Latin American Integration Association: lub tswv yim, cov ntaub ntawv, yam thiab cov txheej txheem

Cov txheej txheem:

Latin American Integration Association: lub tswv yim, cov ntaub ntawv, yam thiab cov txheej txheem
Latin American Integration Association: lub tswv yim, cov ntaub ntawv, yam thiab cov txheej txheem

Video: Latin American Integration Association: lub tswv yim, cov ntaub ntawv, yam thiab cov txheej txheem

Video: Latin American Integration Association: lub tswv yim, cov ntaub ntawv, yam thiab cov txheej txheem
Video: How we are Improving lives in Latin America and the Caribbean from the IDB? 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Lub koom haum Latin American Kev koom ua ke tau tsim los txhawb kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam. Lub koom haum yog tsom mus rau qhov tsis tu ncua thiab kev loj hlob ntawm Latin American lag luam. Cov txheej txheem pib thaum xyoo 1950s thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no. Koj tuaj yeem paub seb lub tebchaws twg yog cov tswvcuab ntawm Latin American Integration Association, nrog rau nws txoj haujlwm, lub hom phiaj thiab kev txhim kho los ntawm kev nyeem cov kab lus no.

Backstory

Txij li thaum muaj kev ywj pheej, cov tebchaws Latin America tau sim sib sau ua ke ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam. Kev sib koom ua ke yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tswj hwm txoj kev ywj pheej hauv cheeb tsam tshiab los ntawm Spain. Lub koom haum Latin American Integration Association (LAI) suav tias yog kev sib koom ua nom ua tswv ntawm Latin America yog ib txoj hauv kev tsim kom muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cheeb tsam. Nws tseem hu uatsim kom muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm cheeb tsam thoob ntiaj teb txoj cai lij choj thiab txo qis qhov tsis zoo ntawm Latin American lub teb chaws rau kev ua ntawm cov hwj chim loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog UK thiab Asmeskas.

Qhov chaw nyob ntawm daim ntawv qhia
Qhov chaw nyob ntawm daim ntawv qhia

keeb kwm keeb kwm

Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov Latin American Integration Association ua rau lub sij hawm ntawm Kev Nyuaj Siab Loj. Lub sijhawm ntawd, kev lag luam tau nyob ntawm kev xa tawm, uas tau pib poob vim qhov txo qis ntawm kev thov sab nraud. Tsuas yog tsoomfwv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev pab txawv teb chaws tiv thaiv tag nrho kev lag luam poob. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xav txog kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam txhawm rau tsim kev lag luam zoo rau lub tebchaws. Lub koom haum Latin American Integration Association tau pib los ntawm qhov kev xav tau no, uas tau pib ua tiav tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II (1941-1945) los ntawm kev ntseeg cov thawj coj ntawm kev xav tau kev hloov pauv ntawm lub tebchaws thiab cheeb tsam.

Latin American Summit
Latin American Summit

Ntse

Tsis zoo li Tebchaws Europe, qhov twg ib qho txheej txheem ntawm kev sib koom ua ke hauv cheeb tsam tau dhau los ntawm ntau lub nthwv dej ntawm kev nthuav dav, Latin America yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm plaub lub nthwv dej, thaum lub sijhawm kos npe ntawm kev cog lus pib lossis qhib ntau qhov sib cais, tab sis kev sib koom ua ke zoo sib xws. cov txheej txheem hauv 1950-1960, 1970-1980, 1990 thiab 2000-2010. Cov kev kawm feem ntau tau tsom mus rau kev hloov pauv ntawm txhua qhov kev sib koom ua ke hauv cheeb tsam hauv Central America, thaj tsam Andean thiab Caribbean thiab Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam Sab Qab Teb.

Lwm yam ntawm Latin American AssociationKev koom ua ke yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev txaus siab thiab cov tswv yim nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev txhawb nqa sab nraud thiab sab hauv hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm.

Chij ntawm Argentina
Chij ntawm Argentina

Prebisch Theory

Tom qab tshaj tawm xyoo 1949 ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Argentine tus kws tshaj lij nyiaj txiag thiab Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv ntawm ECLAC Raul Prebisch, Latin America tau muab "txoj kev qhia" rau nws txoj kev txhim kho. Qhov kev qhuab qhia no, hu ua "Kev Txhim Kho Kev Lag Luam ntawm Latin America thiab Nws Cov Teeb Meem Tseem Ceeb", tau tsim lub hauv paus rau txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib pauv tsis sib xws thiab ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv thaj av uas txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib piv tau ntev tau nrov. Prebisch txoj kev xav tau ua raws li kev soj ntsuam thiab kev ua haujlwm tshaj lij raws li CEO ntawm Central Bank of Argentina. Tom qab Kev Nyuaj Siab Loj, Argentine xa tawm cov nyiaj tau los tau nce siab. Industrialization tau dhau los ua qhov xav tau ceev ntawm lub tebchaws. Lub koom haum Latin American Integration Association yuav tsum yog qhov kev daws teeb meem no.

Rauul Prebisch
Rauul Prebisch

Start

Prebisch cov lus pom zoo tau luam tawm thaum xyoo 1950, thaum Tsov Rog Kauslim, thaum tus nqi rau cov khoom lag luam Latin American tau nce ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, lub pessimistic txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib pauv tsis sib xws tsis tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg Latin America cov nom tswv. Tsis ntev los no, Latin America cov nqe lus ntawm kev lag luam poob qis. Tsis tas li ntawd, Tebchaws Meskas tau tawm tsam qhov tsim ntawm Latin American Integration Association los ntawm qhov pib, sib cav tias nws duplicates cov haujlwm ntawm Inter-American Economic thiab Social Council. Cov no tsis zooCov xwm txheej thawj zaug tsis tiv thaiv kev qhib lub chaw haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam hauv Mexico City xyoo 1951 thiab kev tos txais hauv Central America.

Tawm mus rau Montevideo
Tawm mus rau Montevideo

Ntsib nthwv dej ntawm kev txhim kho

Kev lag luam Latin America tau loj hlob zoo txij li thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Kawg. Cov khoom siv raw ntawm cov tebchaws no (nqaij, qab zib, cocoa) tau xav tau ntau hauv kev lag luam hauv Tebchaws Europe. Qhov kev xav tau nyiaj txiag no tau koom nrog Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Mexico, Uruguay thiab Peru. Nyob rau hauv 1958, thawj multilateral Free Trade thiab Integration Treaty tau kos npe. Nws muaj cov npe luv heev ntawm cov khoom. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1960, Treaty of Montevidei tau kos npe los tsim lub Latin American Integration Association, cov hom phiaj thiab cov hom phiaj uas suav nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau lub teb chaws rau kev ua lag luam interregional thiab nthuav lawv lub teb chaws kev lag luam. Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia thiab Venezuela tau koom nrog lub koom haum ob peb xyoos tom qab. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev cog lus yog maj mam tshem tawm kev txwv kev lag luam ntawm cov teb chaws koom.

Chij ntawm Brazil
Chij ntawm Brazil

thib ob yoj

theem kev txhim kho no tau ntev thiab tsis muaj zog. Kev lag luam ntiag tug tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm qee theem ntawm kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem kev koom ua ke tau los rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Qhov no mus rau yuav luag ob xyoo lawm. Lub Koom Txoos Caribbean, tsim nyob rau hauv 1973, yog ib qho kev poob siab loj. Kev sib koom ua lag luam tau dhau los ua cov txheej txheem ntawm nthwv dej thib ob. Cov teb chaws suav nrogLub koom haum Latin American Integration Association, nyob rau hauv nthwv dej no, lawv tau sim ua kom tiav ob tog kev pom zoo. Cov neeg cog lus tau nrhiav los tsim cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qab no:

  • kev sib koom ua lag luam thiab kev lag luam;
  • txhim kho kev ntsuas uas yuav pab nthuav kev lag luam;
  • creation of the Common Latin American Market.
LAI lub hauv paus
LAI lub hauv paus

Third wave

Lub Rau Hli 1990, Asmeskas Thawj Tswj Hwm George W. Bush tau tsim lub "Enterprise for America" txoj kev pib. Nws hais txog kev lag luam dawb, kev nqis peev, thiab kev pab them nuj nqis. Qhov kev pib no tau tsim los pab cov tebchaws Latin America, raug kaw hauv kev ua raws li kev hloov kho neoliberal. Yuav kom tsim nyog rau cov nuj nqis txo cov nuj nqis, ib lub teb chaws yuav tsum tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus nrog International Monetary Fund thiab tau txais cov nyiaj qiv los ntawm World Bank. Kev sib tham nrog Latin American Integration Association pib thaum Lub Rau Hli 1991. Thawj daim ntawv cog lus pub dawb tau kos npe. Txhua lub tebchaws tshwj tsis yog Cuba, Haiti thiab Suriname tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus ua ntej rau kev sib tham dawb nrog Asmeskas. LAI tau nthuav tawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev pabcuam, kev ntsuas kev huv thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam kev txawj ntse. Kev yuav khoom pej xeem thiab kev nqis peev tau raug tsim.

Chij ntawm Venezuela
Chij ntawm Venezuela

Plaub yoj

Lub sijhawm neoliberal tau xaus tom qab kev kub ntxhov nyob rau xyoo 1990s. Social activists thiab nom tswv sab laugcov tog neeg thoob plaws sab av loj tau thuam Washington Consensus thiab tsim lwm txoj hauv kev. Wave 1 thiab 3 tau ua raws li kev hloov pauv uas tsis muaj qhov tsis lees paub. Qhov thib plaub yog raws li kev pom zoo ntawm kev sib nrig sib. Muaj ntau theem kev tswj hwm hauv cheeb tsam tau tsim. Xyoo 1999, thawj lub rooj sib tham European-Latin American tau tuav hauv Rio. Cov European Union tau txhawb nqa cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm ALA. Xyoo 2000-2010, Latin American Integration Association ventured mus rau thaj chaw tshiab. Lub yoj plaub tsis yog tsuas yog kev lag luam tsom zoo li qhov thib peb, thiab tsis yog tus tiv thaiv zoo li thawj. Los ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov txheej txheem qub, nws tau coj qee qhov kev tsim kho tshiab yam tsis muaj lub zog neoliberal. Lub nthwv dej thib plaub tau tsav los ntawm Brazil thiab Venezuela, nrog rau lwm yam lag luam poob qab nrog lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua tsis hloov pauv los ntawm nthwv dej yav dhau los. Txoj kev vam meej tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam kev koom ua ke hauv ntau xyoo lawm tau pib.

Press conference LAI
Press conference LAI

Hnub no

cov tswv cuab tam sim no ntawm ALA yog Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Panama, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, Peru, Ecuador thiab Chile. Nicaragua tab tom koom nrog. Ib lub xeev Latin America tuaj yeem thov kev nkag mus. Pab pawg LAI ntawm 13 tus tswv cuab npog thaj tsam ntawm 20,000 km2. Qhov no yog yuav luag tsib zaug loj dua thaj tsam ntawm 28 lub teb chaws uas tsim los ntawm European Union. Lub koom haum Latin American Integration Association yog lub hauv paus hauv Montevideo, Uruguay.

Chij ntawm Ecuador
Chij ntawm Ecuador

Lub ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus dav dav

Txoj kev txhim kho ntawm cov txheej txheem kev koom ua ke tsim nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ALI yog tsom rau kev txhawb nqa kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam. Lub hom phiaj mus sij hawm ntev ntawm Latin American Integration Association yog qhov kev sib tw ua ntu zus thiab nce zuj zus ntawm Kev Lag Luam Latin American Market. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb:

  • kev cai thiab kev txhawb nqa ntawm kev sib koom ua lag luam;
  • kev koom tes kev lag luam;
  • txhim kho kev lag luam thiab nthuav kev lag luam.
Chij ntawm Mexico
Chij ntawm Mexico

cov ntsiab cai dav dav:

  • pluralism hauv kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag;
  • kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev lag luam ntiag tug nrog kev lag luam Latin American;
  • flexibility;
  • kev kho mob sib txawv raws li qib kev txhim kho ntawm cov teb chaws koom;
  • ntau hom kev cog lus ua lag luam.

Mechanisms of organization

Lub koom haum Latin American Kev sib koom ua ke txhawb nqa kev tsim thaj chaw nyiam kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam los ntawm peb lub tswv yim:

  • Cov tariffs hauv cheeb tsam siv rau cov khoom lag luam los ntawm cov teb chaws koom sib piv nrog cov nqi tariffs siv rau peb lub ntiaj teb no.
  • Daim ntawv cog lus hauv cheeb tsam uas txhua lub tebchaws koom nrog.
  • Daim ntawv cog lus pov hwm ib feem uas muaj ob lossis ntau lub Xeev ntawm cheeb tsam.
LAI Congress in Chile
LAI Congress in Chile

Txoj kev lag luam tsawg dua thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo hauv xeev hauv cheeb tsam (Paraguay, Bolivia,Ecuador) qhov kev nyiam tshaj plaws tuaj yeem siv tau, uas muaj cov kev pab cuam tshwj xeeb: kev nqis peev, kev ncig ua lag luam, kev pab cuam, nyiaj txiag). Cov nyiaj them rov qab kuj tseem siv tau rau cov tebchaws sab hauv. ALA muaj cov kev cai lij choj uas muaj zog tshaj plaws, cov ntawv cog lus hauv cheeb tsam hauv cheeb tsam ntawm ntau yam thiab ob tog. Lawv tus lej nyob rau sab av loj tau loj hlob tas li. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Latin American Integration Association tab tom tsim kev ntsuas los txhawb thiab txhawb kev siv zog maj mam tsim ib qho chaw lag luam, thaum ua raws li kev cai lij choj thiab lub koom haum.

Pom zoo: