Stanislav Shushkevich (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 15, 1934) yog Belarusian kws tshawb fawb thiab ua nom tswv. Los ntawm 1991 txog 1994 nws yog Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Koom pheej ntawm Belarus. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu ua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Belarus, uas tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus Belovezhskaya ntawm lub creation ntawm lub CIS.
Keeb kwm thiab xyoo kawm
Shushkevich Stanislav Stanislavovich pib nws lub neej nyob qhov twg? Nws biography pib nyob rau hauv Minsk nyob rau hauv ib tug Polish-Belarusian tsev neeg. Nws niam Helena Razumovska yog ib tug neeg txhais lus thiab sau ntawv uas luam tawm nyob rau hauv Polish luam tawm xov xwm luam tawm nyob rau hauv Belarus nyob rau hauv lub 1920s thiab 1930s, thiab nws txiv yog ib tug Belarusian kws sau paj lug thiab sau ntawv. Peb xyoos tom qab yug nws tus tub, nws raug iab liam, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub mines ntawm Kuzbass, thiab tsuas yog tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1946. Rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws, nws pib qhia hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob deb nroog. Tab sis raws li kev coj ua phem ntawm Stalin cov neeg raug kaw, nws tau raug ntes dua xyoo 1949 thiab raug ntiab tawm mus rau thaj chaw Krasnoyarsk. Thaum kawg rov qab mus rau Belarus tsuas yog xyoo 1956.
Nws zoo kawg nkaus, tab sis kev qias neeg ntawm "tus tub ntawm tus yeeb ncuab ntawm tib neeg", uas tau rhuav tshem (thiab txawm tawg) lub neej ntawm ntau tusStanislav Shushkevich cov phooj ywg, thaj, tsis cuam tshuam nws txoj hmoo nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv 1951 nws kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws nkag mus rau lub physics thiab lej department ntawm lub prestigious Belarusian State University (BSU), nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm nws txiv tso nws kawm tiav, thiab tam sim ntawd los ua ib tug kawm tiav nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm Physics ntawm Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm Belarusian SSR.
pib ua haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm Soviet
Tom qab luv luv ua haujlwm ua "menes" ntawm nws lub koom haum ib txwm muaj, Stanislav Shushkevich tawm mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Lub Chaw Tsim Khoom Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Minsk Xov Tooj Cua Cog. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov nroj tsuag tau koom nrog kev tsim kho thiab tsim cov cuab yeej rau kev tshawb fawb lub cev. Ib qho nthuav rov yog txuas nrog lub sijhawm no, uas Stanislav Shushkevich nws tus kheej tau rov qab los. Biography luv luv coj nws los ua ke tsis nrog leej twg, tab sis nrog rau yav tom ntej tus neeg tua neeg Asmeskas Thawj Tswj Hwm Kennedy Lee Harvey Oswald.
Qhov tseeb yog tias xyoo 1959 nws tuaj rau USSR ntawm kev mus ncig ua si thiab tshaj tawm tias nws xav nyob hauv USSR. Tom qab tsis kam, nws defiantly sim tua tus kheej. Lawv tau ntsib nws ib nrab thiab txiav txim siab Minsk ua nws qhov chaw nyob, thiab xa nws mus ua haujlwm hauv xov tooj cua. Shushkevich, uas hais lus Askiv zoo, tau raug xa mus kawm Lavxias nrog Asmeskas. Raws li nws qhov kev nco qab, Oswald tsis ua rau muaj kev xav pom, nws zoo li qeeb thiab tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab nws yog ib tus kws kho mob nruab nrab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau tiv thaiv nws kom tau ib tug poj niam hluas hauv Minsk, uas nws sai sai rov qab mus rau Tebchaws Meskas.
Kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua haujlwm hauv USSR
Xyoo 1961, Stanislav Shushkevich rov qab losBelarusian State University, qhov twg nyob rau hauv rau xyoo nws mus los ntawm senior engineer mus rau lub taub hau ntawm scientific laboratory sector. Xyoo 1967, nws tau raug xaiv los ua Tus Lwm Thawj Coj rau Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Minsk Radio Engineering Institute. Raws li cov memoirs ntawm Shushkevich nws tus kheej, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws lub sij hawm tshiab nws yog tsis-partisan. Qhov xwm txheej no ua rau nws nyuaj heev rau kev ua haujlwm hauv qhov chaw tshiab, txij li txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb ntawm lub koom haum tau ua nyob rau hauv pawg neeg ua haujlwm tsis muaj nws koom nrog. Tig mus rau pawg thawj coj hauv nroog, Shushkevich tau thov kom nrhiav kev daws teeb meem. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau raug lees txais tam sim ntawd rau hauv Pawg Neeg Communist, uas tso cai rau nws ua haujlwm ntxiv yam tsis muaj teeb meem.
Txij xyoo 1967, tau ob xyoos, nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum ua tus lwm thawj kws tshawb fawb.
Nyob rau xyoo 1969, Stanislav Shushkevich rov qab mus rau State University, qhov twg nyob rau hauv 7 xyoo nws tau los ua ib tug xib fwb thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub department ntawm nuclear physics. Txij xyoo 1986, nws tau ua Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab rau Kev Tshawb Fawb.
pib txoj haujlwm nom tswv
Ua ntej nws pib, Shushkevich Stanislav Stanislavovich yog tus paub zoo ntawm Belarusian tus kws tshawb fawb, tus tswv cuab ntawm Belarusian Academy of Sciences, tus sau ntawm ntau cov ntawv sau, ntau dua 150 tsab xov xwm thiab 50 inventions, thiab muaj ntau lub xeev khoom plig.
Hauv xyoo 1990 nws tau raug xaiv tsa Thawj Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Belarus. Tom qab muaj kev sim tawm tsam hauv USSR thaum Lub Yim Hli 1991, nws tau thov lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub rooj sib tham tshwj xeeb ntawm pawg thawj coj, tab sis raug tsis lees paub los ntawm nws tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Nikolai Dementei.
Tom qab Boris Yeltsin yeej dhau cov neeg tua hluav taws thaum Lub Yim Hli 26, nws tau raug xaiv thiab. txog. Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Parliament, thiabLub Yim Hli 31 tau los ua nws tus thawj tswj hwm. Thaum lub sijhawm nws tuav haujlwm, nws tau txhawb nqa kev hloov kho rau kev lag luam dawb.
Belovezhskaya Accords
Raws li cov memoirs ntawm Shushkevich, nws caw Boris Yeltsin mus rau lub qub chaw ua si ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub CPSU nyob rau hauv Belovezhskaya Pushcha nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1991, tsis yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev rhuav tshem lub USSR, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sim los tsim. ib tug mechanism rau yav tom ntej kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo ntawm Belarus thiab Russia tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov koom haum koom haum, uas tau xeeb los ntawm Shushkevich nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej raws li zoo nkauj ntshiab, ib yam dab tsi zoo li ib tug xoob confederation. Lub tswv yim caw Leonid Kravchuk mus rau tib qhov chaw tshwm sim tom qab Yeltsin tuaj txog tau pom zoo.
Qhov no yog li cas peb cov thawj coj ntawm cov koom pheej Slavic, nyob hauv cov neeg zej zog nrog cov hauv paus, sib sau ua ke hauv Pushcha. Raws li Shushkevich, kev cog lus ntawm kev tsim kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo ntawm peb lub koom pheej tau mus txog, tab sis cov lus nug tshwm sim seb nws puas tsim nyog thov kev pom zoo rau Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm USSR Gorbachev. Tag nrho peb tus kheej yeej tsis xav ua qhov no, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem tawm tswv yim kom tso tseg lub union treaty. Gennady Burbulis, ze rau Yeltsin, ua raws li ib tug oracle uas tau hais ib kab lus uas yog hmoog rau peb txhua tus txog kev lees paub lub USSR uas tau tso tseg. Shushkevich nco qab tias thaum lub sijhawm ntawd nws "yuav khib Burbulis."
Kaum Ob Hlis 8, Stanislav Shushkevich, ua ke nrog Boris Yeltsin thiab Leonid Kravchuk, tau kos npe rau ib daim ntawv raws li Soviet Union tau tso tseg thiab tau hloov mus rau Tebchaws MeskasIndependent States (CIS).
End of career
Kev ua nom ua tswv ntxiv ntawm peb tus phab ej zoo ib yam li txoj kev ntawm Leonid Kravchuk. Kev sim ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv kev lag luam, kev nce nqi loj heev tau pib los ntawm lawv, kev txo qis ntawm cov nyiaj khaws cia ntawm Belarusians - tag nrho cov teeb meem no noj qab haus huv, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam kev nom kev tswv tawm tsam nws, uas xyoo 1994 yuam Shushkevich tawm haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws kuj sim mus sau npe nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li thawj Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Belarus (Stanislav Shushkevich), koom nyob rau hauv kev xaiv tsa thawj tswj hwm, tab sis yeej xwb 10% ntawm cov pov npav. Prudent Belarusians xaiv Alexander Lukashenko ua tus thawj tswj hwm, nyob rau hauv uas nws cov thawj coj lub teb chaws tsuas muaj ib tug loj hlob GDP txij thaum 1995 (tsuas yog ib tug ntawm tag nrho cov post-Soviet lub teb chaws).
Txij thaum ntawd los, tau ntau dua 20 xyoo, Stanislav Shushkevich tau tawm tsam rau Belarusian cov tub ceev xwm. Nws siv lub teb chaws tsis tshua muaj neeg nyiam thiab tib lub sij hawm pro-Western txoj hauj lwm, thov hais tias txij li thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th Belarus yog ib tug colony ntawm Russia, thiab muab piv rau tam sim no kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws nrog "Peb Reich"
