Muaj ntau hom nceb, tab sis peb yuav tham txog champignons (Agaricus). Niaj hnub no nws tsis yog qhov tsim nyog los sau lawv hauv hav zoov, vim tias hauv txhua lub khw muag khoom lawv muag cov nceb dawb zoo nkauj - ib hom champignon. Cov Fabkis tau kawm kom loj hlob lawv rov qab rau xyoo pua 17th. Tam sim no, ntawm cov nceb noj tau, hom no yog thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb hais txog kev tsim khoom.
Champignons in nature
Txawm hais tias lawv muaj, ntau tus nyiam tawm mus rau hauv cov nceb, vim tias "kev yos hav zoov" yog ib qho tseem ceeb, zoo siab thiab zoo siab. Nws tso cai rau koj kom dim ntawm cov teeb meem txhua hnub, nyob ib leeg nrog xwm rau qee lub sijhawm. Yuav ua li cas nthuav nws yog mus nrhiav ib tug zoo nkauj lub qhov ncauj-watering fungus ntawm cov nyom los yog foliage, thiab yog hais tias koj muaj hmoo, ces tag nrho tsev neeg! Mushrooms yog ubiquitous, loj hlob nyob rau hauv hav zoov, chaw ua si, meadows thiab txawm nyob rau asph alt.
Lawv yog cov nceb nceb. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj tsawg kawg yog 60 ntawm lawv hom, sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws, tab sis txhua yam ntawm champignon nceb muaj nws tus kheej.peculiarities. Lamellar nceb yog cov uas muaj daim hlau nyob hauv qab ntawm lub hau. Nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas champignons, daim hlau yog dawb, ces pinkish, nyob rau hauv cov laus lawv ua dub-xim av thiab dub-xim av.
hom kab no kuj txawv ntawm qhov muaj lub nplhaib ntawm lub qia. Lub hau thiab qia yog lub cev fruiting, thiab mycelium yog nyob rau hauv av. Nyob rau hauv lub qis txheej ntawm nceb hau muaj spores, nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv multiply, tsim ib tug tshiab mycelium. Koj tseem tuaj yeem nthuav tawm nrog daim ntawm mycelium, yog tias koj tsim cov xwm txheej zoo rau qhov no.
Cov nceb me me tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog paub cov duab kheej kheej ntawm lub hau, tab sis kuj zoo li tswb, thiab yuav luag cylindrical. Thaum nws loj hlob, nws cov npoo maj mam txav mus, thiab ib lossis ob lub nplhaib tsim ntawm ceg. Lub kaus mom txuas ntxiv qhib, cov phiaj hauv nws qhov qis dua pom dua. Thaum qhib, nws muaj ib tug semi-los yog tag nrho prostrate.
nceb nceb
Cia peb xav txog ntau hom tsiaj uas feem ntau pom ntawm txoj kev los ntawm cov nceb pickers: hav zoov, meadow, teb, ob-spore.
Forest (Agaricus silvaticus), qee zaum hu ua "blahushka". Qhov ntau yam ntawm champignon no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv hav zoov coniferous txij thaum nruab nrab lub caij ntuj sov mus rau Lub Kaum Hli, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau ntawm cov ntsaum heaps. Txawm tias lub qab ntxiag saj, nws yog tsis tshua muaj harvested. Coob leej ntshai tias thaum lub sij hawm tawg lub cev ua xim av-liab.
Nyob hauv cov nceb me me, qia siab, nrog lub nplhaib dawb, uas yuav poob rau hauv cov qauv qub. Lub hau yog ovoid, ces uaconvex, zoo li lub tswb, tom qab - tiaj tus-prostrate. Nws muaj xim av fibrous nplais.
Meadow (hom, qhov cub), Latin lub npe - Agaricus campestris. Qhov ntau yam ntawm champignon no paub txawm tias cov neeg nyob hauv nroog, vim nws pom tsis deb ntawm tsev - hauv vaj, chaw ua si. Nws nyiam cov av zoo fertilized, tuaj yeem loj hlob hauv pastures, hauv cov nyuj taug kev. Cov nceb yog cua thiab tsim tau heev, loj hlob hauv pawg loj.
Lub kaus mom yog dawb, thawj zaug nws muaj lub ntsej muag kheej kheej, tom qab ntawd convex, ces tiaj tus. Cov nplooj yog liab, grey-xim av nyob rau hauv cov nceb paub tab. Cov nqaij yog dawb thiab elastic, tig liab liab ntawm qhov txiav. Thaum nws loj tuaj, "daim tiab" uas txuas cov npoo ntawm lub hau rau lub qia cais thiab tseem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub nplhaib membranous nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm qia.
Teb (Agaricus arvensis). Cov tsiaj no yog cov txheeb ze ze tshaj plaws ntawm cov nyom, tab sis ntau tus ntseeg tias nws saj zoo dua. Nws muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, tsw qab ntxiag heev thiab yog ib qho loj tshaj plaws ntawm champignons. Hauv qee qhov, qhov hnyav txog li 300 g, thiab txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub kaus mom ncav cuag 20 cm.
Cov nceb me me muaj lub hau zoo li lub qe, uas maj mam tau cov duab tiaj tus, nrog cov tawv nqaij silky, thaum kov, xim hloov mus rau daj. Muaj ib lub nplhaib ob-txheej ntawm lub qia, thiab cov yam ntxwv daj protrusions sawv tawm ntawm txheej qis. Cov phiaj, raws li cov kab mob muaj hnub nyoog, hloov xim ntawm pinkish mus rau tsaus xim av.
Ob-spored (Agaricus bisporus) yog ntau yam zoo ntawm champignon, dav cog rau hauv cov khoom tsim.
nceb cuav
nceb pickers feem ntau, tawm ntawm kev tsis paub, sau cov tshuaj lom (tsis tseeb) ntau yam ntawm champignon thiab muab pov rau hauv pob tawb nrog lwm cov nceb. Txawm hais tias noj lawv tsis tas yuav tuag, nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau. Txawm tias tom qab kev kho cua sov, lawv khaws cov tshuaj lom uas ua rau lom, nrog rau cov hnyuv, ntuav, thiab colic.
Feem ntau ob hom ntawm champignons tsis meej pem nrog nceb noj, cov duab uas koj pom. Yellow-skinned nceb (Agaricus xanthodermus) muaj nyob hauv ob qho tib si qhib thiab hauv cov nyom. Hom tsiaj uas tsis tau noj no muaj lub hau dawb, feem ntau nrog cov xim grey-xim av.
Lub pulp, raws li lub npe, instantly tig daj thaum txiav. Qhov qis ntawm qia kuj daj, qee zaum txawm tias txiv kab ntxwv. Hom kab no, vim yog lub kaus mom tswb, feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog thaj teb. Ntxiv nrog rau cov xim ntawm cov nqaij, nws tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsis hnov tsw tsw heev uas ua rau muaj zog thaum kib.
Squamous, variegated, scaly nceb (Agaricus Placomyces) yog lwm yam nceb uas tsis tuaj yeem pom hauv hav zoov sib xyaw thiab coniferous. Nws lub kaus mom yog greyish-xim av, nrog ib qho chaw tsaus nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, npog nrog nplai. Qhov tsis hnov tsw ntawm carbolic acid ntxeev siab rau qhov inedibility ntawm hom no.
Qee zaum tiaj-cap champignon tsis meej pem nrog hav zoov nceb, tab sis raws li peb twb tau ua lawmPeb paub tias nyob rau hauv hav zoov hom tsw qab ntxiag thiab cov nqaij ntawm cov txiav maj mam tig liab, thaum nyob rau hauv variegated hom nws tig daj thiab maj mam tig xim av.
Ntau zaus, cov neeg tsis paub qab hau nceb tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas champignons los ntawm qhov zoo sib xws, tab sis muaj tshuaj lom neeg tua kab dawb agaric thiab daj ntseg grebe. Lawv zoo ib yam hauv cov kaus mom, thiab daim phiaj, thiab cov nplhaib ntawm ob txhais ceg.
Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov sib txawv yog pom tseeb tsuas yog hauv cov neeg laus cov qauv: nyob rau hauv ya agaric thiab daj ntseg grebe, tsis zoo li edible champignons, cov xim ntawm daim hlau tseem lub teeb. Nrhiav ib tus neeg laus nceb thiab ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas hauv qab ntawm lub hau. Lwm txoj hauv kev yooj yim los xyuas: thaum nias, cov xim ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov nceb lom tsis hloov.
Photo 1 - hav zoov champignon;
Photo 2 - meadow champignon;
Daim duab 3 - teb champignon;
Daim duab 4 - daim tawv nqaij daj daj;
Photo 5 - flat cap champignon.
