Philosophical letters of P. Ya. Chaadaev: lifetime publication

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Philosophical letters of P. Ya. Chaadaev: lifetime publication
Philosophical letters of P. Ya. Chaadaev: lifetime publication

Video: Philosophical letters of P. Ya. Chaadaev: lifetime publication

Video: Philosophical letters of P. Ya. Chaadaev: lifetime publication
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Lub ntsiab lus ntawm peb tsab xov xwm yuav yog lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib tus neeg xav zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia. Ib tug txiv neej uas dhau los ua poj koob yawm txwv ntawm ib hom kev hloov pauv hauv kev nco qab ntawm tib neeg, hauv kev nrhiav sab ntsuj plig ntawm Lavxias teb sab intelligentsia, nkag siab tias Russia yog dab tsi hauv ntiaj teb thiab nws qhov chaw yog dab tsi. Ib tug neeg uas nyob rau lub sijhawm yuav pom cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Hnub no peb yuav tham txog P. Ya. Chaadaev thiab nws cov ntawv philosophical.

Daim duab ntawm Chaadaev yog qhov tshwj xeeb tiag tiag. Nws yog thawj ntawm cov philosophers uas xav txog dab tsi Russia thiab lub teb chaws tus kheej-consciousness. Hais txog Chaadaev cov ntawv philosophical, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis nco qab qhov tseeb ntawm nws phau ntawv keeb kwm.

P. Ya. Chaadaev
P. Ya. Chaadaev

Biography of P. Ya. Chaadaev

Pyotr Yakovlevich yug hauv tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe. Nws tau txais kev kawm zoo heev. Tom qab kawm tiav ntawm Moscow University, nws nkag mus rau Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment. Nyob rau hauv 1817, Chaadaev - adjutant commandertub ceev xwm. Hauv lwm lo lus, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 23 xyoos, lub sijhawm zoo kawg tau qhib ua ntej nws. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txoj hmoo ntawm yav tom ntej tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo tau ua si los ntawm Decembrist uprising. Raws nraim 5 xyoo ua ntej qhov kev tshwm sim no, Chaadaev, nyob rau hauv lub ncov ntawm nws cov hauj lwm, npaj txhij txog resigns rau txhua leej txhua tus. Xyoo 1821 nws yuav koom nrog Decembrists, thiab tom qab 2 xyoos nws yuav tawm hauv Russia.

Cov ntawv philosophical
Cov ntawv philosophical

Hmoob

Thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam, Chaadaev tsis nyob hauv lub tebchaws, thiab tom qab ntawd nws yuav qhia txog qhov tsis nkag siab txog cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 14, 1825. Nws paub tseeb tias qhov kev ua ntawm Decembrists yeej tsis ncaj ncees. Thaum kawg, nws yuav rov qab mus rau Russia thiab poob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tub ceev xwm. Kev phooj ywg nrog cov Decembrists yuav tsis mus unnoticed thiab yuav yuam Nicholas kuv ua raws li cov duab ntawm Chaadaev. Thiab tom qab ntawd yuav muaj kev tawg. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1836, "Txoj Cai Lij Choj" yuav raug luam tawm hauv Telescope magazine.

Tus sau yuav tsis tso npe rau nws tus kheej, tab sis tag nrho cov neeg kawm ntawv yuav paub tias qhov no yog txoj haujlwm ntawm Chaadaev, vim tias cov ntawv philosophical uas nws yuav sau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm 29 txog 31 yuav "mus ntawm tes mus rau tes" ntawm cov seem ntawm Russia intelligentsia. Tsab ntawv no yuav muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub foob pob tawg, vim tias nws cov ntsiab lus yog qhov xav tsis thoob rau Nikolaev Russia. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev coj ua no yuav yog tias phau ntawv xov xwm yuav raug kaw tam sim ntawd, thiab tus sau tsab ntawv yuav raug tshaj tawm tias vwm los ntawm kev txiav txim siab tshaj plaws ntawm Nicholas I.

Decembrist revolt
Decembrist revolt

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Chaadaev cov ntawv

Dab tsi txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv thawj philosophic altsab ntawv? Chaadaev pib nws lub laj thawj nrog ib lo lus nug uas nws nug nws tus kheej: "Cov lus nug tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej yog dab tsi, nws lub ntsiab lus yog dab tsi thiab nws lub ntsiab lus yog dab tsi?" Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia ntawm no tias Chaadaev yog ib tug ntseeg tiag tiag, ib tug neeg xav txog kev ntseeg tob heev uas ntseeg tias sab nraud ntawm Vajtswv, sab nraud ntawm kev ntseeg, kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm cov txiv neej lossis Russia tsis tuaj yeem ua tau. Lub tswv yim no yuav khiav zoo li xov liab los ntawm txhua yam ntawm Chaadaev txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv philosophical, nws, teb nws tus kheej cov lus nug, tham txog dab tsi tib neeg lub siab yuav tsum mloog. Qhov no, thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, kev xav paradoxical, raws li kev soj ntsuam ze, zoo li muaj laj thawj thiab ntuj.

"Qhov ntau lub siab muaj peev xwm ua tau rau nws tus kheej, nws yuav muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua," tus kws xav sau. Nws yog hais txog lub tswv yim ntawm subordination uas tus philosopher cam. Tib neeg ua raws li txoj cai, lub hwj chim siab dua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Chaadaev tsis txhais tau tias tsis lees paub kev ywj pheej, tab sis tsom mus rau lwm yam. Nws hais tias kom sai li sai tau peb nkag siab thiab lees paub kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yog ib qho mob rau kev txhim kho ntxiv, qhov zoo dua. Cov kauj ruam siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua kom zoo tag nrho, raws li Chaadaev, yog qhov tseeb ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus kheej, ib tus neeg lub siab mus rau lub xeev ntawm kev tsis txaus siab ntawm tus kheej ntawm kev ywj pheej.

Chaadaev ntawv
Chaadaev ntawv

Nkauj ntseeg lub siab

Chadaev ntseeg tias qhov xwm txheej zoo li no tau hais hauv qab no: txhua tus tib neeg ua, txhua qhov kev ua thiab kev xav tau raug txiav txim lossis tshwm sim los ntawm tib lub ntsiab cai uas ua rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb txav mus. Raws li tus sau ntawm philosophical tsab ntawv, ntau tus neeg tswj thiab subjugates nws tus kheej, nws zoo meej dua.ua. Nws yog tswj coj mus rau nws lub xeev ntuj. Nov yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws sau ntawv.

Nws txhawb nws nrog cov piv txwv hauv qab no: yog tias ib tug neeg puas tau tswj hwm lub xeev ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm nws lub siab rau nws tus kheej, ces tib neeg tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej zoo li Adas ib zaug coj. Thaum Adas ua txhua yam ua rau muaj kev sib koom siab ntawm tib neeg lub siab thiab tus ntsuj plig ntawm Vajtswv. "Kev rov qab mus rau lub neej zoo li no yog lub hom phiaj siab tshaj," Chaadaev ntseeg. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm Chaadaev cov ntawv philosophical.

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