Rockets li riam phom tau paub ntau lub tebchaws thiab tau tsim nyob rau ntau lub tebchaws. Nws ntseeg tau tias lawv tau tshwm sim txawm tias ua ntej rab phom phom. Yog li ntawd, ib tug zoo Lavxias teb sab general thiab kuj yog ib tug kws tshawb fawb K. I. Konstantinov sau hais tias ib txhij nrog invention ntawm artillery, foob pob ua ntxaij kuj tuaj rau hauv siv. Lawv tau siv txhua qhov chaw siv phom. Thiab txij li thaum lawv tau pib siv rau kev ua tub rog, nws txhais tau hais tias cov tub rog missile tshwj xeeb kuj tau tsim rau qhov no. Kab lus no tau mob siab rau qhov tshwm sim thiab kev txhim kho ntawm hom riam phom hais, los ntawm foob pob hluav taws mus rau qhov chaw dav hlau.
Nws pib ua li cas
Raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm, rab phom tau tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th AD. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg tsis paub lus Suav tsis tuaj yeem muaj dab tsi zoo dua li siv nws los ua cov foob pob hluav taws. Thiab tam sim no, ob peb centuries tom qab ntawd, cov neeg European "pom zoo" tau tsim cov khoom siv phom phom muaj zog thiab tam sim ntawd pom kev siv zoo rau nws: phom, foob pob, thiab lwm yam. Zoo, cia peb tso cov lus no rau lub siab ntawm keeb kwm. Peb tsis nrog kojyog nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thaum ub, yog li nws tsis tsim nyog sib cav dab tsi. Thiab cov ntaub ntawv sau hais li cas txog thawj zaug siv missiles hauv tub rog?
Charter ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog (1607-1621) raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj
Qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv Russia thiab Europe cov tub rog muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tsim khoom, kev npaj, cia thiab siv cov teeb liab, incendiary thiab foob pob hluav taws foob pob hluav taws, qhia peb txog "Charter ntawm tub rog, cannon thiab lwm yam teeb meem uas cuam tshuam rau kev ua tub rog science." Nws yog tsim los ntawm 663 tsab xov xwm thiab tsab cai xaiv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tub rog txawv teb chaws. Ntawd yog, cov ntaub ntawv no tau lees paub tias muaj cov foob pob hluav taws hauv cov tub rog ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Russia, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg hais txog lawv txoj kev siv ncaj qha hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Thiab tseem, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias lawv tau siv, txij li lawv tau poob rau hauv tub rog txhais tes.
Au, txoj kev pos no…
Txawm tias tsis muaj kev nkag siab thiab ntshai ntawm txhua tus tub rog tshiab, cov tub rog Lavxias tseem tau los ua ib feem ntawm cov tub rog. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog ib tug niaj hnub pab tub rog tsis muaj missilemen. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev ntawm lawv txoj kev tsim yog nyuaj heev.
Tswj, teeb liab (illumination) foob pob hluav taws tau thawj zaug los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias hauv xyoo 1717. Yuav luag ib puas xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1814-1817, tub rog kws tshawb fawb A. I. Kartmazov nrhiav kev lees paub los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm rau cov tub rog siab-explosive thiab incendiary foob pob hluav taws (2-, 2, 5- thiab 3.6-nti) ntawm nws tus kheej tsim. Lawv muaj qhov dav dav ntawm 1.5-3 km. Lawv yeej tsis tau txais kev pab.
In 1815-1817 Lavxias artilleryman AD Zasyadko kuj invents zoo sib xwsnyob shells, thiab tub rog tub ceev xwm tsis cia lawv dhau los. Qhov kev sim tom ntej no tau ua rau xyoo 1823-1825. Tom qab mus los ntawm ntau lub chaw ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Tsov Rog, lub tswv yim tau pom zoo thaum kawg, thiab thawj lub foob pob hluav taws (2-, 2, 5-, 3- thiab 4-nti) tau nkag mus rau kev pabcuam nrog cov tub rog Lavxias. Davhlau dav yog 1-2.7 km.
Nkauj kho siab 19th century
Xyoo 1826, kev tsim khoom loj ntawm cov riam phom uas tau hais los pib. Rau lub hom phiaj no, thawj qhov chaw foob pob hluav taws tau tsim nyob rau hauv St. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis ntawm xyoo tom ntej, thawj lub tuam txhab foob pob hluav taws tau tsim (nws tau hloov npe lub roj teeb hauv xyoo 1831). Qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no tau npaj rau kev sib koom ua haujlwm nrog cov tub rog thiab tub rog. Nws yog los ntawm qhov xwm txheej no uas keeb kwm ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws ntawm peb lub teb chaws pib.
Kev Cai Raus Dej
Thawj thawj zaug, cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab foob pob hluav taws tau siv thaum Lub Yim Hli 1827 hauv Caucasus thaum muaj kev tsov rog Russia-Iranian (1826-1828). Twb tau ib xyoos tom qab ntawd, thaum tsov rog nrog Qaib Cov Txwv, lawv tau hais kom ua thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm lub fortress ntawm Varna. Yog li, hauv kev sib tw ntawm 1828, 1191 foob pob hluav taws raug rho tawm haujlwm, ntawm 380 yog incendiary thiab 811 high-explosive. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov tub rog foob pob hluav taws tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tub rog.
tub rog engineer K. A. Schilder
Tus txiv neej muaj txuj ci no xyoo 1834 tau tsim ib qho kev tsim uas coj cov foob pob hluav taws mus rau theem tshiab ntawm kev loj hlob. Nws cov cuab yeej tau npaj rau kev tso tawm hauv av ntawm foob pob hluav taws, nws muaj cov lus qhia inclined tubular. Txawm li cas los xij, Schilder tsis nres qhov ntawd. Lawv tsim foob pob hluav tawsTxhim khu kev ua kom tawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb siv hluav taws xob igniters los ignite cov khoom siv roj. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, 1834, Schilder tsim thiab txawm sim lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj foob pob ua ntxaij nqa ferry thiab submarine. Nws tau teeb tsa kev teeb tsa rau kev tua cov cuaj luaj los ntawm qhov chaw thiab hauv qab dej ntawm lub nkoj. Raws li koj tau pom, thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim thiab siv dav ntawm hom riam phom no.
Lieutenant General K. I. Konstantinov
In 1840-1860 Kev koom tes loj heev rau kev tsim cov foob pob hluav taws, nrog rau txoj kev xav ntawm lawv cov kev sib ntaus sib tua, tau ua los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab artillery tsev kawm ntawv, inventor thiab kws tshawb fawb K. I. Konstantinov. Nrog nws txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb, nws tau ua ib lub kiv puag ncig hauv kev tshawb fawb foob pob hluav taws, ua tsaug uas Lavxias teb sab thev naus laus zis coj qhov chaw nyob hauv ntiaj teb. Nws tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sim dynamics, scientific txoj kev los tsim hom riam phom no. Ntau cov khoom siv thiab cov cuab yeej siv los txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv ballistic tau tsim. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua tus tsim kho tshiab hauv kev tsim cov foob pob hluav taws, teeb tsa ntau lawm. Ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tsim riam phom.
Konstantinov tau tsim ntau lub foob pob hluav taws thiab lub foob pob hluav taws rau lawv. Yog li ntawd, qhov siab tshaj plaws ya davhlau yog 5.3 km. Launchers tau ua kom yooj yim dua, yooj yim thiab zoo meej, lawv muab qhov tseeb thiab qhov hluav taws kub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj tsam roob. Nyob rau hauv 1856, raws li qhov project ntawm Konstantinov, lub foob pob ua ntxaij cog tau tsim nyob rau hauv Nikolaev..
Moorua nws txoj haujlwm
Nyob rau xyoo pua 19th, cov tub rog foob pob hluav taws thiab cov phom loj tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj hauv lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev faib tawm. Yog li, kev sib ntaus sib tua missile tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam hauv txhua cheeb tsam tub rog. Tsis muaj ib lub nkoj tub rog thiab naval lub hauv paus uas tsis siv cov tub rog missile. Lawv tau koom ncaj qha rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab thaum lub sij hawm siege thiab tua ntawm fortresses, thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, foob pob ua ntxaij armament pib muaj ntau yam tsis zoo rau cov phom loj loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab cov tsos ntawm cov phom ntev ntev. phom. Thiab ces tuaj txog 1890. Nws yog qhov kawg rau lub foob pob hluav taws: hom riam phom no raug txiav tawm hauv txhua lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Jet Propulsion: Zoo li Phoenix noog…
Txawm hais tias tsis kam pab tub rog los ntawm cov tub rog missile, cov kws tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv lawv txoj haujlwm ntawm hom riam phom no. Yog li, M. M. Pomortsev tau npaj cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab rau kev nce lub dav hlau dav hlau, nrog rau kev tua raug. I. V. Volovsky tau tsim cov foob pob hluav taws ntawm ib hom rotating, ntau lub dav hlau dav hlau thiab hauv av launchers. N. V. Gerasimov tsim kev sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv dav hlau cov khoom siv roj analogues.
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem zoo li no yog qhov tsis muaj qhov theoretical. Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem no, ib pawg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau ua haujlwm titanic thiab ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau txoj kev xav ntawm dav hlau propulsion. Txawm li cas los xij, K. E. Tsiolkovsky tau los ua tus tsim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke txoj kev xav ntawm foob pob hluav taws thiab astronautics. Tus kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws no los ntawm 1883 txog rau hnub kawg ntawm nws lub neej tau ua haujlwm daws teeb meemnyob rau hauv foob pob hluav taws science thiab lub davhlau ya nyob twg. Nws daws tau cov lus nug tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm dav hlau propulsion.
Txoj haujlwm tsis muaj tus kheej ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias tau muab lub zog tshiab rau kev txhim kho hom riam phom no, thiab yog li ntawd, lub neej tshiab rau hom tub rog no. Txawm tias niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, lub foob pob hluav taws thiab chaw tub rog tau txuam nrog cov npe ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb - Tsiolkovsky thiab Korolev.
Soviet Russia
Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, kev ua haujlwm ntawm foob pob hluav taws tsis tau tso tseg, thiab xyoo 1933 Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tshawb Fawb Dav Hlau tau tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nyob rau hauv nws, Soviet kws tshawb fawb tau tsim ballistic thiab sim cruise missiles thiab foob pob ua ntxaij gliders. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov foob pob hluav taws thiab cov foob pob hluav taws tau zoo heev rau lawv tau tsim. Qhov no kuj suav nrog BM-13 Katyusha sib ntaus sib tua tsheb, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lus dab neeg. Ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tau ua nyob rau ntawm RNII. Ib txheej ntawm cov haujlwm rau chav nyob, cov khoom siv thiab cov tshuab tau npaj tseg, uas tom qab tau txais daim ntawv thov hauv foob pob hluav taws thev naus laus zis.
Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj
Katyusha tau dhau los ua lub ntiaj teb thawj zaug ntau lub foob pob hluav taws tso tawm. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev tsim lub tshuab no tau pab txhawb rau kev rov ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb missile. Thaum pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, BM-13 tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam. Qhov xwm txheej nyuaj uas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1941 yuav tsum muaj kev qhia sai sai ntawm cov riam phom tshiab. Kev txhim kho kev lag luam tau ua tiav nyob rau lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws. Thiab twb nyob rau lub yim hli ntuj, 214 factories tau koom nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov hom riam phom. Raws li peb tau haissaum toj no, cov tub rog foob pob hluav taws tau rov tsim ua ib feem ntawm Pawg Tub Rog, txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog lawv raug hu ua cov tub ceev xwm mortar units, thiab tom qab los txog rau hnub no - foob pob hluav taws artillery.
Sib ntaus sib tua tsheb BM-13 "Katyusha"
Thawj HMCs tau muab faib ua roj teeb thiab faib. Yog li, thawj lub foob pob hluav taws roj teeb, uas muaj 7 qhov kev sim thiab qee lub plhaub me me, tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Tus Thawj Tub Rog Flerov hauv peb hnub thiab raug xa mus rau Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Lub Xya Hli 2. Thiab twb nyob rau lub Xya hli ntuj 14, lub Katyushas tau tua lawv thawj kev sib ntaus sib tua salvo ntawm lub Orsha railway chaw nres tsheb (lub tsheb sib ntaus sib tua BM-13 yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab).
Lub foob pob hluav taws hauv lawv qhov kev tshwm sim tau xa tawm hluav taws muaj zog nrog 112 lub plhaub ib txhij. Yog li ntawd, lub teeb ci ntsa iab dhau ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb: mos txwv tau tawg, tsheb ciav hlau tau hlawv. Lub foob pob hluav taws kub hnyiab tau rhuav tshem ob tus yeeb ncuab lub zog thiab cov cuab yeej ua tub rog. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov riam phom missile tau tshaj txhua qhov kev cia siab. Thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, muaj kev vam meej hauv kev txhim kho dav hlau thev naus laus zis, uas ua rau muaj kev sib kis loj ntawm HMC. Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, cov tub rog missile muaj 40 pawg, 115 tub rog, 40 cais tub rog thiab 7 pawg - tag nrho ntawm 519 pawg.
Yog koj xav tau kev thaj yeeb, npaj ua tsov rog
Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, foob pob ua ntxaij artillery txuas ntxiv txhim kho - qhov ntau, qhov tseeb ntawm qhov hluav taws kub thiab lub zog ntawm kev ntaus pob tau nce. Lub Soviet tub rog complex tsim tag nrho tiam ntawm 40-thooj 122-mm MLRS "Grad" thiab "Prima", 16-thooj 220-mm MLRS "Uragan", muabntaus lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov deb ntawm 35 km. Nyob rau hauv 1987, 12-barreled 300-millimeter ntev-ntau MLRS "Smerch" tau tsim, uas rau niaj hnub no tsis muaj analogues nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Qhov ntau ntawm kev ntaus lub hom phiaj hauv qhov kev teeb tsa no yog 70 km. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tub rog hauv av tau txais kev ua haujlwm-tactical, tactical thiab anti-tank systems.
riam phom tshiab
Nyob rau xyoo 50s ntawm lub xyoo dhau los, cov foob pob hluav taws tau muab faib ua ntau hom lus. Tab sis foob pob hluav taws artillery tau khaws nws txoj haujlwm rau hnub no. Cov hom tshiab tau tsim - cov no yog cov tub rog tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab cov tub rog tawm tsam. Cov chav no tau ruaj khov rau hauv av, hauv hiav txwv, hauv qab dej thiab hauv huab cua. Yog li, lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv dav hlau tau sawv cev hauv kev tiv thaiv huab cua raws li ib feem ntawm kev pabcuam, tab sis cov koom haum zoo sib xws muaj nyob hauv navy. Nrog rau kev tsim riam phom nuclear, cov lus nug tseem ceeb tshwm sim: yuav ua li cas xa tus nqi mus rau nws qhov chaw? Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, ib qho kev xaiv tau xaiv nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm cov cuaj luaj, vim li ntawd, lub tswv yim missile rog tshwm sim.
theem ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm Lub Zog Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob
- 1959-1965 - kev tsim, xa tawm, tso rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm intercontinental ballistic missiles uas muaj peev xwm los daws cov dej num ntawm lub tswv yim zoo hauv ntau thaj chaw tub rog-geographical. Xyoo 1962, Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog Lub Zog tau koom nrog hauv kev ua tub rog Anadyr, vim tias qhov nruab nrab-ntau cov cuaj luaj tau zais cia hauv tebchaws Cuba.
- 1965-1973 - Kev xa tawm ntawm ICBMs ntawm qhov thib obtiam. Kev hloov pauv ntawm Lub Hom Phiaj Missile rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm nuclear rog ntawm USSR.
- 1973-1985 - equipping the Strategic Missile Forces nrog rau thib peb-tiam missiles nrog ntau warheads nrog ib tug neeg taw qhia units.
- 1985-1991 - kev tshem tawm cov cuaj luaj nruab nrab thiab kev ua tub rog ntawm RVNS nrog cov txheej txheem thib plaub.
- 1992-1995 - tshem tawm ICBMs los ntawm Ukraine, Belarus thiab Kazakhstan. Lavxias teb sab Strategic Missile Forces tau tsim.
- 1996-2000 - Kev taw qhia txog lub thib tsib tiam Topol-M missiles. Kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Tub Rog Chaw Tub Rog, Cov Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Chaw Rocket Defense Forces.
- 2001 - Lub Hom Phiaj Missile tau hloov pauv mus rau 2 ceg ntawm Pawg Tub Rog - Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Cov Hluav Taws Xob thiab Chaw Ua Haujlwm.
Zoo kawg
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho thiab tsim cov foob pob hluav taws yog qhov sib txawv. Nws muaj nws qhov nce thiab nqis, thiab txawm tias qhov kev tshem tawm tag nrho ntawm "rocketeers" hauv cov tub rog ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Txawm li cas los xij, foob pob hluav taws, zoo li Phoenix noog, sawv ntawm cov tshauv thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II thiab tau ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov tub rog complex.
Thiab txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv 70 xyoo dhau los lub foob pob hluav taws tau dhau los ua kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv lub koom haum cov qauv, cov ntaub ntawv, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv kev sib ntaus sib tua, lawv yeej ib txwm tuav lub luag haujlwm uas tuaj yeem piav qhia hauv ob peb lo lus: los ua ib tug deterrent hais txog kev unleashing ntawm aggression tawm tsam peb lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv Russia, Kaum Ib Hlis 19 yog suav tias yog hnub tshaj lij ntawm cov tub rog foob pob hluav taws thiab phom loj. Hnub no tau pom zoo los ntawm Tsab Cai ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lavxias Federation No. 549 hnub tim 31 lub Tsib Hlis 2006. Lub cim ntawm Lavxias teb sab missile rog yog qhia nyob rau sab xis ntawm daim duab.
