Great Barrier Reef, Australia: keeb kwm, piav qhia thiab nthuav tseeb

Cov txheej txheem:

Great Barrier Reef, Australia: keeb kwm, piav qhia thiab nthuav tseeb
Great Barrier Reef, Australia: keeb kwm, piav qhia thiab nthuav tseeb

Video: Great Barrier Reef, Australia: keeb kwm, piav qhia thiab nthuav tseeb

Video: Great Barrier Reef, Australia: keeb kwm, piav qhia thiab nthuav tseeb
Video: Living on the Great Barrier Reef: Mornay Cray Pizza & Boat Maintenance (Sailing Popao) Ep.42 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws reef barrier tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm txawv teb chaws Australia tau pib los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij navigator James Cook. Thawj lub nkoj uas tswj tau hla nruab nrab ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm thaj av loj thiab lub pob zeb muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kab nqaim yog nws lub nkoj caij nkoj Endeavor.

Cov kab lus muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ib yam khoom zoo kawg nkaus - Great Barrier Reef (Australia).

keeb kwm me ntsis

James Cook's sailboat hla ntau dua 1000 mais yam tsis muaj kab kos raws txoj kev nyuaj tshaj plaws, ua rau cov pob zeb hauv qab dej thiab cov shoals, uas tau dhau los ua txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab nautical. Txawm tias lub npe nrov Cook tau ntsib txoj kev ntxeev siab ntawm cov dej ntawm cov chaw no. Nws lub nkoj txawm li cas los xij tau khiav mus rau hauv lub pob zeb, vim tias lub nkoj tau puas lawm, tab sis, pov ib feem ntawm cov khoom thauj thiab tag nrho cov phom hla lub nkoj, tus thawj coj Askiv muaj peev xwm tawm ntawm pob tsuas txaus ntshai thiab mus rau ntawm ntug dej.

Txij thaum ntawd los, ntau dua ob puas xyoo dhau los, thiab lub sijhawm no, ntau lub nkoj tau raug kev txom nyem thiab poob rau ntawm Australian reefs ntawm lub coral barrier. Txawm tias qhov chaw npe nyob hauv cheeb tsam no ntawm Coral Hiav Txwv hais txogtxaus ntshai heev ntawm cov chaw no: cov Islands tuaj ntawm Kev Cia Siab, Tormenting Bay, Cape Troubles.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov dej ntawm Great Barrier Reef nyiam ntau tus ntawm no zoo li cov hlau nplaum hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov khoom muaj nqis shipwreck.

Qhov chaw

Great Barrier Reef nyob qhov twg? Qhov zoo tshaj plaws creation ntawm xwm stretched rau ntau tshaj 2900 km raws ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Australia (sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj). Onoa yog lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws coral system, qhov loj tshaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb no nyob hauv Hiav Txwv Coral, nws ncav cuag yuav luag sib npaug mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Queensland.

Great Barrier Reef
Great Barrier Reef

Lub zog muaj zog no nthuav tawm sab qab teb mus rau sab qaum teb. Nws pib ntawm Tropic ntawm Capricorn, uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm Gladstone thiab Bundaberg, thiab xaus rau hauv Torres Strait, uas cais New Guinea los ntawm Australia. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, ntawm Cape Melville, lub complex tsuas yog nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm 32-50 km ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, thiab los ntawm sab qab teb nws tawg mus rau hauv ib pawg me me ntawm reef formations, txav deb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv yuav luag 300 km. hauv qee qhov chaw. Nws yog rau cov chaw no uas cov kiv cua tiag tiag ntawm kev dhia dej ua kev mus ncig.

About the origin of the reef

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Great Barrier Reef (Australia) tau tshwm sim txog 25 lab xyoo dhau los vim yog kev txav ntawm lub phaj lithospheric. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tag nrho cov ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm thaj av, niaj hnub no hu ua lub xeev Queensland, tau raug dej nyab tag nrho nrog dej kub. Coral larvae, uas tau coj tuaj ntawm no los ntawm cov dej sov ntawm dej hiav txwv, tseem nyob ruaj rau hauv av.

Koom nrogThaum lub sij hawm, lawv pib loj hlob thiab npog thaj tsam loj ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv mus rau ntau txhiab xyoo, uas ua rau yug los ntawm qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb no. Kev loj hlob ntawm stratification tshwm sim ib txhij nrog kev nce hauv qib dej hiav txwv. Lub Great Barrier Reef muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm strata yos rov qab kwv yees li 10,000 xyoo. Cov chaw hluas tshaj plaws, nyob rau ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov laus, tau tsim dhau 200 xyoo dhau los. Lawv nyob ntawm qhov tob li 20 meters.

Kev piav qhia

Lub complex suav nrog yuav luag 3000 qhov sib txawv reefs thiab ntau cov Islands tuaj (ntau tshaj 900), uas dotted lub pas dej. Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub pob zeb hiav txwv loj yog 344 txhiab 400 square meters. km. Nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem tsim qhov loj me, vim qhov tseeb tias thaj tsam ntawm cov Islands tuaj hloov pauv nyob ntawm qhov ebb thiab ntws ntawm tides. Lub complex los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev tshawb fawb (biology, geology) yog ib qho ntawm cov kev xav zoo tshaj plaws uas tsim los ntawm xwm. Nws muaj qhov tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb.

Great Barrier Reef National Park
Great Barrier Reef National Park

Qee cov Islands tuaj ntawm Great Barrier Reef (kwv yees li 100) ib txwm npog nrog cov nroj tsuag. Muaj cov Islands tuaj siab (kwv yees li 600) ncig los ntawm lawv tus kheej reefs.

Rau qhov sib piv, nws tuaj yeem sau tseg tias tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm qhov thaiv yog qhov loj dua UK.

About coral polyps

Lub Great Barrier Reef yog qhov loj heev uas nws tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov tseeb no yog qhov zoo heev, muab qhov loj ntawm cov tsiaj uas "tsim" xws li cov khoom muaj zog.

Qhov system no yog tsimbillions ntawm cov tsiaj me tsis loj dua li cov nplej. Cov no yog coral polyps, uas nws cov tsos zoo ib yam li ib tug me me upside-down jellyfish nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb tais. Lawv nyob hauv colonies. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov reefs ntawm lawv tus kheej, yog li microscopic algae, uas raug kaw nyob rau hauv lub tentacles ntawm cov tsiaj, yog cov pab rau lawv. Ua tsaug rau lawv, lub hnub ci hloov mus rau hauv lub zog zaub mov rau corals. Qhov symbiosis no muaj peev xwm hloov cov zaub mov rau hauv calcium carbonate, uas tsim cov pob txha.

Qhov no yog li cas txhua qhov ntawm ntau thaj chaw loj hlob thiab txhim kho, tsim cov pob zeb limestone loj rau hauv av. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias lub ntiaj teb no tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv: txawm tias qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem ua rau tuag ntawm coral polyps.

Lub ntiaj teb amazing ntawm corals
Lub ntiaj teb amazing ntawm corals

National Park

Lub Great Barrier Reef tau tshaj tawm tias UNESCO World Heritage Site xyoo 1981. Yav dhau los, xyoo 1979, lub teb chaws marine park tau tsim nyob ntawm no.

Thaj chaw ntawm lub pob zeb reef tau siv txij li lub sijhawm muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Australia los ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Aborigines. Nov yog kwv yees li 40,000 xyoo dhau los.

Cov keeb kwm ntawm qhov ciam teb yog qhov nthuav thiab tsim nyog mloog. Thawj tus neeg European uas nrhiav pom qhov system no hauv 1768 yog Louis Antoine de Bougainville, tab sis nws tsis tau thov kom muaj cai rau nws los ntawm Fabkis. England's Royal Navy tus thawj coj Matthew Flinders tau caij nkoj ncig thaj av loj thaum xyoo pua 19th. Nws ua qhov no los qhia nws cov ntug hiav txwv dej. Charles Jeffries xyoo 1815 tau kawm txog lub pob zeb ntawm sabmainland.

Feem ntau ntawm cov kab ke tau teeb tsa ntawm cov kab kos duab hauv xyoo 1840, ua rau thaj chaw muaj kev nyab xeeb rau cov nkoj hla hla. Kev xa tawm loj heev ntawm pearls, corals thiab trepangs mus rau Tebchaws Europe tam sim ntawd pib. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj kev loj hlob tsis zoo ntawm cov peev txheej ntuj tsim, hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, nws tau txiav txim siab tshaj tawm qee cov Islands tuaj nrog thaj chaw dej nyob ib sab ua cov chaw ua si hauv hiav txwv, thiab xyoo 1975 tsoomfwv Australian tau tshaj tawm txoj cai ntawm kev tsim cov marine reserve - Great Barrier Reef Park. Xyoo 1997, nws tau suav nrog cov npe ntawm xya qhov kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Islands ntawm Great Barrier Reef
Islands ntawm Great Barrier Reef

Cov neeg nyob hauv hiav txwv dej thiab cov kob

Lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv cov dej no nplua nuj thiab ntau yam. Muaj 1500 hom ntses marine nyob ntawm no, ntawm cov uas muaj kab txawv qaim qaim ntses, npauj npaim ntses, parrot ntses. Muaj moray eels, sharks (125 hom nyob rau hauv tag nrho), ntau octopuses thiab crustaceans, molluscs (4000 hom), hiav txwv nab (17 hom), whales, killer whales, ntses taub ntswg ntev, dugong (ib tug dej tsiaj yog ib tug txheeb ze ntawm lub hiav txwv nyuj.). Cov tom kawg yog ib hom kab mob uas muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab tau teev nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Liab hauv ntiaj teb.

vaub kib ntawm Great Barrier Reef yuav tsum tau sau tseg. Tag nrho muaj rau hom. Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog cov vaub kib ntsuab (los yog kua zaub vaub kib), uas yog qhov tsawg heev. Nws qhov ntev tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1.5 meters, qhov hnyav - 200 kg lossis ntau dua. Australian tortoise tau koob meej vim nws cov nqaij qab, nrog rau qhov nws tau cuam tshuam loj heev.

ntsuab vaub
ntsuab vaub

Cov Islands tuaj nyob ntawm ntau cov noog (kwv yees li 240 hom), suav nrog petrels, frigatebirds, boobies, white-bellied eagles, phaetons, terns, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem ntsib cov nab lom (100 hom), zoo nkauj heev npauj npaim thiab ntau yam tsiaj.

Diving Paradise

Yuav kom tshawb txog yam tsawg kawg ib feem ntawm cov pob zeb hauv qab dej ntawm cov chaw no thiab paub nrog qee tus neeg sawv cev tsis tshua muaj dej hauv ntiaj teb, nws yuav siv sijhawm ntau dua ib hlis.

Reefs nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm cov kab ke, qhov chaw Great Barrier Reef nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm thaj av loj (txog 300 km), yog cov neeg nyiam heev. Cov saw hlau ntawm reef formations ntawm no tawg mus rau hauv me me, sib npaug spaced raws ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub teb chaws.

Cov chaw no ntxim nyiam heev rau kev tshawb nrhiav dej hiav txwv thiab cov tsiaj uas muaj neeg dhia dej feem ntau ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev sib tsoo nrog lawv cov npoj yaig hauv qab dej.

Cov neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb underwater
Cov neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb underwater

Ntau tshaj hnub so Islands

  1. Heron yog lub vaj kaj siab dhia dej. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub reef system, muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm lub chaw so. Muaj ib qho chaw nyob ntawm no.
  2. Dunk. Zoo meej rau hnub so kaj thiab ntsuas ntawm Great Barrier Reef nrog tsev neeg. Nws yog ib qho chaw zoo nkauj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.
  3. Hmoob. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov richest thiab prestigious resorts. Nws muaj cov neeg so so - cov ntug hiav txwv zoo nkauj, 10 lub tsev noj mov. Ntawm cov newlyweds, nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov.
  4. Lizard. Qhov no yog ib qho chaw rau cov hnub so tshwj xeebqhua, rau cov neeg uas muaj peev xwm them tsis taus rau so. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem kim thiab nto moo resorts nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tau nyob ntawd, koj tuaj yeem txaus siab rau tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lwm lub vaj kaj siab, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub reef complex. Ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm cov kob muaj 24 tshwj xeeb ntug hiav txwv dej nrog txhim kho kev nplij siab. Lawv nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub reef.
Lizard Island
Lizard Island

Qee qhov tseeb

  1. Cov dej nyob ib ncig ntawm lub reef yog crystal ntshiab. Corals pab txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov dej nyob ib puag ncig. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias lawv ua zoo li lub lim dej - lawv ntes dab tsi ntab rau ntawd.
  2. Muaj tus nqi reef ($ 6 ib hnub) uas yog them los ntawm cov neeg tuaj xyuas reef laus dua plaub xyoos. Cov nyiaj tau los mus rau kev tswj xyuas chaw ua si rau kev ua haujlwm los tiv thaiv ecosystem.
  3. Lub Great Barrier Reef yog thaj chaw loj dua li ntau lub tebchaws. Nws tuaj yeem coj qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Congo (63rd qhov chaw). Nws tseem tshaj ntau lub xeev Asmeskas raws li thaj chaw - tsuas yog Texas, Alaska, Montana thiab California loj dua nws.
  4. Lub pob zeb niaj hnub no tau cuam tshuam rau sab nraud ntawm nws ib puag ncig (kev hloov pauv huab cua, kev nuv ntses ntau dhau, muaj kuab paug, roj nchuav, thiab lwm yam). Tag nrho cov no ua rau coral bleaching. Cov kws tshawb fawb kwv yees tias ntau dua 93% ntawm cov reefs tam sim no cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua kom dawb huv.
  5. Ib qho kev daws teeb meem tau npaj tseg kom txuag lub pob zeb reef yog txav mus rau qhov chaw zoo dua. Nyob rau hauv 2008, ib feem ntawm lub reef (5 tons) twb raug thauj mus rau Dubai. Tab sis tsiv tag nrho cov kab ke yog technically tsis yooj yim sua.
  6. Qhov twg Great Barrier Reef yog, cov pob zeb tawv tawv uas tsim cov pob txha loj hlob ntawm tus nqi qeeb heev ntawm tsuas yog 15 hli ib xyoos xwb.
  7. Nyob rau hauv 27 xyoo (los ntawm 1985 mus rau 2012) lub reef tau ua phem heev - nws tau poob ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm nws corals.
Wonders ntawm lub ntiaj teb underwater
Wonders ntawm lub ntiaj teb underwater

Zoo kawg

Lub reef yog qhov chaw nrov heev rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, thiab nws cov chaw ua si ua rau cov nyiaj tau los loj heev. Yog li, xyoo 2013, cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev ncig ua si yog 6.4 billion US dollars.

Australia landmark hosts kwv yees li ob lab tus qhua txhua xyoo. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, ntxiv rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws kev lag luam, qhov no kuj muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo uas cuam tshuam rau tag nrho coral complex. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tsoomfwv tau tso qee qhov kev txwv los tiv thaiv ecosystem, tab sis qhov kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tag nrho.

Pom zoo: