Lydia Chukovskaya: biography, tsev neeg, tus kheej lub neej, sau xov xwm

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:07

Chukovskaya Lydia Korneevna - tus ntxhais ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Korney Chukovsky, editor, sau ntawv, tshaj tawm, kws sau paj huam, thuam, memoirist, dissident. Nws yog ib tug laureate ntawm thoob ntiaj teb thiab Lavxias teb sab khoom plig. Nws cov phau ntawv raug txwv nyob rau hauv USSR tau ntau xyoo, thiab lub npe ntawm Lydia Chukovskaya sawv ntawm ib sab ntawm cov npe ntawm Solzhenitsyn thiab Brodsky.

Lidia Chukovskaya (Lidiya Nikolaevna Korneichukova) yug rau lub Peb Hlis 24, 1907 hauv St. Petersburg hauv tsev neeg ntawm Korney Chukovsky (Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneichukova) thiab Maria Borisovna Goldfeld. Muaj plaub tug me nyuam.

Nyob hauv kev loj hlob ntawm tus ntxhais, qhov chaw ntawm kev muaj tswv yim uas puv lub tsev ntawm nws niam nws txiv tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj. Lawv tau sau cov neeg zoo, ntawm lawv cov kab lis kev cai thiab kos duab. Cov no yog kuv txiv cov phooj ywg, ib tug yog I. Repin. Cov ntsiab lus hais txog lub sijhawm no tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntawv sau cia ntawm Lidia Chukovskaya "Nco txog Me Nyuam"

Txiv leej txiv hu tus ntxhais hlob "tus neeg yug hauv lub cev". Nws tuaj yeem nyeem Kashtanka ob peb zaug hauv ib hnub thiab npau suav ntawm lub ntiaj teb qhov twgtsis muaj neeg pluag thiab nplua nuj. Nws txiv hais rau nws zoo li ib tug neeg laus.

Korney Chukovsky thiab Lydia nyiam ua si yog nyeem phau ntawv rau lawv tus ntxhais. Thiab dhau sij hawm, tus ntxhais pib nyeem ntawv rau nws rau 3-4 teev ib hnub twg. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum tsib, Lydia tau kho nws txiv txoj kev txhais lus zoo kawg nkaus. Nws cov txuj ci kev sau ntawv, tau txais los ntawm nws txiv, tau pom meej meej hauv nws.

Chukovskaya kawm ntawm Tagantsev gymnasium, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv tsev kawm Tenishevsky. Cov chaw tsim khoom no tau suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo ntawd hauv Petrograd.

Youth

Tom qab kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, Lidia Korneevna txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev kawm ntawm Leningrad Institute of Arts, qhov twg hauv 1924-1925 nws muaj sijhawm los koom kev qhuab qhia los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb zoo li Y. Tynyanov, B. Eikhenbaum, V. Zhirmunsky. thiab ntau lwm tus. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau txais txoj haujlwm ua tus kws tshaj lij.

Nyob hauv nws txoj kev kawm, Lidia Chukovskaya raug ntes vim sau ntawv tawm tsam Soviet, uas, raws li nws, nws tsis muaj dab tsi ua, thiab raug ntiab tawm hauv 1926 mus rau Saratov rau peb xyoos. Nws txiv tau ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab pab nws rov qab los tsev tom qab 11 lub hlis. Tab sis twb nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, lub siab xav tawm tsam kev ncaj ncees tau ruaj khov hauv Lidia Chukovskaya.

pib ntawm kev sau ntawv

Hauv xyoo 1928, tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv philological ntawm Leningrad University, nws tau txais txoj haujlwm ua tus editor ntawm Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Tshaj Tawm hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm menyuam yaus cov ntaub ntawv. S. Ya. Marshak nws tus kheej yog lub taub hau ntawm Chukovskaya. Tus kws sau paj huam tau muab txhua yam kev pab rau nws thaum pib ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm. Lydia Korneevna ib txwm nco txog tus neeg no nrog kev ris txiaj thiab kev hwm, uas nws tau hais txog hauv nws phau ntawv"Nyob hauv tus editor's lab."

Lub sijhawm no, tus kws sau ntawv xav tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb. Lidia Chukovskaya cov phau ntawv, uas nws sau rau cov me nyuam, tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub pseudonym Aleksey Uglov.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, tsim lub sijhawm no, yog zaj dab neeg "Sofya Petrovna". Phau ntawv qhia txog kev tswj hwm Stalinist. Tus heroine ntawm zaj dab neeg yog ib tug poj niam yooj yim uas, tom qab nws tus tub raug ntes, mus vwm. Cov ntawv sau tau ua txuj ci tseem ceeb khaws cia thiab luam tawm txawv teb chaws, tab sis, raws li tus sau ua tim khawv, nrog qee qhov kev cuam tshuam. Zaj dab neeg no tau mob siab rau cov xwm txheej ntawm 1937-1938 thiab tau sau txoj cai ntawm "kev nrhiav kub" hauv 1939-1940, tab sis luam tawm hauv Russia tsuas yog xyoo 1988.

Xyoo 1940, thawj zaug hauv nws phau ntawv keeb kwm muaj tswv yim, Lydia Chukovskaya, nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej lub npe, luam tawm ib zaj dab neeg hu ua "Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Kev Tawm Tsam", sau rau cov menyuam yaus. Phau ntawv hais txog kev ntxeev siab ntawm peasants nyob rau hauv Ukraine. Cov xwm txheej tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua thib kaum yim.

Tsov rog xyoo

Thaum pib ua tsov rog, Lidia Korneevna nyob hauv Moscow tom qab ua haujlwm hnyav. Nws tau tawm mus rau Chistopol, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog nws tus ntxhais mus rau Tashkent, qhov chaw nws ua haujlwm ntawm Palace of Pioneers ua lub voj voog kev sau ntawv, thiab kuj tau pab cov menyuam yaus uas dim ntawm kev khiav tawm. Xyoo 1943 nws rov qab mus rau Moscow.

Xyoo 1944, qhov thaiv ntawm Leningrad tau tawg, thiab Chukovskaya sim rov qab los tsev. Nws lub tsev tau nyob. Tom qab sim rov qab nws tsev nyob, tus kws sau ntawv tau txais cov lus pom meej tias nyob hauvLeningrad yuav tsis cia nws. Tus poj niam rov mus rau Moscow. Ntawm no nws tau coj cov ntaub ntawv, qhia thiab kho cov haujlwm. Nws ua haujlwm hauv Novy Mir magazine.

xovxwm los ntawm tub ceev xwm

Phau ntawv thib ob hais txog cov xwm txheej ntawm Stalin lub sijhawm yog "Qhov Ncauj hauv qab dej". Nws qhia txog lub neej ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv nyob rau hauv tus quab ntawm lub hwj chim Soviet. Phau ntawv no feem ntau yog ib phau ntawv keeb kwm.

Chukovsky feem ntau coj sab ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg thiab cov kws sau paj huam ntawm lub rau caum xyoo, xws li Brodsky, Solzhenitsyn, Ginzburg thiab lwm tus. Tsuas yog ua tsaug rau nws txoj kev siv zog yog nws muaj peev xwm cawm tau tib qho qauv ntawm Boris Zhitkov txoj haujlwm txwv tsis pub "Viktor Vavich". Xyoo 1974, Lydia raug ntiab tawm ntawm Pawg Neeg Sau Ntawv, thiab nws tej hauj lwm raug txwv nyob rau hauv lub USSR mus txog rau thaum 1987.

Cov paj huam uas Lydia Chukovskaya tau sau thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej yog sau rau hauv ib phau ntawv hu ua "Ntawm no ntawm kev tuag."

Chukovsky's House

Lydia Korneevna teeb tsa lub tsev cia puav pheej hauv Peredelkino nco txog nws txiv, uas nws hu ua "Chukovsky House". Nws tau mus xyuas los ntawm cov neeg coob coob txaus siab rau lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv zoo.

Tab sis Union of Writers thiab Literary Fund ntawm USSR tas li tau siv zog los hloov Lydia Chukovskaya thiab nws tus ntxhais los ntawm qhov ntawd. Thiab tshem tawm lub tsev qiv ntawv, paintings los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam zoo thiab lwm yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig, rhuav tshem lub tsev.

Tsuas yog qhov cawm tau lub tsev no yog cov neeg uas tsis quav ntsej txog qhov tshwm sim tau tig mus rau ntau tus tub ceev xwm thov kom khaws lub tsev cia puav pheej no rau lawv thiab lawv cov xeeb ntxwv.

Hnub no peb muaj sijhawm mus xyuas qhov chaw zoo kawg nkaus uas tus kws sau ntawv txawj ntse Korney Chukovsky nyob thiab ua haujlwm. Tus kws sau ntawv no tau sau ntau yam lus hais loj, memoirs, ua ntau yam kev txhais lus thiab txaus siab heev uas nws tsuas yog paub tias yog tus sau Moydodyr thiab Tsokotukha.

Lub neej ntiag tug

Thawj tus txiv ntawm Chukovskaya yog Caesar Volpe. Nws yog ib tug neeg sau ntawv keeb kwm. Chukovskaya tau hais txog nws tus txiv ua tus neeg zoo, tab sis lees tias tsis muaj kev hlub hauv kev sib raug zoo no. Kev sib yuav muaj ib tug ntxhais, Elena - Lyusha, raws li nws niam nws txiv hu nws. Ces ua raws li kev sib nrauj. Tom qab ntawd muaj lub rooj sib tham tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm Lydia Korneevna - kev paub nrog Matvey Bronstein, tus kws tshawb fawb theoretical, tus sau ntau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb.

Nws yog ib tug txiv neej muaj nees nkaum tsib, tab sis nws zoo li qub. txaj muag, nrog tsom iav. Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum Mitya luag, nws hloov mus ua ib tug tub hluas siab phem. Nws yog ob qho tib si physicist thiab lyricist dov rau hauv ib qho. Lawv ua hauj lwm ua ke ntawm ib phau ntawv: Bronstein yog tus sau, Chukovskaya yog tus editor. Kev hlub sib koom ua ke nrog kev muaj tswv yim.

Tab sis xyoo peb caug xya uas txaus ntshai tau los. Tsis tsuas yog cov phau ntawv tsis txaus siab raug rhuav tshem, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg uas tau sau lawv. Lydia nws tus kheej NW nyuam qhuav khiav dim. Bronstein ploj mus yam tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev. Zoo li tsis muaj physicist li. Lydia yeej tsis paub dab tsi txog nws. Txawm hais tias nws tseem muaj sia nyob lossis tuag, txhua yam tseem yog qhov tsis paub. Tib lub sijhawm zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm no ntawm Chukovskaya lub neej yog kev phooj ywg nrog Akhmatova. Tsuas yog xyoo 1940 xwb Chukovskaya paub tias nws tus txiv raug tua.

Lydia Chukovskaya: "Sau ntawv rauAkhmatova"

Rov qab rau xyoo 1938, tus kws sau ntawv tau ntsib thiab ua phooj ywg nrog Anna Akhmatova. Khaws cov ntawv teev cia thaum xyoo 1938-1995 los ntawm Lydia Chukovskaya tau ua lub hauv paus rau kev sau ntawv peb-ntim "Notes on Anna Akhmatova", uas yog ib qho kev nco thiab kev ua haujlwm biography. Phau ntawv no yog ib tug memoir, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xwm txheej uas nyuam qhuav tshwm sim, thaum lub cim xeeb ntawm lawv tseem muaj sia nyob. Zaj dab neeg ntawm lub neej yog nyeem hauv ib qho pa.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm phau ntawv pab kom pom tseeb txhua yam uas nyob ib puag ncig Anna Akhmatova: nws lub neej, phooj ywg, tus cwj pwm zoo, kev nyiam ua. Kev paub hnyav yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub sijhawm hauv kev ua haujlwm thaum Akhmatova tus tub raug ntes. Chukovskaya nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tseem tsis tau paub txog kev tua nws tus txiv. Ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm Leningrad tsev loj cuj, kev phooj ywg tshwm sim ntawm ob tug poj niam zoo. Tus kws sau paj huam sau nws cov paj huam rau ntawm daim ntawv, muab rau Chukovskaya nco qab, thiab tom qab ntawd hlawv lawv.

Raws li cov ntawv ntxiv rau "Cov Lus Cim" yog Lydia's "Tashkent notebooks", uas piav qhia meej thiab ntseeg tau lub neej ntawm Anna Akhmatova thaum khiav tawm ntawm 1941-1942.

Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1995, rau lub hlis ua ntej nws tuag, Lidia Chukovskaya tau txais txiaj ntsig Lub Xeev rau "Cov Lus Cim ntawm Anna Akhmatova". Cov haujlwm tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm ob qho tib si sau ntawv thiab cov neeg nyeem. Txog hnub no, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws memoir-documentary ua haujlwm txog tus kws sau paj huam.

xyoo tshiab

Qhov kawg ntawm nws lub neej nyuaj Lidia Chukovskaya nyob rau hauv Moscow ntawm Tverskaya Street, nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev nyob ze rau lub Kremlin. Tab sisNws tsis nyiam lub nroog no, nws haiv neeg Leningrad tseem nyob hauv nws lub siab, qhov chaw uas tus kws sau ntawv siv nws cov hluas, qhov chaw nws ntsib nws txoj kev hlub. Chukovskaya tau lees paub tias Mitya tus duab ntxoov ntxoo dab ib txwm tshwm sim rau nws, thiab txawm tias ntau xyoo tom qab lub rooj sib tham zaum kawg. Tsuas yog nws ib txwm tuaj rau Leningrad…

Lydia Chukovskaya tuag rau Lub Ob Hlis 7, 1996.