Lub Ib Hlis 31, 2019 yog hnub tseem ceeb ntawm 522 xyoo yug ntawm Philipp Melanchthon, ib tug neeg nto moo, kev ntseeg, tus kws qhia ntawv thiab tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb hauv Protestant Reformation hauv Tebchaws Yelemees. Ntau xyoo tom qab ntawd, cov kws paub txog kev hloov kho tshiab yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke: nws yeej tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tsis muaj nws. Hauv 2018, thaum Lub Yim Hli 28, 500th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws qhov kev hais lus pib pib ntawm University of Wittenberg tau ua kev zoo siab. Nws yog Martin Luther tus phooj ywg zoo tshaj plaws thiab nws txoj kev txawj ntse nyiam tus khub.
Biography Facts
Philipp Melanchthon (Philipp Schwartzerd), tus tub ntawm Georg Schwarzerd thiab Barbara Reiter, yug hauv Bretten, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thaum Lub Ob Hlis 15, 1497. Tom qab nws txiv tuag rau xyoo 1508, nws tus kwv tij Johannes Reuchlin tau ua tus saib xyuas Philip txoj kev kawm. Nws tus tij laug, ib tug neeg German nto moo, tau txhawb nws txoj kev hlub rau cov ntawv Latin thiab classical.
Melanchthon yog ib tug me nyuam muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj nws xyoo ntawdtso cai rau nws nkag mus hauv University of Heidelberg thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum ob. Nyob rau hauv 1511 nws tau txais bachelor's degree, thiab nyob rau hauv 1512 nws tau thov rau ib tug master's degree. Tab sis nws raug tsis lees paub vim yog cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm tus neeg thov. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob nkim sijhawm, thiab nqhis dej rau kev paub, Philipp Melanchthon nkag mus rau University of Tübingen, qhov chaw nws kawm tshuaj, kev cai lij choj thiab lej.
Phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv ntawm Melanchthon
Tom qab kawm tiav University of Tübingen, tus tub hluas tau txais kev kawm tiav qib siab hauv kev ua yeeb yam, thiab xyoo 1514 pib qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv no rau cov pib tshiab. Nws yog tseeb tias Filis paub cov lus Greek, thiab nws txawm hloov nws lub npe German "Schwarzderdt" ("dub ntiaj teb") rau Greek sib npaug: Melanchthon.
Thaum nws muaj hnub nyoog 21 xyoos, nws twb tau luam tawm ntau yam haujlwm, suav nrog phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov lus Greek (1518), tau sau phau ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus xws li rhetoric, ethics, physics thiab astrology. Cov hauj lwm ntawm F. Melanchthon tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm Desiderius Erasmus - philosopher, kws sau ntawv, tus tshaj tawm. Nws txoj haujlwm ua tus tswj hwm kev kawm pub rau nws ua lub tsev kawm ntawv loj thiab kev hloov kho hauv tsev kawm qib siab hauv Saxony, uas tau dhau los ua qauv rau lwm lub tebchaws.
Ntawm Martin Luther
Ua tsaug rau qhov kev pom zoo ntawm nws tus npawg Reuchlin, xyoo 1518 Philip tau raug caw mus rau University of Wittenberg ua ib tug xibfwb ntawm Greek. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tus txiv ntxawm pom zoo Philip rau Martin Luther. Txawm tias muaj 14 xyoo sib txawv hauvHnub nyoog, impulsiveness thiab kev xav ntawm Martin, kev phooj ywg pib ntawm lawv. Raws li nws lub hwj chim, Filis pib xav txog kev ntseeg. Xyoo 1519, Melanchthon tau nrog Luther mus rau Leipzig Kev Sib Tham, thiab tau txais bachelor's degree hauv kev ntseeg los ntawm Wittenberg hauv tib lub xyoo.
Phenomenal organization
Melanchthon lub zog zoo li ua tsis tiav. Nws kuj tau koom nrog heev. Filis pib nws hnub thaum 2:00 sawv ntxov, thaum 6:00 nws qhia rau 600 tus tub kawm ntawv. Nws cov kev kawm theological tau koom nrog 1,500 tus tub ntxhais kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm tag nrho nws cov chav kawm, kev qhuab qhia thiab cov chav kawm, Philip nrhiav sijhawm rau nws lub neej. Hauv Wittenberg, nws tau ntsib tus ntxhais ntawm tus kav nroog, Katherine Krapp. Xyoo 1520 lawv tau sib yuav. Plaub tus menyuam yug hauv nws txoj kev sib yuav - Anna, Philip, George thiab Magdalene.
Txoj kev xav rau cov teeb meem kev ntseeg
Melanchthon tawv ncauj tsis kam lub npe ntawm tus kws kho mob ntawm Divinity. Thiab nws yeej tsis lees txais txoj cai. Nws txoj kev ntshaw yog nyob twj ywm rau tib neeg, thiab tas li ntawm nws lub neej nws tau txuas ntxiv nws txoj haujlwm ntawm cov classics ntawm kev ntseeg. F. Melanchthon tau sau thawj phau ntawv qhia txog "txoj moo zoo" cov lus qhuab qhia hauv 1521. Nws cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem kev cai dab qhuas, kev txhaum thiab kev tshav ntuj, kev cai lij choj thiab txoj moo zoo, kev ncaj ncees thiab kev tsim dua tshiab.
Raws li Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, Melanchthon tau sib cav tias kev txhaum yog ib yam dab tsi ntau dua li kev ua sab nraud. Nws hla lub siab mus rau hauv tib neeg lub siab nyiam thiab kev xav, yog li tus neeg tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ua qhov zoo thiabkhwv tau koob hmoov rau ntawm Vajtswv. Melanchthon tau hais txog qhov kev txhaum thawj zaug uas yog qhov kev xav hauv nruab nrab thiab kev saib xyuas tus kheej tsis txaus ntseeg uas ua rau txhua tus neeg ua txhaum. Tiamsis Vajtswv txoj kev tshav ntuj pab kom neeg zam txim rau neeg, vim tib neeg tej kev txhaum, txawm yog tsis zoo tag nrho los yeej muaj kev xyiv fab thiab kev ris txiaj rau Vajtswv txoj kev hlub tshua.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm "Qhov Chaw Zoo Tshaj Plaws ntawm Kev Ntseeg", "Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Tus Kws Tshaj Lij" thiab "Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Rhetoric", Philip Melanchthon tau sau xyoo 1529-1432. Hauv lawv, nws txhim kho lub tswv yim ntawm Lutheran tshaj tawm.
German Bible
Nyob rau xyoo 1522, Melanchthon pab Luther ua tiav phau Vajluskub tshiab ua lus German. Nws tus phooj ywg Martin ntseeg tias phau Vajlugkub yuav tsum nyob hauv cov tsev ntawm cov tib neeg. Lub simplicity, immediacy, thiab insisence ntawm Luther tus cwj pwm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov txhais lus, raws li nyob rau hauv txhua yam nws sau. Phau Vajlugkub txhais tau li 6 ntu hauv xyoo 1534. Melanchthon, Luther, thiab Johannes Bugenhagen, Kaspar Kreuziger thiab Matthäus Aurogallus ua haujlwm ntawm qhov project luam tawm.
Ua haujlwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nws hais txog ntau yam. Ib xyoos tom qab, Philipp Melanchthon, ua tus tsav tsheb tom qab kev hloov kho hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, tau raug tsa los ua tus saib xyuas ntawm Lutherstadt Wittenberg University. Nws qhuab qhia txog keeb kwm ntiaj teb thiab ua haujlwm ntawm kev txhais cov ntawv hauv phau Vajlugkub, tshaj tawm cov haujlwm ntawm anthropology thiab physics. Melanchthon nrhiav nws txoj kev npau suav - kev txhim kho cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab. Thaum nws lub neej nws raug hu ua "tus xib fwb ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees", thiab Wittenberglub tsev kawm ntawv tau txais koob meej thoob ntiaj teb ua tsaug rau nws lub npe. Melanchthon tau tsim lub charter ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas tau hais txog kev cob qhia ntawm kev ntseeg thiab cov thawj coj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tshiab, nyeem ntawv, ua raws li kab lis kev cai qub.
Melanchthon yog tus kws tshaj lij kev kawm
Philip yog tus tawm tsam ntawm scholasticism, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm yog kev nrhiav tau ntawm kev xav thiab kev hais lus zoo. Cov ntaub ntawv kawm, raws li kev hloov kho, yuav tsum suav nrog cov kev tshawb fawb tseeb xws li lej, physics, metaphysics. Yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm yuav tsum yog Greco-Roman cov ntaub ntawv. Philip Melanchthon ntseeg hais tias cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum sau cov ntawv kom raug, ua cov ntawv txhais lus, muaj peev xwm hais lus thiab sib tham, thiab tawm tswv yim siv cov ntaub ntawv qub los ua cov ntaub ntawv qhia.
Kev siv zog ntau dhau los ua kom cov tswv yim hloov kho kom muaj tseeb. Melanchthon muaj cov tub ntxhais kawm thoob plaws lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab ntau lub tsev kawm qib siab German tau hloov kho raws li Protestant.
Augsburg Confession
Ntawm Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv ntawm Augsburg xyoo 1530, Melanchthon yog tus thawj coj hais lus rau Kev Hloov Kho, thiab nws yog tus uas tsim "Augsburg Confession" uas cuam tshuam lwm cov lus ntawm kev ntseeg siab hauv Protestantism. Ntawm 28 kab lus ntawm Lutheran txoj kev ntseeg, thawj 21 tau lees paub lub hauv paus ntawm Lutheranism, thaum lub xeem xya taw qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm Lutheranism thiab Roman Catholic Church. Hauv nws "Augsburg Confession" - ib qho haujlwm zoo, Philipp Melanchthon nrhiav kev ua siab ncaj rau Catholics.
Yog koj saib lub luag haujlwmtus txiv neej no thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm lub sijhawm muaj kev ntxhov siab, nws tsis tau npaj los ua tus thawj coj. Lub neej nws xav tau yog qhov nyob ntsiag to ntawm ib tus kws tshawb fawb. Nws ib txwm nyob ib leeg, ntshai thiab nruab nrab. Muaj kev txawj ntse thiab kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, nrog rau lub siab pious thiab kev ntseeg kev ntseeg siab, nws yeej tsis poob nws txoj kev koom nrog lub Koom Txoos Catholic thiab rau ntau yam kev ua koob tsheej. Vim li ntawd nws thiaj nrhiav kev thaj yeeb kom ntev li ntev tau.
Melanchthon tau txais lub koob npe nrov raws li kev hloov kho kev ntseeg, uas ua rau nws ua rau nws txoj haujlwm kev kawm tau zoo.
Apologizing for "Confession"
Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob lub siab ntawm Luther thiab Melanchthon uas ua rau Lutheran hloov kho yog qhov txaus siab los tshawb nrhiav vim lawv tsis sib xws. “Tus Thwj Tim ntawm Cov Neeg Txom Nyem thiab Yooj Yim” vs. “Tus Thwj Tim ntawm Kev Kawm Siab”; ib tug neeg taug kev mus rau nws tus Vajtswv hla huab ntawm dab thiab kev ntxias, tawm tsam ib tug thwj tim ntawm qhov tseeb; lus qhuab ntuas cov neeg peasant piv rau kev coj ncaj ncees…
Kev phooj ywg ntawm cov neeg sib txawv li cas, nrog kev xav sib txawv ntawm kev ntseeg, so? Luther tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam Catholic thiab Zwinglianism, thiab nws tus phooj ywg Philip yeej ib txwm npaj rau kev sib tham, nrhiav kev sib npaug ntawm kev sib koom siab ntawm lub Koom Txoos…
Ib daim ntawv tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lutheranism yog Melanchthon qhov kev thov txim rau "Augsburg Confession" (1531). Nws raug liam tias txaus siab rau kev cuam tshuam nrog lub Koom Txoos Catholic. Txawm li cas los xij, Melanchthon tau thov kom paubhais txog yuav ua li cas cov neeg rau txim rau nws lub moderation, tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem mloog cov suab nrov ntawm ntau tus neeg. Peb yuav tsum ua haujlwm rau lub ntiaj teb thiab yav tom ntej. Yuav tau koob hmoov zoo rau sawv daws yog kev sib koom siab.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntseeg
Tom qab Martin Luther tuag, Philip tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hauv tebchaws Yelemes thiab Evangelical Church hauv Saxony. Tab sis, txawm ntau npaum li cas nws xav kom rov sib haum xeeb lub Koom Txoos Catholic nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov radical tis ntawm Reformation, kev thuam thuam los ntawm ob sab, thiab tsis nres mus txog thaum nws tuag.
Melanchthon ua tiav lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm Lutherans, ua kev sib tham nrog lub Koom Txoos Catholic, nkag mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox. Nws xa cov ntawv ntawm "Augsburg Confession" txhais los ntawm nws ua lus Greek rau Patriarch of Constantinople, yog li nws ntseeg tias nws yuav pib sib tham ntawm Lutheran thiab Orthodox theologians.
Lub Koom Txoos Roman Catholic pom Kev Hloov Kho raws li kev hem thawj rau nws tus kheej lub hwj chim thiab tsim, raws li lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus nws, Inquisition. Lub counter-reformation yog coj los ntawm Jesuit xaj. Philipp Melanchthon nyob rau tib lub sijhawm (1845-1548) tab tom npaj cov ntawv ntawm Augsburg thiab Leipig ib ntus - lub tsev teev ntuj ib ntus, rau kev sib tham ntawm Protestants nrog Catholics. Xyoo 1557 nws koom nrog Kev Sib Tham Thib Ob ntawm Worms thiab Heidelberg (ntawm kev hloov kho lub tsev kawm ntawv).
Philip tus poj niam tuag thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1557. Tsis ntevFilis nyob tom qab nws tuag. Lub plawv ntawm tus neeg hloov pauv loj tau nres thaum lub Plaub Hlis 19, 1560. Melanchthon tau faus rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais tsev fuabtais ntawm Wittenberg, nyob ib sab ntawm lub ntxa ntawm nws tus phooj ywg Martin Luther.
