Tsuas yog cov nroj tsuag uas muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov hnyav ntawm nws cov xwm txheej thiab huab cua ua rau muaj zog hauv tundra. Tundra toj roob hauv pes yog swampy, peaty thiab rocky. Bushes tsis ntxeem tau ntawm no. Lawv thaj chaw faib khoom tsis mus dhau ciam teb ntawm thaj chaw taiga. Sab qaum teb nthuav dav yog npog nrog cov ntoo dwarf tundra nkag mus hauv av: polar willow, blueberries, cranberries thiab lwm yam elfins.
Cov tsiaj ntawm no yog tsim los ntawm mosses, lichens, sedges thiab fungi. Cov nyom luv tam sim no thiab tom qab ntawd cuam tshuam cov moss-lichen hauv ncoo. Cov ntoo thiab tsob ntoo yog sawv cev los ntawm cov ntawv me. Muaj tsuas yog polar willow thiab dwarf birch. Cov ntoo me me qee zaum tawg los ntawm cov turf kaw, qee zaum lawv loj hlob tag.
Polar willow - dwarf shrub
Ib tus neeg sawv cev tshwj xeeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag paj yog lub ncov qaum teb willow. Txawm hais tias nws yog me me, nws tseem hais txog tundra shrubs, thiab tsis yog nyom. tsob nroj me meyuam, vim tej yam ntuj tso, ua zoo li tsis yog tsob ntoo tsob ntoo, tab sis ib tug elfin creeping raws av.
Ntawm cov ntoo zoo li cov ceg ntoo, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov nplooj ruaj khov, uas tsis tawg, zoo li lwm cov willows hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg. Lawv nyob twj ywm ntsuab txawm nyob rau hauv lub snow cover. Cov nroj tsuag muaj ob lub npe ntxiv - dwarf willow thiab arctic. Polar willow hauv tundra tsis yog ib leeg. Nrog rau nws, muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Magadan, Yenisei, nyom thiab ob peb lwm yam dwarf yug.
Khoom noj muaj nqis ntawm polar willow
Willow nplooj yog zaub mov zoo rau cov reindeer. Lawv, txhawm rau kom txaus rau lub caij ntuj no, khawb lawv tawm hauv qab daus. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, nws tua, buds thiab bark tsis neglected los ntawm hares, partridges thiab nas.
Arctic shrub nplooj yog noj tau. Cov neeg sab qaum teb khaws cov nroj tsuag rau yav tom ntej siv thiab ua zaub mov txawv heev los ntawm nws. Lawv yuav ntswj tus mos lwj lub plab thiab sau lawv nrog boiled nplooj thiab cov kua uas cov nroj tsuag boiled. Lub Chukchi pub rau sib tov ntawm willow nplooj thiab mos lwj ntshav. Cov Eskimos caij lawv nrog cov rog thiab ntshav. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj yej surrogate yog npaj los ntawm nplooj.
Biological Description
Npua tsob ntoo ntawm herbaceous zoo li muaj cov ntoo me me zoo li nce toj pob tw. Koj saib cov duab, uas qhia txog lub paj qaum teb, thiab koj xav paub tias qhov txawv txawv li cas. Cov kab me me yog tsim los ntawm cov ceg me me hauv av. Lawv luv luv piv rau cov ntoo zoo tib yam. Lawv qhov ntev tsis tshaj 3-5centimeters.
Nyob rau ntawm creeping, rooting daj twigs, muaj ob peb nplooj me me uas tawm ntawm turf. Lanceolate stipules, txawm hais tias muaj nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag, tsis tshua muaj. Lawv nyiam kom tsis tuaj. Cov nplooj muaj cov duab sib npaug, dav obovate. Qee lub sij hawm lawv zoo li lub raum thiab tsuas yog qee zaus elliptical-broadly lanceolate. Lawv cov saum yog roundish.
Cov nplooj feem ntau kos rau hauv cov duab. Lawv lub hauv paus tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov sib npaug lossis lub plawv zoo li, thiab tsis tshua muaj kab-zoo li kab. Qhov no yog qhov polar willow zoo li - tsob ntoo tundra txawv txawv. Cov nplooj ntsuab nrog tag nrho cov sab muaj matte sab saum toj thiab me ntsis ci hauv qab. Qhov ntev ntawm cov liab qab petioles tsuas yog 1 centimeter. Qhov ntev ntawm nplooj, strung ntawm me me petioles, tsis ntau tshaj 2.5 cm, thiab qhov dav yog tsis ntau tshaj 1.3 cm.
Cov paj paj paj paj feem ntau yog oblong lossis ovoid hauv cov duab. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov paj me me nyob rau hauv lawv txawv ntawm 3 mus rau 17. Lub ncov qaumteb qabteb willow kuj tau nruab nrog bracts. Lawv cov lus piav qhia yog raws li nram no: tsaus xim av nplai nrog ovoid (qee zaum rov qab ovoid) sib npaug, concave cov ntaub ntawv muaj jagged npoo.
Muaj ob tug liab qab stamens. Lawv muaj qhov tsaus nti anther thiab oblong-ovate nqaim nectary. Lub zes qe menyuam yog conical, lub teeb pom kev ntxoov ntxoo thaum xub thawj, loj hlob tuaj thaum lub sij hawm, repainting ntsuab los yog liab doog tones. Bipartite divergent stigmas muaj oblong-linear nectary.
Tau kawgxws li trifles tsis yog ib txwm muaj peev xwm los txiav txim siab hauv qhov xwm txheej, thiab ntau dua li hauv daim duab. Polar willow, zoo li ntau lwm cov nroj tsuag, tau ua tib zoo kawm los ntawm biologists hauv chav kuaj.
Arctic willow range
Kev tswj hwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag hardy pib hauv cov suab puam polar uas npog Arctic Islands tuaj thiab txuas mus rau sab qaum teb thaj tsam ntawm Putorana Plateau. Qhov ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag dwarf ntes tau Scandinavian, East Siberian, Chukchi thiab Kamchatka av hauv tundra. Nws nthuav dav thoob plaws cov Islands tuaj ntawm Jan Mayen thiab Svalbard.
Nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam tsis kawg nrog cov xwm txheej tsis zoo ntawm Arctic hnyav, tsob ntoo tau pom txoj hauv kev txhim khu kev qha kom muaj sia nyob hauv thaj chaw sab qaum teb tsis zoo. Thaum lub hnub nyoog dej khov, thaum qhov kev tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm qhov kev sib tw glaciation tau dhau los ua tsis tau, lub ncov qaumteb qab teb raug yuam kom thim rov qab mus rau sab qab teb.
Lub qhov dej khov uas thim rov qab tso cai rau nws rov qab tau nws thaj chaw nyob sab qaum teb. Nws ruaj khov nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv nws cov qub ciam teb, nyob hauv thaj av ntawm Novaya Zemlya thiab Commander Islands. Lub incessant Arctic thaw pab txhawb kom tawv ncauj nce qib ntawm cov nroj tsuag mus rau ciam teb ntawm Far North. Nws nkag mus rau hauv tundra thiab thaj tsam Arctic nrog ceev ceev (rau cov nroj tsuag ntsias). Nws qhov ntau tau nce ntxiv los ntawm ib mais txhua xyoo!
Soils
tsob ntoo muaj ntau yam ecological. Lawv raug xaiv los ntawm cov av ntawm ntau yam compositions. Nws zam tsuas yog limestones, txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum nws pom ntawm lawv. Txaus siab rau cov nyom, gravelly, clayey av, tus yam ntxwv ntawm Arctic thiab Alpine tundra. Shrubundemanding rau av noo noo. Tsis muaj polar willow hauv tundra hauv thaj chaw uas qhuav dhau lossis ntub dhau.
Nws tsis quav ntsej txog kev nplua nuj ntawm cov av. Muaj tseeb, nws tsis xav kom loj hlob ntawm siab peat mounds ntawm polytrich, dotted nrog swampy cheeb tsam. Lawv muaj ib tug depleted acidic substrate, uas tsis zoo li ib tug dwarf shrub. Tab sis ntawm zonal tundra gley av, nws loj hlob nyob txhua qhov chaw. Cov nroj tsuag neglects me ntsis snowy qhov chaw. Nws yog attracted los ntawm nival ces kaum nrog zoo snow cover.
Ecosystems nrog polar willow
Txhua qhov chaw koj saib, yuav luag txhua qhov chaw, tshwj tsis yog thaj chaw sab qaum teb, cov nroj tsuag tau yoog mus rau qhov chaw moss-lichen. Xws li thalli yog ib qho amazing pom. Lawv lub kaus mom ntawm cov zaub ntsuab, daj, txiv kab ntxwv, liab thiab lwm yam xim ua rau thaj chaw zoo nkauj heev. Willow stems yeej ib txwm muab tso rau hauv mossy turf, thiab nplooj, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nce saum toj ntawm qhov chaw zoo nkauj hillocks.
tsob ntoo yog khi rau pebbles thiab thaiv kev tawg, uas tau pom meej hauv cov duab. Polar willow nyob rau hauv lub tundra yog muab zais rau hauv me me crevices tsim los ntawm pob zeb. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm pebbles, nws pom kev tiv thaiv thiab feem ntau humus.
Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm ntau moss-lichen phytocenoses, tsob ntoo nyiam xoob turf. Precisely cov nto uas yog tsim los ntawm hypnum amphipod mosses, liverwort thiab cov nroj tsuag zoo sib xws.
Ecological nichespolar willow
Lub roob ruins ntawm Putorana tau los ua qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov ntoo dwarf. Nws pom qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov me me crevices thiab fissures uas hla Kotuy thiab Anabar toj siab. Nws cov thickets npog snow-npog niches uas strewn txoj siv tawv tawv. Lawv tsis poob rau hauv hav zoov nrog damp moss thalli, uas nrhiav tau cov yeeb yuj sab qaum teb ecosystem.
Thiab dab tsi yog qhov polar willow zoo li hauv roob daus hav? Ntawm no nws tsim cov thickets loj. Lub txaj ntawm snowfields yog tag nrho nrog nws, thiab cov dej khov yog nyob rau hauv ib tug ntom ib puag ncig ntawm me me nplooj sticking tawm. Thiab tib lub sijhawm, cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qhib ntawm lub tiaj hav zoov-tundra thiab sab qab teb tundra.
Nws tawg ri niab mus rau nival ravines, ntawm ko taw ntawm Northern slopes. Dwarf willow thickets sprawled hla lub pas dej mossy shrubs. Lawv npog ob sab ntawm cov kwj deg tob.
Lawv kev ua ub ua no nce ntxiv hauv cov tundra. Kev nplua nuj ntawm willow kev loj hlob yog sau tseg hauv biocenoses ntawm moraine toj roob hauv pes. Qhov twg nyob rau hauv lub tiaj muaj tsub zuj zuj ntawm pob zeb khib nyiab los ntawm kev txav ntawm glaciers. Hauv thaj chaw alluvial thiab alluvial, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag raug txo.
Nws dhau los ua qhov nthuav dav yuav ua li cas cov paj ntoo ntawm lub ncov qaumteb qabteb, daim duab uas koj tab tom saib, zoo li pom hauv tundra, nyob ntawm ob sab ntawm cov kwj deg hav, thiab qhov chaw cov dej ntws thiab cov delle complexes tsim. Hauv qhov chaw nrog willow-moss-nyom thalli.
Kev ua ntawm willow bushes hauv tundra
Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm polar willows, cov nroj tsuag ntawm arctic tundra yog tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub dwarf shrub yog nquag nquagphytocenoses nyob rau hauv feem ntau toj siab. Tshwj xeeb, nws yeej nyob hauv cov zej zog willow-moss-nyom. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau sau tseg hauv cov roob Byrranga.
Ntau cov tuab tuab ntawm dwarf willow tau ua tiav cov moss tundra. Lawv clogged lub crevices ntawm gravelly tundra. Lawv cov hav txwv yeem yog delle complexes, plumes enriched nrog humus, bulk thiab me me snowy qhov chaw. Lub willow npog lub hav polygonal swamps thoob plaws.
Willow hauv roob
Nrog cov hav txwv yeem uas nyob hauv cov kab nrib pleb ntawm cov pob zeb, tau txais daim duab zoo nkauj. Lub ncov qaum teb willow tsis yog qhov tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv roob toj roob hauv pes; nws yog ib feem ntawm txhua yam biotopes, ntes thaj chaw loj. Nws nplooj stubbornly bristle thoob lub roob txoj siv, ua lawv txoj kev mus rau saum. Ntawm no nws tsis yog tsuas yog nyiam los ntawm kev nthuav tawm scree thiab thaj chaw uas tsis muaj gravelly.
Tshaj mus rau qhov siab ntawm 300-400 meters, nws hloov pauv lub dryad, tig mus rau hauv lub tseem ceeb edicator ntawm tundra roob phytocenoses uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub Upper tier. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tej chaw ntawm roob pebbles thiab xuab zeb, nws muaj peev xwm hloov lub willow, uas yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus tob rau hauv lub steeps. Lub blocky ruins ntawm foothills thiab uplands ntawm Byrranga yog overgrown nrog hybrids ntawm polar willow.
