Yuav kom nkag siab cov duab thiab daim ntawv qhia isocost, nws tsim nyog paub ntau dua ib qho kev txhais. Qhov no yuav pab koj kawm kom nkag siab txog kev kawm nyuaj xws li microeconomics.
isocost yog dab tsi?
Isocost yog ib txoj kab uas qhia txog kev xaiv cov peev txheej, kev siv uas yuav tsum muaj tus nqi sib npaug. Nws tso cai rau koj los txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qee tus nqi. Ntawm daim duab, L yog qhov ua haujlwm, K yog lub peev.
Isocost khoom
Cov khoom ntawm isocost zoo ib yam li cov kab ntawm kev txwv nyiaj txiag. Nws muaj qhov tsis zoo txoj kab nqes, qhov degree ntawm kev txiav txim siab los ntawm nws qhov sib npaug. Txoj kab nqes ntawm isocost ntawm daim duab kuj nyob ntawm qhov piv ntawm tus nqi rau cov khoom tsim khoom. Qhov chaw ntawm isocost nyob ntawm theem ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm lub tuam txhab.
Qhov sib npaug isocost yog C=PxX + PyY. Ntawm no C - tus nqi, Px thiab Py - tus nqi ntawm cov peev txheej.
Isocost daim ntawv qhia yog ib daim duab ntawm ob kab sib npaug, kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo. Qhia txog kev xaiv cov peev txheej uas muaj peev xwm muab kev ruaj ntseg nrog cov khoom tsim nyog.
Kev loj hlob ntawm cov peev txheej tsim lossis txo tus nqi rau cov peev txheej (khoom siv, ntuj tsim, ua haujlwm,nyiaj txiag) hloov cov isocost mus rau sab xis raws li daim duab, thiab qhov txo qis ntawm cov peev nyiaj lossis nce nqi - mus rau sab laug.
Raws li lub sijhawm, tus qauv tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws rau qib muab ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txheej txheem.
Yog tias peb muab cov isocost thiab isoquant kab kos, ces qhov xaus qhia nws tus kheej txoj kev twg cov chaw tsim khoom yuav xaiv los tsim cov ntim khoom nws xav tau.
Isoquant yog tus lej tsis kawg ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm uas muab cov khoom tso tawm tib yam. Kev xaiv cov peev txheej uas zoo rau cov chaw tsim khoom, muab cov nqi qis tshaj plaws ntawm cov nqi, yog nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw sib cuag ntawm isoquant thiab isocost. Qhov no yog hu ua tus nqi qis. Ntawd yog, txhawm rau txiav txim siab txoj haujlwm zoo rau lub tuam txhab, koj yuav tsum txuas ob kab no. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws taw tes qhia qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm uas yuav raug siv los tsim qhov xav tau ntawm cov zis.
Isocost. Production muaj nuj nqi
Kev tsim khoom yog txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej, suav nrog tib neeg cov peev txheej. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim khoom yog los ua kom tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau rau cov khoom muag tsis pom kev thiab tsis pom kev.
Txoj kev xav ntawm cov khoom tsim tau piav qhia cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej tsim khoom los ua cov khoom kawg.
Los ntawm kev sib txuas txhua yam ntawm kev tsim khoom, qhov kawg zoo yog tsim rau kev tsim khoom thiab tsis tsim khoom noj thiab sib sau.
Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev lag luam yog nyob ntawm kev siv tau zoontau lawm yam. Qhov no yog qhov kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm, uas qhia txog qhov kev cia siab ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm ntawm cov khoom tiav ntawm cov peev txheej siv.
Kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov zis thiab cov nqi nyiaj ntawm kev tau txais cov khoom tsim tawm.
Q=f(K;L)
Q - lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom;K, L - tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm (L) thiab peev (K).
Q=f(K;L;M)M - tus nqi ntawm kev yuav khoom raw.
Q=f(kKα;Lβ;Mγ) k - scale factor;
α, β, γ - elasticity coefficients.
Q=f(kKα;Lβ;Mγ…E) E yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.
α+β+γ=1%
α=1%; β, γ=const
α, β, γ - coefficients ntawm elasticity, uas qhia tias Q hloov li cas thaum α + β + γ=1%.
k - qhia txog qhov sib npaug ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev tau txais cov khoom tsim tawm.
Qhov kev tsim khoom no nthuav tawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tsim khoom:
- fungibility - cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog ua tau nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm txhua yam ntawm kev tsim khoom;
- kev sib pab.
Qhov kawg ntawm kev tsim khoom yog nyob ntawm kev xaiv ua ke ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm.
Muaj qhov txwv rau qhov nce hauv Q, yog tias ib qho ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm yog tus nqi tas li, thiab qhov thib ob yog qhov sib txawv.
Q=f(K;L)
Q=f(x;y)
Q=↑x - tus nqi sib txawv, y-const.
qhov xwm txheej no hu ua txoj cai ntawm kev txo cov khoom lag luam lossis txoj cai ntawm kev txo qis rov qab.
Nyiaj
txhawm rau txheeb xyuas txoj hauv kev kom txo tus nqi qis, koj yuav tsum muaj lub tswv yim ntawm nws yog dab tsi thiab hom nqi twg muaj. Tus nqi isocost yog dab tsi?
Cov nqi lag luam yog tus nqi qhia ntawm cov peev txheej lossis cov khoom tsim khoom siv hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Lawv yog lwm txoj hauv kev, uas yog, txhua qhov peev txheej lossis cov khoom tsim muaj feem ntau siv.
Nyob ntawm tus nqi
Tus nqi (tus nqi) tuaj yeem yog qhov tseeb thiab tsis tseeb. Qhia meej - cov nqi koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom (rau kev yuav cov khoom siv raw thiab cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv, hluav taws xob, kev them nyiaj rau cov neeg ua haujlwm, kev txo nqi, thiab lwm yam)
Tus nqi tsis raug yog cov nqi uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom - nqi xauj tsev, nqi tshaj tawm, thiab lwm yam.
Hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, cov nqi hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- permanent (implicit) - FC (piv txwv - nyiaj pov hwm, nqi kho khoom);
- variables (ncaj qha koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom) - VC;
- general - TC - tag nrho cov nqi.
Tag nrho cov nqi sib npaug ntawm cov nqi sib txawv thiab cov nqi tas li - TC=FC+VC.
Raws li lub sijhawm: C - nqi, Q - ntim ntau lawm.
ThaumCov nqi sib txawv yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov nqi tag nrho.
Thaum txiav txim siab tswj hwm, cov nqi nruab nrab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Hom nqi no suav nrog suav rau ib chav tsev ntawm cov zis, uas yog, qhov nruab nrab qhov tseem ceeb.
Marginal cost (MC) qhia qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm tag nrho tus nqi raws li qhov kev hloov pauv hauv ntim.
Cov nyiaj tau los Marginal (MR) qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nyiaj tau los vim qhov kev hloov pauv hauv ntim.
Producer Profit Maximization Conditions
Profit yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim khoom, uas qhia txog nws cov txiaj ntsig. Nws nyob ntawm ntau yam: cov peev txheej, cov nqi, cov khoom tsim tawm, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm. Cov chaw tsim khoom sim ua kom nws cov txiaj ntsig kom tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau ntxiv los ntawm nws cov haujlwm ua lag luam.
Kev sib npaug ntawm tus nqi marginal thiab tus nqi marginal yog ib qho xwm txheej uas ua ntej txiav txim siab qhov ua kom tau nyiaj ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom.
MR=MC
Cia peb hais tias kev tsim khoom ntxiv yog txuam nrog cov nqi nce ntxiv. Yog tias cov chaw tsim khoom tsis muaj nyiaj tau los ntawm kev muag khoom dhau los, ces cov khoom ntim tau raug txo ib ntus.
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias isocost yog kab uas qhia tias muaj nqi sib npaug.
