Howitzer: specifications. Self-propelled howitzer (duab)

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:00

Txij li thaum pom cov phom loj hauv cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog ntawm ntau lub tebchaws, nws tau dhau los ua tshwj xeeb rau ntau hom phom raws li lawv lub hom phiaj. Kev txhim kho tas li ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, cov cuab yeej tawm tsam thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua tau ua rau muaj kev faib riam phom muaj zog rau hauv chav kawm.

Ancient pob zeb pov

Qhov tseeb, cov khoom siv siege - cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob deb ntawm cov phom loj - pab tua cov tub rog ntes cov castles thiab fortresses ntev ua ntej kev siv phom loj. Hauv catapults thiab ballistas, los sib txuas lus thawj zaug ceev ntawm qhov projectiles (thiab cov no feem ntau yog pob zeb, ntim nrog boiling tar, loj steles los yog cav), cov elastic zog ntawm stretchable ropes tau siv, nyob rau hauv uas hlau hlau yog woven thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom. Lub zog sib sau ua ke thaum twisting tau tso tawm thaum lub sijhawm lub xauv tshwj xeeb raug tso tawm. Ces lo lus "howitzer" tshwm. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm "pob zeb-thoob tshuab" (raws li lo lus Haubitz txhais los ntawm German) yogme me heev, lawv tua ntawm ob peb kaum ntawm meters thiab ua rau muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws ntau dua, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej thiab kev txawj suav zoo lawv tuaj yeem ua rau hluav taws (yog tias qhov projectile yog incendiary). Kev vam meej hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov cuab yeej tuag tau ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm riam phom tej thaj chaw deb.

chav kawm phom loj

Pib xyoo kaum plaub, cov tub rog European tau pib siv cov phom loj. Mortars nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau los ua cov phom loj tshaj plaws. Txawm tias lawv lub npe ominous nws tus kheej (los ntawm Dutch mortier, uas nyob rau hauv lem borrowed lub Latin cag mort - "tuag") qhia ib tug siab tuag efficiency. Ntxiv downward yog tus howitzer, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov uas (projectile hnyav thiab ntau yam) yog me ntsis inferior rau cov mortar. Lub cannon (canon) tau suav hais tias yog cov chav kawm ntau tshaj plaws thiab txawb. Cov calibers txawv, tab sis nws tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog lawv. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm chav kawm ntawm cov phom yog tsim ntawm lub thoob, uas txiav txim lawv lub hom phiaj. Raws li cov qauv ntawm cov phom loj ntawm cov tub rog ntawm ib lub xeev tshwj xeeb, txawm tias tom qab ntawd nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm thiab cov lus qhuab qhia tub rog ntawm nws tsoomfwv.

Evolution of mortars and howitzers

Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua phem tau ua rau cov neeg tawm tsam siv riam phom hnyav. Lo lus "mortar" poob rau hauv kev siv tsis ntev tom qab kev yeej ntawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees xyoo 1945. Short-barreled fat freaks muab txoj hauv kev kom sib zog loj-caliber mortars thiabnres bomber aircraft. Tom qab kev suav nrog cov foob pob hluav taws, suav nrog cov foob pob hluav taws, hauv arsenals ntawm yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws, qhov xav tau siv hnyav, nyuaj rau kev thauj mus los thiab rab phom clumsy tag nrho. Qhov kev sim zaum kawg siv lawv yog qhov kev sim ntawm German cov neeg tsim qauv los tsim qee qhov txaus ntshai monsters hauv lawv qhov loj xws li "Karl", uas muaj caliber ntawm 600 hli. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov chav kawm uas siv tsis tau no yog lub thoob luv luv nrog cov phab ntsa tuab. Lub kaum sab xis loj roughly corresponded rau niaj hnub mortar qhia. Txoj kev thauj khoom cartridge, uas tseem niaj hnub no feem ntau nrog cov nkoj muaj zog thiab cov phom loj ntawm ntug hiav txwv, kuj tsis ua rau muaj koob meej ntawm mortars. Cov foob pob tawg muaj thaj chaw loj tshwj xeeb, lawv yog hygroscopic, thiab nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov av noo ruaj khov hauv pem hauv ntej. Tab sis qhov loj ntawm qhov projectile thiab qhov firing ntau ntawm lub howitzer tau dhau los ua qhov ua tau zoo los muab cov haujlwm uas lub mortar siv los ua rau cov chav kawm ntawm artillery.

Parabolic trajectories, los yog vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau howitzers?

Yuav teb lo lus nug no, peb yuav tsum xub xav txog cov kev sib tw ntawm cov phom sib txawv. Txhua leej txhua tus paub tias lub cev lub cev tso tawm nrog thawj kab nrawm, yog nws lub pob zeb zoo tib yam lossis cov mos txwv, tsis ya hauv txoj kab ncaj nraim, tab sis raws li parabola. Qhov tsis sib xws ntawm daim duab no yuav txawv, tab sis nrog tib qhov pib impulse, qhov nce ntawm lub kaum sab xis yuav ua rau txo qis hauv kab rov tav,ntawm qhov khoom yuav ya. Qhov siab yuav siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub kaum sab xis mus rau kab rov tav, tab sis nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no muaj kev pheej hmoo tias lub projectile (los yog tib lub pebble) yuav poob ncaj qha rau ntawm lub taub hau. Lub steepness ntawm lub trajectory yog dab tsi distinguishes ib tug howitzer los ntawm ib tug cannon. Nws kuj txiav txim siab lub hom phiaj ntawm lub cuab yeej.

Thaum twg thiab yuav tua dab tsi los ntawm

Yog tias peb xav tias tus yeeb ncuab nrhiav ntes tau cov haujlwm ntawm ib pab tub rog, ces peb yuav tsum cia siab tias yuav muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm nws. Tanks thiab infantry, txhawb nqa los ntawm kev tawm tsam lub dav hlau, yuav maj mus rau thaj chaw uas muaj kev tiv thaiv yav dhau los. Nyob rau hauv teb, tus tiv thaiv sab yuav siv countermeasures, hluav taws los ntawm nws tus kheej artillery thiab me me caj npab. Tab sis yog tias yuav tsum tau muaj kev tawm tsam, tom qab ntawd qhov tsim nyog thaj chaw fortifications yuav raug tsim ua ntej, trenches ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia tag nrho yuav raug khawb, bunkers thiab bunkers yuav raug tsim, cov firing sectors uas yuav ua rau nws nyuaj rau tshem tawm qhov chaw tiv thaiv. Feem ntau, txhua tus ntawm ob tog yuav ua txhua yam los cuam tshuam kev ua yeeb ncuab. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, hluav taws kub ntawm cov tiv thaiv subunits tob rau hauv av tsuas yog raug rho tawm haujlwm raws li txoj hauv kev hu ua hinged. Pav ca (uas yog, yuav luag sib npaug mus rau lub qab ntug) kev tua yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig: cov tub rog yeeb ncuab tau muab zais zais tom qab parapets thiab lwm yam kev tiv thaiv. Ib rab phom zoo tib yam yuav luag tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Lub howitzer, tus yam ntxwv ntawm uas yog mounted, yuav pab kom "haus luam yeeb tawm" cov neeg tiv thaiv los ntawm lub trench thiab dugouts, nqa down shells ntawm lawv lub taub hau ncaj qha los ntawm lub ntuj. Cannons raug rho tawm haujlwm los ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej. Lawv yuav tsum rhuav tshem ntau tus yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov tub rog ntau li ntau tau, khiav mus rautxoj haujlwm. Lawv nrhiav kev tawm tsam.

Howitzer Calibre

Cov dej num ntawm niaj hnub howitzer artillery tau dhau mus dhau lub voj voog yav dhau los. Lub hinged projectile trajectory yog qhov zoo tsis yog rau kev rhuav tshem cov neeg ua haujlwm zais hauv trench thiab dugouts, tab sis kuj rau lwm yam. Fortified thaj chaw feem ntau muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm ib txheej tuab ntawm cov pob zeb uas muaj zog thiab khawb tob rau hauv av. Frontal armor ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab lwm yam armored tsheb muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam riam phom tho riam phom, thaum tib lub sij hawm nws muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo los ntawm saum toj no. Yog hais tias ib rab phom ib txwm ua tiav qhov raug siab vim yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov projectile, ces ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej rau kev ua tiav qhov kawg tsis yog qhov hnyav ntawm qhov projectile heev. Ib tug loj caliber yog qhov txawv ntawm ib tug howitzer thiab ib tug cannon. Rau chav kawm ntawm cov phom no, xav tau 100 mm plhaub, thiab cov loj dua kuj muaj.

B-4

A howitzer yog riam phom hnyav, thiab cov cuab yeej no, ua ke nrog nws lub hom phiaj kev ua phem, ua rau muaj kev nyuaj. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm nws daim ntawv thov kev vam meej yog nto moo B-4 (52-G-625), tsim nyob rau hauv lub thirties thiab kav mus txog tag nrho cov tsov rog. Qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom, suav nrog lub tsheb thauj khoom, lub thoob nrog cov khoom siv rov qab thiab qhov viav vias, tshaj 17 (!) tons. Txhawm rau txav nws, koj xav tau lub tsheb laij teb-tsheb laij teb. Txhawm rau txo qhov tshwj xeeb thauj khoom hauv av, kab ntsig chassis tau siv. Lub caliber ntawm rab phom no yog 203 hli, los yog 8 nti. Lub projectile yog ib qho nyuaj rau nqa, nws hnyav los ntawm ib tug centner mus rau 145 kilograms (pob zeb-piercing version), yog li ntawd cov khoom ntawm mos mos yog nqa tawm los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb cov menyuam rooj. Kev suavmuaj kaum tsib tus neeg. Nrog rau qhov qis qis pib tshaj tawm ntawm qhov projectile (los ntawm 300 txog 600 m / s), qhov kev tua ntawm B-4 howitzer tshaj 17 km. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov hluav taws kub yog ib txhaj rau ob feeb. Cov phom muaj lub zog puas tsuaj loj heev, uas tau tshwm sim thaum muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Mannerheim Kab thaum lub caij ntuj no ua tsov rog nrog Finland. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ob peb xyoos nws tau pom tseeb tias yav tom ntej yog los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv phom tua tus kheej.

SU-152

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej uas tau coj los ntawm Soviet cov neeg tsim qauv hauv kev taw qhia ntawm kev tsim cov phom loj tshaj plaws ntawm tus kheej yog SU-152. Nws tau txais kev pab raws li ib hom lus teb rau cov tsos ntawm cov muaj zog armored German tso tsheb hlau luam nruab nrog cov phom ntev, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus tua peb lub tsheb los ntawm qhov deb deb (ib kilometers los yog ntau tshaj). Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los rhuav tshem lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv zoo yog los npog nws nrog qhov hnyav hnyav ya raws hinged parabolic trajectory. Lub 152 hli howitzer ntawm ML-20 caliber, mounted ntawm lub tank (KV) undercarriage nrog ib tug ruaj alarm thiab nruab nrog tig mechanisms, tig tawm los ua ib lub cuab tam muaj peev xwm daws tau qhov teeb meem no.

Carnation

Lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog hauv kev ua tub rog-kev ua haujlwm yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai hauv kev muaj peev xwm thev naus laus zis. Reciprocating aircraft xyaw yog hloov los ntawm dav hlau propulsion. Ib feem ntawm cov dej num ib txwm muab tso rau artillerymen pib daws los ntawm rocketmen. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kuj tseem muaj qhov rov ntsuas dua ntawm qhov pivefficiency thiab nqi. Kev Tsov Rog Txias, hauv qee qhov kev nkag siab, kuj tau los ua kev sib tw ntawm kev lag luam. Lub sijhawm thaum "lawv tsis sawv tom qab tus nqi" tau dhau mus. Nws muab tawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm ib tug artillery txhaj tshuaj yog npaum li cas qis tshaj lub launching ntawm ib tug tactical missile nrog kwv yees li sib npaug efficiency, qhia nyob rau hauv puas lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, qhov no tsis yog tam sim ntawd to taub: lub Khrushchev cov thawj coj poob rau hauv ib tug tej yam euphoria tom qab lub tsos ntawm missile xa tsheb nyob rau hauv lub arsenal ntawm lub Soviet Army. Nyob rau hauv 1967, Kharkov Tsheb Laij Teb Cog (ntawm chav kawm) tsim "Carnation" - thawj Soviet "paj" tus kheej-propelled howitzer. Cov yam ntxwv txuj ci tseem ceeb tshaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm tag nrho cov artillery pieces uas ua los ntawm cov tub rog-kev lag luam complex ntawm USSR ua ntej. Kev siv lub foob pob hluav taws xob ua haujlwm (ib hom hybrid ntawm cov mos txwv phom loj nrog lub foob pob hluav taws) tau pom, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tau nce los ntawm 15.3 mais mus rau 21.9 lwm yam, suav nrog tshwj xeeb (tshuaj lom neeg). Qhov kev ncua deb mus rau qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev sib tw ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv riam phom ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj. Lub dav hlau armored nyob plaub caug rounds ntawm mos txwv.

Acacia

Howitzer, tsim nyob rau nruab nrab - lig sixties, nkag mus rau hauv 1970. Nws tuaj yeem tua ntawm qhov deb ntawm 20-30 km (nyob ntawm kev hloov kho). Lub tsheb nws tus kheej yog lub teeb heev, hnyav ntau dua li lub tank nruab nrab, uas tau ua tiavtxo qhov hnyav armor. Kev tua hluav taws ncaj qha kuj tseem ua tau, tab sis lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb tseem yog tib yam - kev sib koom ua ke ntawm thaj chaw deb. Lub chassis yog ua raws li lub hauv ntej-cav tswv yim, uas justified nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv tsov rog xyoo. Tus qauv tsim tau coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev paub ntawm kev tsim SAU-100, thiab kev txhawb siab rau kev nco qab yog qhov muaj phom M-109 hauv cov neeg Asmeskas, muaj peev xwm tua hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsawg (TNT sib npaug ntawm 100 tons). Lo lus teb yog "Acacia" - ib tug howitzer uas tsis muaj tus yam ntxwv phem.

Czech "Dana"

Feem ntau, cov tub rog ntawm lub tebchaws socialist tau ua tub rog nrog Soviet qauv ntawm cov khoom siv tub rog, tab sis muaj kev zam. Pom tseeb, nco txog lub yeeb koob yav dhau los (thiab ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, Czechoslovakia yog ib qho ntawm cov tuam txhab ua lag luam nyob hauv Europe thiab ntiaj teb), engineers los ntawm Czechoslovakia nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-seventies tsim thiab tsim ib tug tshiab artillery phom, uas muaj ib tug xov tooj. zoo heev tactical thiab technical data rau lub sij hawm ntawd. Tus kheej-propelled howitzer "Dana" yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov hluav taws kub siab (ib zaug ib feeb), muaj cov neeg coob me me (6 tus neeg), tab sis nws qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog Tatra chassis zoo, muaj peev xwm hla lub tebchaws, maneuverability thiab ceev. Lub teb chaws txoj kev coj noj coj ua txawm hais tias muaj peev xwm tau txais qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb Czech no rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tub rog Soviet, tab sis, paub tias hauv peb lub teb chaws ua haujlwm tab tom tsim los tsim peb tus kheej, txawm tias ntau dua li rab phom howitzer, lawv tau tso tseg lub tswv yim no, txwv lawv tus kheej rau kev yuav khoom. ob peb daim ntawv los kawm txog "fraternalkev paub." Lub Dana tus kheej-propelled howitzer tseem nyob rau hauv kev pabcuam nrog Czech koom pheej, Slovakia, Poland, Libya thiab ntau lub tebchaws, qhov twg rab phom no tau muab tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR. Thaum lub sij hawm Georgian-Ossetian tsis sib haum xeeb, Lavxias teb sab tub rog ntes peb Danes ua trophies.

D-30: artillery classics

Nrog tag nrho cov kev nplua nuj ntawm tus kheej-propelled artillery systems, qhov kev xaiv pheej yig tshaj yog lub log li qub. Cov phom 152 hli uas yog Soviet tsim tau paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb rau nws qhov txawv silhouette. Nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm sib ntaus sib tua, lub tsheb, nthuav tawm, tag nrho so nrog peb lub txaj rau hauv av, kom lub log tsis txhob kov hauv av, uas muab - ntawm ib sab - kev ruaj ntseg nres, thiab nyob rau lwm yam - tso cai rau lub voj voog firing.. Tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb ntawm D-30 howitzer yog kev tua hluav taws mus txog 5.3 km, uas feem ntau txaus. Kev thauj mus los ntawm rab phom tsis yog ib qho teeb meem: nws hnyav 3.2 tons, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm thauj nws hla yuav luag txhua tus choj, thiab koj tuaj yeem siv Ural li ib txwm siv tsheb laij teb. Simplicity, kev ntseeg siab thiab kev ua haujlwm siab yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov riam phom Lavxias. D-30 thiab D-30A txaus siab yuav khoom rau kev tiv thaiv kev xav tau los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv (Tuam Tshoj, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Iraq) pom tias nws tsim nyog yuav cov ntaub ntawv rau lawv cov khoom tsim. Thiab qhov no howitzer ua lwm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Daim duab, nyob rau hauv uas ib txwm tav su volley raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv Peter thiab Paul Fortress, yeej adorns rab phom no.

daim thaiv thiab ntaj

Lavxias teb sab howitzers yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov phom lojmissile shield ntawm lub teb chaws. Lawv lub hom phiaj kev tawm tsam tsis hais txog kev ua phem ntawm tub rog cov lus qhuab qhia, tab sis tom qab tag nrho, tsis yog ib pab tub rog hauv ntiaj teb tsis suav nrog kev tawm tsam lossis xa tawm kev tawm tsam, txoj cai? Tsis tas li ntawd, ob peb hom artillery tau dhau los ua qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb thiab kev ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb raws li tus neeg ua haujlwm. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov riam phom no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv tau rau kev tua nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tiaj tus, uas yog, siv nws rau kev tiv thaiv, suav nrog kev tiv thaiv tank.

Thiab cov hmoov phom yuav tsum tau khaws cia kom qhuav.