Lub cosmodrome loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia. Lavxias teb sab spaceports

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:58

Niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab chaw nres nkoj yog cov khoom uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev lag luam, kev sib raug zoo-kev nom kev tswv thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ntau qib. Nyob rau hauv Russia, muaj ob qho tib si kev khiav hauj lwm thiab nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho qhov chaw. Cov chaw nres nkoj Lavxias nyob qhov twg? Dab tsi yog lawv tam sim no sawv cev?

Lub chaw nres nkoj dab tsi ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Russia?

Baikonur, Plesetsk, Kapustin Yar, Yasny, Svobodny thiab Vostochny, uas tab tom tsim kho, yog Russia niaj hnub cosmodromes. Cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv, tau kawg, tuaj yeem hloov kho - nyob ntawm seb cov txheej txheem siv nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev pab cuam yuav muab faib. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias vim muaj thaj tsam loj ntawm qee qhov chaw nres nkoj, nrog rau qhov nyuaj ntawm cov dej num daws tau ntawm lawv, cov tshiab tso tawm yuav qhib, cov tam sim no yuav raug kaw thiab xa mus rau lwm qhov chaw. Tab sis tam sim no, Lavxias teb sab chaw nres nkoj tau hais los saum toj no feem ntau tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov tsim tau zoo ntawm cov chaw rau lub hom phiaj sib xws. Cia peb tam sim no xav txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv txhua tus. More.

Baikonur yog lub ntsiab cosmodrome nyob rau hauv qhov chaw cov kev pab cuam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation

Baikonur yog ib lub cosmodrome uas tsis yog nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis rau Kazakhstan, tab sis Lavxias teb sab Federation yog xyaum nws ib leeg neeg siv. Nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb yog RSC Energia, TsSKB Progress, GKNPTs im. M. V. Khrunicheva, Yuzhny Space Center. Baikonur tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1955. Qhov chaw no tau xauj los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Lavxias los ntawm koom pheej Kazakhstan rau 50 xyoo. Tus nqi ntawm kev siv lub cosmodrome yog kwv yees li 5 billion rubles ib xyoo - 3.5 billion yog, qhov tseeb, cov nqi xauj tsev, 1.5 billion - cov nyiaj faib los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation los tswj cov chaw hauv infrastructure.

Baikonur, txawm hais tias nws muaj feem raug cai nrog Kazakhstan, yog ib txwm suav tias yog Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome. Nws yog lub npe hu rau launching thawj lub ntiaj teb satellite, thawj manned spacecraft, ntau yam scientific satellites, thiab ballistic missiles. Tam sim no Baikonur yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm txhua yam khoom ntawm cov khoom sib xws uas tau koom nrog hauv kev lag luam hauv Lavxias. Nws tag nrho cheeb tsam yog hais txog 6717 sq. km. Ob peb xyoos dhau los no, Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome tau ua tus thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb hais txog tus naj npawb ntawm kev xa tawm.

Infrastructure ntawm Baikonur Cosmodrome

Baikonur's infrastructure yog sawv cev, tshwj xeeb, los ntawm cov chaw hauv qab no:

- 9 tso tawm ntau yam ntawm ntau pawg;

- 15 launchers tsim los tua foob pob hluav taws uas tso satellites thiab nkoj mus rau qhov chaw;

- 4 launchers siv los nqa tawmballistic missile xeem;

- 11 lub tsev tsim los rau kev teeb tsa thiab kuaj cov khoom siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj;

- 34 complexes yoog rau kev npaj ua ntej tso foob pob hluav taws thiab tsheb rau ntau lub hom phiaj uas tau pib los ntawm lawv mus rau qhov chaw;

- 3 chaw nres tsheb uas tso lub tsheb thiab lwm lub dav hlau tau refueled nrog ntau hom roj;

- ntsuas complex;

- cov ntaub ntawv thiab suav qhov chaw uas tswj tau ua, nrog rau kev tswj hwm lub dav hlau dav hlau thiab ua tiav ntau hom ntaub ntawv;

- oxygen-nitrogen ntau lawm complex muaj peev xwm ua tau txog 300 tons ntawm ntau hom khoom cryogenic thaum nruab hnub;

- CHP 60 MW;

- 72 MW lub zog tsheb ciav hlau siv los ntawm roj turbines;

- transformer substations nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 600 yam khoom;

- kev sib txuas lus ntawm tus nqi ntawm 92 units;

- airfields - "Xav" thiab "Jubilee";

- hauv zos railway infrastructure nrog tag nrho ntev ntawm txog 470 km;

- 1281 km ntawm txoj kev infrastructure;

- kab hluav taws xob 6610 km, kev sib txuas lus - 2784 km.

Tau suav hais tias yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cosmodrome loj tshaj plaws koom nrog hauv qhov kev pab cuam hauv Lavxias teb sab, peb yuav kawm txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lwm yam khoom ntawm cov khoom sib xws uas ua haujlwm hauv Russia.

Kapustin Yar

"Kapustin Yar" ntau tus kws tshawb fawb zoo li xav txog ntau dua li qhov chaw cob qhia tub rog. Tab sis rau ntauNtawm thaj chaw, nws tseem tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog cosmodrome, feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias kev sim tua cov foob pob hluav taws yog nqa tawm los ntawm nws - nrog lub taub hau uas tau tso tawm rau hauv qhov chaw sab nraud. Kapustin Yar tau tsim xyoo 1946.

Lub cosmodrome ntawm Russia yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Astrakhan, tab sis qee thaj chaw nws yog ib feem ntawm Atyrau thiab West Kazakhstan cheeb tsam ntawm koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan. Nws tag nrho cheeb tsam yog hais txog 650 sq. km. Lub cosmodrome muaj nws tus kheej lub chaw tswj hwm - lub nroog Znamensk. Tsis deb ntawm nws yog tshav dav hlau tub rog.

Clear

Lub Yasny cosmodrome feem ntau suav hais tias yog cov kws tshaj lij ua lub hauv paus pib - tab sis rau cov foob pob hluav taws, dua, tsim los tso rau hauv qhov chaw sab nraud. Actively siv txij li thaum 2006. Qhov chaw nres nkoj tshiab no nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv Yasnensky koog tsev kawm ntawv, uas nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Orenburg.

Lub koom haum thoob ntiaj teb Kosmotras tau suav tias yog tus neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cosmodrome yog siv los tsim ntau lub satellites rau hauv lub ntiaj teb qis orbit. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Dnepr missile ntawm Lavxias-Ukrainian ntau lawm feem ntau yog siv los daws cov haujlwm sib xws.

Plesetsk

qaum teb tshaj plaws cosmodrome hauv Russia - "Plesetsk". Nws nyob txog 180 km ntawm Arkhangelsk - sab qab teb ntawm lub nroog. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm cov khoom yog hais txog 176.2 hectares. Plesetsk pib ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug cosmodrome nyob rau hauv 1966. Los ntawm nws lawv ua tauKev xa tawm cov foob pob hluav taws uas yog tsev neeg R-7 thiab lwm yam uas koom nrog cov chav kawm zoo sib xws.

Russia sab qaum teb tshaj plaws cosmodrome, raws li qee cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tag nrho cov foob pob hluav taws uas nqa tawm los ntawm nws mus rau qhov chaw.

Free

Lub Svobodny Cosmodrome nyob hauv thaj av Amur. Nws tau ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 1996. Qhov no Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome muaj thaj tsam ntawm 410 square meters. km, thiab muaj kev tsim kho vaj tse los tua cov foob pob hluav taws xob thiab nruab nrab. Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias kev tsim kho ntawm Svobodny tau pib vim qhov tseeb tias tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR, lub ntsiab Soviet Baikonur cosmodrome tau xaus rau sab nraum Lavxias teb sab Federation, thiab cov thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev pab cuam qhov chaw txiav txim siab hais tias lub xeev xav tau nws tus kheej. qhov chaw rau lub hom phiaj tsim nyog. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, lub sab hnub tuaj cosmodrome ntawm Russia, tom qab pib ua hauj lwm, tau koom tes nrog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sim launches ntawm ballistic missiles - xws li Topol. Tam sim no nws tsis tau siv zog, qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias qhov chaw tshiab tau tsim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Far East - Vostochny cosmodrome. Xav txog, tig, cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog nws.

Oriental

Nov yog Russia tus tshiab tshaj plaws thiab sab hnub tuaj tshaj plaws cosmodrome. Nws pib tsim nyob rau hauv 2010. Nws yuav nyob, los ntawm txoj kev, tsis deb ntawm Svobodny, uas yuav tsum tau disbanded nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau lub installation ntawm lub ntsiab infrastructure twb nyob rau hauv Vostochny thiab lub tom ntej optimization ntawm logistics rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw tshiab.

Nws kwv yees tias Russia lub sab hnub tuaj tshaj plaws cosmodrome nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho yuav nyob thaj tsam ntawm 1035 sq. km. Nws tsim yog npaj los daws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qab no: kev nrhiav tau los ntawm Russia ntawm nws tus kheej cosmodrome, yoog rau kev tso tawm txhua hom foob pob hluav taws, tsim kom muaj kev txhawb nqa ntxiv rau kev loj hlob ntawm Far Eastern thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Federation. Lub cheeb tsam no tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb hauv lub xeev cov kev pabcuam kev noj qab haus huv, thiab kev tsim kho ntawm cov chaw sib raug tau raug suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua tiav ntawm cov kev pib no.

Vostochny yog Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome, uas muaj ntau qhov zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Baikonur. Yog li, piv txwv li, txoj kev ya davhlau ntawm cov cuaj luaj uas yuav raug tso tawm los ntawm qhov no yog nyob sab nraum thaj chaw muaj neeg coob ntawm Lavxias Federation, nrog rau cov xeev txawv tebchaws - cov no tau muab tso rau hauv cov dej nruab nrab. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov chaw cosmodrome nyob rau hauv Russia - piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ze ze rau ib tug tsim infrastructure. Qhov no ua rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Vostochny tshwj xeeb tshaj yog raug nqi. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee tus kws tshaj lij kuj tseem hais txog ntau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv kev tsim cov khoom sib xws ntawm Lavxias teb sab qhov chaw. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov tseeb tias Vostochny nyob 6 degrees sab qaum teb ntawm Baikonur tau sau tseg - yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov huab hwm coj ntawm payload uas tau tso rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome yuav qis dua me ntsis.

Thaum tso tawm yuav pib los ntawmOriental?

Thaum twg Russia lub chaw nres nkoj sab hnub tuaj tshaj plaws yuav qhib thiab ua haujlwm?

Thaum pib, nws tau xav tias thawj lub foob pob hluav taws tso tawm los ntawm cov chaw sib raug zoo yuav ua tiav thaum kawg ntawm 2015. Tab sis tam sim no nws tau raug ncua mus rau 2016. Raws li rau lub launches ntawm ib tug manned spacecraft los ntawm Vostochny, thawj yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv 2016. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshiab Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome yuav nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Uglegorsk, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub Amur cheeb tsam - nyob ze rau lub tsev nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho. Lub koom haum tswj hwm ntawm Vostochny yuav nyob hauv tib lub nroog. Los ntawm txoj kev, qee qhov chaw tsim kho vaj tse ntawm cosmodrome tuaj yeem tsim sab nraum thaj av Amur. Nws yog assumed tias los ntawm Vostochny nws yuav muaj peev xwm mus tua missiles ntawm yuav luag txhua yam - lub teeb, nruab nrab thiab hnyav - xws li, piv txwv li, lub Angara, uas tau ntse sim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation nyob rau hauv 2014.

CV

Yog li, Russia niaj hnub cosmodromes yog sawv cev los ntawm 5 qhov chaw ua haujlwm - txog tam sim no ib tus tuaj yeem ua "Svobodny" xws li, txij li nws tseem muaj kev tsim kho vaj tse, thiab ib qho kev tsim kho. Lawv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation - nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm lub European ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb, nyob rau hauv Far East. Qhov loj tshaj plaws cosmodrome koom nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan. Tsis ntev nws yuav qhia nws cov dej num, uas tau qhia nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm launches ntawm tag nrho cov nrov hom foob pob ua ntxaij, nrog lub Vostochny cosmodrome, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub Amur Region.