Kev paub thoob ntiaj teb qhia tau tias kev lag luam tshiab yog tsim los ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam. Peter Drucker, tus kws tshawb fawb German paub zoo, hais tias kev tsim kho tshiab yog cov cuab yeej ua lag luam tshwj xeeb uas tsim cov peev txheej tshiab. Nyob rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm peb yuav tham txog lub koom haum thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm innovation ib puag ncig. Cia peb tsom xam cov kev faib thiab cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm qeb.
khoom siv dav dav
Peter Drucker tau sau tseg tias cov peev txheej tsis tuaj yeem dhau los ua qhov no kom txog thaum ib tus neeg pom kev siv rau qee yam tseem ceeb hauv qhov xwm txheej, thiab yog li muab nyiaj txiag muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov khoom lossis lub tswv yim no. Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no, cov khoom siv (khoom siv) ntau lawm feem ntau tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb, txij li lawv tau dhau los lawm kwv yees li 5-10 xyoo. Cov kev txawj ntse, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tas li hloov lawv cov ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug nruam tsiminnovation ib puag ncig. Qhov tshwm sim no cuam tshuam feem ntau nrog lub ntiaj teb cov txheej txheem loj ntawm kev qhia txog kev lag luam, uas nce lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev tswj hwm thiab kev koom tes ntawm cov dej num. Nws yuav tsum tau borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm "dras" ib txoj kev tshiab rau kev nthuav dav ntawm niaj hnub lub teb chaws kev lag luam.
Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tej yam kev mob, qhov tseem ceeb prerequisites rau kev siv ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm economic kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm innovation yog cov hauv qab no:
- Tsim kev lag luam thiab thev naus laus zis txoj cai ntawm thaj av thiab hauv tebchaws.
- Restructuring of the industrial area.
- Kev tsim khoom niaj hnub hauv cov lus qhia raws li kev qhia.
- R&D kev txhim kho.
- Kev hloov kho kom raug ntawm txoj kev cob qhia, nrog rau kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm rau kev tsim kho tshiab.
Tag nrho cov saum toj no presupposes tsim ntawm ib puag ncig tshiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus no ua ke tsim ntau yam kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo, uas ua ke tsim ib qho chaw zoo lossis tsis zoo nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho tshiab. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws lub moj khaum uas txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev ua ub no tshwm sim.
Tsim ib puag ncig tshiab
Tsim kom muaj kev lag luam tshiab hauv tebchaws Russia xav tau, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub hom phiaj thiab kev cob qhia loj ntawm cov kws tshaj lij uas tau npaj los daws cov teeb meem siv thiab kev tshawb fawb, tso tawm cov tswv yim tshiab, raws li daim ntawv thov ntawm lub hauv paus uas twb muaj lawm. ntawm scientific kev paub thiab kev paub ntawminterdisciplinary qib. Cov neeg ua haujlwm no yuav tsum coj lawv lub tswv yim mus rau kev lag luam thiab siv tau. Qhov kev sib tw no presupposes lub koom haum ntawm ib puag ncig tshiab rau kev lag luam lossis lwm tus qauv.
Nyob rau hauv qhov no, ob lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam tshiab: tus tsim thiab tsim tawm tshiab. Nyob rau hauv thawj qhov yuav tsum tau suav hais tias yog ib tug neeg uas tso rau pem hauv ntej tswv yim, generates kev paub tshiab. Tus tsim kho tshiab txhawb nqa lawv, ua tsaug rau qhov uas nws txhim kho kev lag luam tshiab thiab tswj cov kev hloov tshiab hauv lub koom haum. Lawv ua hauj lwm inseparably ntawm ib leeg los tsim thiab tom qab ntawd tsim ib tug ua lag ua luam vam meej, vim inventing los yog discovering tsis txaus. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog coj lub tswv yim mus rau qhov kawg tshwm sim. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub no, thaum nws yuav tsum tau ua kom pom lub zog ntawm tus cwj pwm, siv lub peev xwm txawv tshaj plaw ntawm cov koom haum kev ua ub no, qhia kev txaus siab rau kev pheej hmoo, thiab tseem tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm.
qauv ntawm kev tsim kho ib puag ncig
Cia peb xav txog kev faib qeb. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ob hom ib puag ncig hauv kev tsim kho tshiab:
- Sab nraud innovation ib puag ncig. Nws sawv cev rau thaj chaw macro-ib puag ncig thiab micro-ib puag ncig (hauv lwm lo lus, thaj chaw nyob deb thiab ze), uas ua rau ib puag ncig sab nraud ntawm txhua tus neeg koom nrog kev tsim kho tshiab. Lawv muaj ob qho tib si ncaj qha (microenvironment) lossis tsis ncaj (macroenvironment) cuam tshuam rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab thiab, raws li, ntawm qhov kawg tshwm sim. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias lub Cheebtsammacroenvironments yog kev lag luam, kev sib raug zoo, kev nom kev tswv thiab thev naus laus zis. Ntawm cov khoom ntawm sab nraud microenvironment, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau tso tawm qee thaj tsam ntawm kev tswj hwm (ua luv li SZH), kev lag luam tshiab, thaj chaw lag luam, kev lag luam rau kev sib tw ntshiab ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab (innovations), kev lag luam rau kev nqis peev tshiab (peev), kev sib txuas ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tswj hwm uas ua haujlwm rau cov txheej txheem tshiab. Kev paub ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud hauv kev tsim kho tshiab yuav tsum muaj kev ntsuam xyuas kom raug ntawm kev hloov pauv huab cua hauv tuam txhab.
- Internal innovation ib puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, peb tab tom tham txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub tuam txhab, kev sib txuas tsim los ntawm lub xeev ntawm qee qhov kev sib txuas hauv lub tuam txhab cov txheej txheem uas cuam tshuam rau nws cov dej num hauv kev tsim kho tshiab. Nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv hais tias kev paub txog lub internal innovation ib puag ncig implies ib tug muaj peev xwm ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm lub tuam txhab.
Kev paub txog ib puag ncig tag nrho tso cai rau koj los ntsuas txoj haujlwm tshiab ntawm lub tuam txhab.
Qhia los ua piv txwv
Tom ntej no, nws raug nquahu kom xav txog lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm ib qho piv txwv tshwj xeeb. Ob tug neeg tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim lub tuam txhab Macintosh: tus tsim tawm tshiab ntawm Apple lub tswv yim, Jeff Raskin, thiab tus tsim tawm tshiab, Steve Jobs. Yuav luag tsis muaj leej twg nco txog thawj zaug, thiab qhov thib ob tau paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb raws li kev lag luam ntse ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm niaj hnub no.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev cob qhia cov neeg tsim khoom tshiab yog cov hauv qab no:
- Ceeb toom thiab xa(formulate) qhov teeb meem.
- Tshaj tawm cov kev daws teeb meem uas yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib raug zoo, kev nom kev tswv, txuj ci lossis kev lag luam.
- ntsuas cov kev daws teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm thiab xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws.
- Tsim kev siv cov kev daws teeb meem.
- Tsim kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov system, uas yog, tswj kev hloov pauv.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tsim kho tshiab ib txoj hauv kev lossis lwm qhov tshwm sim hauv ib puag ncig tshiab. Hauv lwm lo lus, peb tab tom tham txog tag nrho ntawm txhua yam khoom, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas cuam tshuam rau lub cev tag nrho. Tias yog vim li cas qhov kev tsim ntawm ib qho kev kawm tshiab-tsim ib puag ncig yog suav tias yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm txhua hom kev ua ub no.
Keeb kwm ntawm lub tswvyim
Lub tswv yim ntawm ib puag ncig kev tsim kho tshiab tau tshwm sim xyoo 1980. Thaum xub thawj, nws yog ib qho kev txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem hauv lub koom haum ntawm cov haujlwm tshiab ntawm cov koom haum kev lag luam txhawm rau txhim kho kev lag luam tshiab thiab tsim cov khoom tshiab. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias ib qho ntawm thawj cov kws tshawb fawb uas tsim lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus no yog Manuel Castells. Nws suav tias yog ib puag ncig tshiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshiab raws li ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev tswj hwm, uas yog raws li lub koom haum kev sib raug zoo. Nws yuav tsum tau qhia meej tias qhov kawg qhia cov hom phiaj tsom rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem tshiab, kev paub tshiab, nrog rau kev tsim cov khoom tshiab, thiab kev coj noj coj ua.
Lub ntsiab txhais yog ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus. Hauv nws, tus kws tshawb fawbtsom xam ntawm qhov kev tsim kho tshiab ib puag ncig thiab xaus lus tias nws yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuab sib txawv uas ua kom muaj kev tsim cov khoom tshiab, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab nws cov kev tswj tom qab.
Cov ntsiab lus muab hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb
Hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, ib tus tuaj yeem pom ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov chaw tshiab ntawm kev lag luam. Nws raug nquahu kom qhia qee qhov ntawm lawv:
- keeb kwm tsim kev nom kev tswv, koom haum, kev cai lij choj thiab kev lag luam kev lag luam uas ua kom ntseeg tau lossis cuam tshuam kev tsim kho tshiab. Qhov no yog ua los siv thiab ua kom muaj peev xwm tshiab ntawm ib puag ncig. Raws li nws tau muab tawm, kev faib tawm rau hauv ib puag ncig sab hauv thiab sab nraud yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm no. Nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv hais tias nyob rau hauv no lub ntsiab txhais tsis muaj ib tug meej kev txhais lus ntawm cov kev tshwj xeeb ntawm ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm innovation - kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau yam ib puag ncig yog xam.
- Cov txheej txheem, cov cuab yeej, cov txheej txheem, tib neeg peev thiab cov txheej txheem tsim kho tshiab uas txhawb kev tsim kho tshiab.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov ntsiab lus nthuav tawm ntawm ib puag ncig tshiab ntawm kev lag luam qhia cov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev txheeb xyuas cov ciam teb uas tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshiab. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias tsis muaj ib lo lus txhais nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm niaj hnub no. Yog li ntawd, txhua tus neeg sau ntawv muaj cai muab nws tus kheejkev nthuav qhia txog kev tsim kho ib puag ncig. Nws yuav tsum to taub tias cov ntsiab lus "system" thiab "ib puag ncig" raug suav tias yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem kev xav. Yog li, kev txheeb xyuas cov ciam teb ntawm cov kab ke hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig nws, suav nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb raws li cov txheej txheem hauv kev kawm yog ua ncaj qha los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, raws li txoj cai, ntawm lub hauv paus muaj tswv yim. Txoj cai no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov system. Raws li qhov no, peb muab kev nkag siab thoob ntiaj teb ntawm lo lus nug.
Universal txhais
Raws li ib puag ncig kev tsim kho tshiab, nws raug nquahu kom nkag siab txog tag nrho ntawm cov tshuab uas yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb uas tsim cov kev tsim kho tshiab, raws li kev tshawb xav classical ntawm innovation los ntawm J. Schumpeter. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib tug generalized version, lub Lavxias teb sab ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm innovation yuav sawv cev raws li ib tug ua ke ntawm cov nram qab no systems: entrepreneurship, kev kawm ntawv, science, technical thiab technology tsim. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke lawv ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm tag nrho ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim tawm tshiab, thiab tseem tsim kom muaj cov khoom lag luam tshiab.
Comments
Cov lus sawv cev zoo li no muab lub hauv paus rau kev nkag siab txog qhov xav tau, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, txhawm rau txhim kho kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm, kev tshawb fawb, kev txhim kho hauv cov lus qhia thiab thev naus laus zis thiab kev ua lag luam. Lawv sawv cev rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tsis yog tsuas yog rau kev txhim kho cov kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm innovation, tab sis kuj rau lub tswv yim tshiab, muab lub tswv yim tshiab.kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej niaj hnub.
Kev nkag mus rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv (kev lag luam kev lag luam thiab lwm yam) ua rau muaj zog thiab nthuav dav raws li cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam raws li txoj hauv kev tshiab. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom paub tias qhov kev nthuav qhia ib puag ncig yog suav tias yog thawj theem lossis cheeb tsam rau kev txhim kho lub teb chaws innovation xeev system. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws tias tsim cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshiab yog ua tiav, uas yog, cov koom haum thiab cov tib neeg uas siv cov kev tsim thiab kev txhawb nqa ntxiv ntawm cov khoom hauv kev tsim kho tshiab. Tag nrho lwm cov kab ke uas tsim ib puag ncig kuj tuaj yeem raug cais raws li infrastructure.
Innovation infrastructure yuav tsum to taub raws li ib tug txheej ntawm kev lag luam chaw, cov kev pab thiab cov cuab yeej uas muaj tag nrho cov logistical, koom haum, methodological, nyiaj txiag, kev sab laj, ntaub ntawv thiab lwm yam kev pab cuam rau kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm innovation.
Innovative entrepreneurship in Russia
Hnub no, kev txhim kho kev lag luam tshiab rau Russia yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev siv lub teb chaws txoj cai tshiab. Yog li ntawd, tsoomfwv cov qauv tau saib xyuas zoo rau qhov teeb meem no. Tsim kom muaj ib puag ncig zoo rau kev tsim kho tshiab yog qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau kom ua tiav cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis. Cov haujlwm uas tau nthuav tawm no yog ua los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas thiab siv ntxiv cov peev txheej tshiab ntawm cov tshuab tau tham saum toj no, nrog rau kev tsimCov xwm txheej rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua ub no hauv kev tsim kho tshiab.
Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev txhim kho ntawm ib puag ncig uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm txhua qib yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tau teeb tsa hauv Lub Tswv Yim rau Kev Txhim Kho Tshiab ntawm Lavxias Federation rau lub sijhawm mus txog 2020. 08.12.2011. No. 2227-r.
Lub hom phiaj, lub hom phiaj thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib puag ncig kev tsim kho tshiab hauv Russia
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim ib puag ncig tshiab ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Federation yog tsim los ntawm kev pom ntawm lub xeev. innovation txoj cai ntawm lub koom haum zoo heev (nruab nrab thiab me me innovative qauv), kev cai lij choj (kev cai nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kev ncig ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev txawj ntse), raws li zoo raws li kev khwv nyiaj txiag (tax credits, se incentives rau kev nqis peev, kev koom tes tshawb fawb) yam tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob zoo. ntawm qhov tseeb technical thiab scientific thiab technological achievements nyob rau hauv ntau lawm.
Cov dej num tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav txhawm rau tsim kom muaj ib puag ncig zoo rau kev tsim kho tshiab hauv Russia:
- Kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev tsim khoom, nrog rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam ua ntej rau cov khoom lag luam siab sib tw (kev pabcuam).
- Tsim cov xwm txheej kom ua tau zoo thiab rov ua dua tshiab ntawm ob lub cev thiab kev coj ncaj ncees depreciated cov cuab tam ruaj khov hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam sib tw siab (kev pabcuam).
- Tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zooKev koom ua ke ntawm kev kawm, kev tshawb fawb, thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam rau kev txhim kho tag nrho thiab nthuav dav ntawm lub peev xwm tshiab.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm ib puag ncig kev tsim kho tshiab yog los xyuas kom muaj kev txhim kho kom zoo, kev siv tom qab thiab siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, tswv yim, cov khoom lag luam, nrog rau kev txhim kho lub neej zoo los ntawm:
- Tsim txoj haujlwm tshiab hauv kev pabcuam, kev tsim khoom thiab kev tshawb fawb.
- Nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj tau los rau lub xeev pob nyiaj los ntawm kev nce cov khoom ntim ntawm cov khoom sib tw science-intensive.
- Kev daws teeb meem rau lub teb chaws kev sib raug zoo thiab ib puag ncig los ntawm kev siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab.
Zoo kawg
Yog li, peb tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho tshiab uas tau siv niaj hnub no hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov haujlwm tseem ceeb, cov dej num thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm pawg tau txheeb xyuas. Peb tau kawm txog kev faib tawm thiab qhov xwm txheej tam sim no ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Federation txog qhov teeb meem no.
Nyob rau hauv xaus, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tsim ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag yuav tsum tau raws li, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ntawm macroeconomic forecasts ntawm socio-economic xeev txoj kev loj hlob, raws li zoo raws li cov lus qhia thiab lub xeev. kev txhim kho kom ntseeg tau qhov chaw tsim kho tshiab hauv txoj kev cai lij choj thiab kev tswj hwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov ntaub ntawv ncaj qha (suav nrog ib lub xeev kev txiav txim hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis) thiab kev tswj tsis ncaj ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab nrog.sab ntawm lub xeev, raws li zoo raws li lub xeev thiab tam sim no tiam sis nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm industrial thiab scientific thiab technology muaj peev xwm ntawm Russia. Kev kwv yees rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam hauv tsev ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub.
Nws tau raug tsim tsa tias txoj kev siv los rau niaj hnub no los tsim cov txheej txheem rau kev txhim kho, kev siv tom qab thiab kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab, raws li kev lag luam, feem ntau tsis muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no. Ntau txaus nyiam, raws li nws muab tawm, yog suav hais tias yog ib tug txheej txheem uas yog ib tug teeb meem-functional mus kom ze rau tus tsim ntawm lub tshiab systems. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev yog suav tias yog kev taw qhia ntawm cov qauv kev tswj hwm los daws cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam, kev lag luam, thaj chaw.
Qhov kev nthuav qhia yog ua raws li kev lag luam-taw qhia tus qauv ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab, uas suav nrog tsoomfwv, cheeb tsam thiab, raws li, hauv paus tsev kawm theem. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev tswj hwm lub tswv yim ntawm ib puag ncig hauv kev tsim kho tshiab suav nrog lub subsystem rau kev tswj hwm kev tsim thiab kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho tshiab, uas txiav txim siab txog kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov ntawm lub teb chaws, suav nrog cov txheej txheem txheeb xyuas. ntawm cov peev txheej thiab kev tsim kho tshiab raws li Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws cov kev pab cuam tau txais. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov kev pab cuam no qhia txog lawv txoj kev tsom mus rau kev kov yeej cov teeb meem, thiab kuj haum rau cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub teb chaws txoj kev loj hlob rau xyoo tom ntej.
