5 centuries dhau los, thiab ib feem ntawm lub nroog tseem hu ua Belovskaya.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, Kineshma tau hais nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw raws li thaj chaw nyob deb nroog, raws li kev sib haum xeeb me me ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Volga, uas cov neeg nyob hauv tau koom nrog nuv ntses rau lawv tus kheej thiab Lavxias teb sab Tsar. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntsev tau mined ntawm no,evaporated los ntawm cov dej hauv av. Cov Belskys muaj kev sib haum xeeb rau ib puas xyoo, ces nws rov los ua tus kav lub tebchaws.

Xyoo 1536-1537, Kazan Tatars rov plundered Kineshma, yog li nws tau txiav txim siab los txhim kho lub fortress. Ib qho kev sib haum xeeb tau tsim nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub fortress phab ntsa thiab tus dej Kineshma, uas feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai, thaj chaw tau muab rau cov tub ceev xwm, lub cheeb tsam tau plundered. Lub tebchaws tsis tau cog qoob loo lawm, cov pejxeem ntawm Kineshma tau tso tseg lawv lub tsev thiab khiav tawm ntawm kev txiav txim siab mus rau lwm thaj chaw.

sijhawm tshiab

Thaum Lub Sijhawm Teebmeem, Kineshma yog kev sib hais haum, qhov chaw nyob ze ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress, qhov chaw uas cov neeg txawj ntse nyob thiab ua haujlwm. Cov tub rog Kineshma nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm voivode Fyodor Boborykin tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam Polish-Lithuanian kev cuam tshuam. Peb qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub nroog, hauv ib qho ntawm lawv, ntawm qhov chaw uas tam sim no Revolution Square nyob, cov tub rog tau swb, thiab lub nroog tau plundered. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Polish nobleman Lisovsky, lub tsev teev ntuj ntoo raug hlawv, nrog rau cov poj niam thiab cov me nyuam uas tau muab zais rau ntawd. Cov neeg nyob hauv seem tau faus cov neeg tuag rau hauv ib lub qhov ntxa loj, tom qab ntawd ib lub tsev teev ntuj tau ua rau ntawm qhov chaw no. Thaum cov tub rog ntawm Minin thiab Pozharsky dhau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Volga mus rau Moscow, cov pej xeem ntawm Kineshma tau ntxiv cov tub rog Lavxias. Cov neeg nyob hauv kuj tau pab nyiaj thiab khoom siv, thauj cov tub rog raws tus dej ntws mus rau Kostroma uas nyob sib ze.

Xyoo 1777 qhov kev sib hais haum tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm lub nroog. Nyob rau hauv 1779, los ntawm tus kheej txoj cai ntawm Catherine lub Great, lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab tau pom zoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib daim thaiv, nyob rau hauvSab saum toj xiav ntawm uas tau piav qhia lub galley - ib qho kev kos npe ntawm lub xeev Kostroma. Hauv qab no, ntawm thaj chaw ntsuab, yog ob daim ntaub ntawv. Hauv cov xyoo ntawd, cov pejxeem ntawm Kineshma feem ntau koom nrog kev tsim khoom thiab muag cov ntaub linen. Hauv kev ua tsov ua rog xyoo 1812, cov neeg nyob hauv Kineshma, uas yog ib feem ntawm Kostroma tub rog, koom nrog pab tub rog ntawm Kutuzov M. I.

Xyoo 1871, txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau muab tso rau hauv lub nroog, uas txuas nrog lub peev. Qhov kev xav tau ntawm nws tau tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias Kineshma yog qhov chaw tsim khoom sai sai. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, factories rau zus tau tej cov dyes thiab vitriol, hlau foundries, textile factories thiab lwm yam lag luam qhib.

keeb kwm niaj hnub

Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Soviet, kev lag luam, engineering infrastructure thiab high-sawv vaj tse tau intensive tsim nyob rau hauv lub nroog. Cov pejxeem ntawm Kineshma, thaj av Ivanovo, loj hlob sai, ua tsaug rau cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm lwm thaj chaw thiab cov zos. Txij li thaum xyoo 1930, cov tuam txhab lag luam hauv tebchaws tau pib rov ua dua tshiab thiab cov tshiab tau tsim. Xws li xyoo 1967, cov nroj tsuag tau tsim, uas tsim cov khoom tsim rau lub tsheb Moskvich.

Lub dashing 90s tsis muaj sia nyob ntau lub tuam txhab lag luam, qhov chaw nres nkoj dej raug kaw. Nyob rau hauv 2003, lub tsheb choj hla lub Volga thiab ib tug bypass txoj kev tau tsim. Hauv xyoo 2010, Volzhsky Boulevard tau rov tsim kho dua thiab qhov qis qis tau tsim, hauv tib lub xyoo Kineshma tau lees paub tias yog keeb kwm kev sib hais haum.