Peb tab tom ntsib nrog cov kev cai lij choj hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, txoj kev kawm ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no tshwm sim hauv tag nrho ntawm ob peb lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab.
Muaj ntau hom kev xav, lub logic uas tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub. Nws tag nrho pib nrog Aristotle's Organon (qhov no yog lub npe ib txwm muaj ntawm 6 cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev xav uas tau hais los ntawm Andronnik ntawm Rhodes, tus tshaj tawm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij txoj haujlwm no).
Tom qab ntawd, cov tswv yim ntawm Aristotle tau hloov kho los ntawm Renaissance tus kws xav Francis Bacon, yog ib tus thawj coj ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Lub philosopher muab nws treatise lub npe "New Organon". Nws tau hnov txog Aristotle cov kev xav nrog kev sib koom ntawm kev tsis ntseeg, ntseeg tias txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog los tsim ib txoj kev paub tshiab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau txhua tus neeg. Bacon thuam qhov qub logic, uas, hauv nws lub tswv yim, tsuas yog coj tsis meej pem rau hauv kev paub txog kev xav. Nws ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub dhau los thiab txoj hauv kev inductive.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov kev xav tau tsim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, tig mus rau hauv ib qho kev tshwm sim, lej, meej thiab kev sib koom tes zoo. Tab sis txog tam sim no, cov kev cai lij choj raug cai muaj cov txheej txheem zootus nqi rau txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb.
Formal logic
Nws txoj cai kuj suav nrog cov ntsiab lus. Logic tsim ib lub tswv yim nthuav qhia, uas yog cov saw "concept - kev txiav txim (los yog nqe lus) - xaus". Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, tab sis tib lub sijhawm tseem ceeb yog lub tswv yim. Ua ntej tsim cov lus thiab kos cov lus xaus (kev xav) ntawm nws lub hauv paus, nws yuav tsum muaj lub tswv yim ntawm cov ntsiab lus, kom nkag siab txog nws qhov tseem ceeb. Cov no tsis yog ib qho duab ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm kev xav, uas muaj tswv yim kev xav feem ntau tsim. Hais txog cov cim qhia, lawv txhais tau tias cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov sib txawv lossis zoo sib xws. Ib qho tshwj xeeb yog cov cuab yeej uas muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev kawm no xwb.
Ib lub tswv yim yog qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav hauv daim ntawv ntawm tag nrho (lossis kev sib sau) ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab dav dav ntawm ib qho khoom.
Xav txog hom kev xav ntawm lub tswv yim, piv txwv uas yooj yim heev los nrhiav. Hais lo lus "miv", peb xav txog cov cim tshwj xeeb: claws, wool, whiskers, meowing, catch nas. Cov txheej txheem no nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias lub tswv yim, yog li peb yuav hais tias lub tswvyim ntawm "miv" yog complex. Nws suav nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus uas tau hais los saum toj no.
Nyob ntawm tswv yim
Cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem ua raws li hauv qab no:
1. Kev sau npe (lawv teb cov lus nug "Tus neeg zoo li cas?", "Thaum twg?", "Qhov twg?"). Piv txwv li cov ntsiab lus: "cov neeg uas nyob niaj hnub no hauv Ivanovo", "cov kob ntawm Madagascar", "Fyodor Dostoevsky". Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib ua cov lus (cov uas txhais tau tias ib qho kev kawm tshwj xeeb - "Jack London") thiab general ("writer", "xeev").
2. Non-registrative ("lo lus", "tsiaj", "man"). Lawv tuaj yeem txhais tau qhov zoo xwb, lawv muaj qhov tsis muaj qhov kawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus suav nrog hauv lawv, vim tias ntau ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus tsis tuaj yeem suav nrog. Logic qee zaum kuj faib cov ntsiab lus no rau hauv qhib (tsis sau npe) thiab kaw (sau npe).
3. Tsis yog qhov khoob thiab khoob ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev sau ntawv lossis tsis yog ntawv xov xwm ntawm ib lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb rau qee yam hauv ntiaj teb tiag.
4. abstract thiab pob zeb. Cov qub yog cov ntsiab lus hais txog kev sib raug zoo lossis cov khoom ntawm ib yam khoom ("honor", "dignity", "ua siab loj"), thiab tom kawg hais txog cov khoom tshwj xeeb ("pillar", "beehive").
5. Tsis zoo (hais txog qhov tsis muaj cov khoom ntawm ib yam khoom, piv txwv li, "tsis yog tus neeg", "tsis yog miv") thiab zoo ("miv", "tus neeg").
6. Qhov sib txawv thiab tsis sib xws. Logic characterizes hom tswv yim no nyob ntawm ib leeg thiab ywj siab. Qhov ntawd yog, piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm "txiv hmab txiv ntoo" thiab "ceg" tsis nyob ntawm ib leeg, yog li lawv tuaj yeem suav tias tsis cuam tshuam.
Zoo kawg
Cov logic raug cai muaj ntau qhov tsis txaus uas tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov neeg xav paub ntau tshaj rau ntau pua xyoo. Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub logic, txawm hais tias nws soj ntsuam cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm formal logic, txawm li cas los xij txawv ntawm qhov kawg hauv nws cov qauv zoo meej dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev tshawb fawb no dav sivlej rau ntau yam kev suav. Tab sis hom kev txhais ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv logic tsis poob lawv qhov tseeb niaj hnub no. Yog li ntawd, txhua tus neeg xav tsuas yog yuav tsum paub txog nws tus kheej nrog cov qauv ntawm lub ntsiab lus xws li "kev xav".
