Iraqi Kurdistan: keeb kwm thiab nta

Cov txheej txheem:

Iraqi Kurdistan: keeb kwm thiab nta
Iraqi Kurdistan: keeb kwm thiab nta

Video: Iraqi Kurdistan: keeb kwm thiab nta

Video: Iraqi Kurdistan: keeb kwm thiab nta
Video: Keeb kwm Hmoob thiab suav ua tsov rog sij hawm ntxeev ntuj thaum ub / Hmong history review 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb no, tsis yog txhua haiv neeg, txawm muaj ntau heev, muaj nws lub xeev. Muaj ntau lub teb chaws uas muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob ib zaug. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab hauv zej zog, thiab lub teb chaws cov thawj coj yuav tsum ua tib zoo mloog txhua pawg ntawm cov pej xeem. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm qhov no yog Iraqi Kurdistan. Qhov no yog ib lub tebchaws uas tsis tau lees paub uas muaj nws lub suab nkauj (los ntawm Iraq), cov lus (Kurmanji thiab Sorani), tus thawj tswj hwm thiab tus thawj tswj hwm. Cov txiaj siv hauv Kurdistan yog Iraqi dinar. Cov neeg nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm 38 txhiab square meters. km., tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm 3.5 lab tus tib neeg.

Nta ntawm Kurdistan

Iraqi Kurdistan
Iraqi Kurdistan

Kurds nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws ntawm Middle East, suav nrog Iraq. Raws li tsab cai lij choj tsis ntev los no tau pom zoo hauv lub tebchaws no, Iraqi Kurdistan muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ywj pheej dav, ib yam dab tsi zoo ib yam li txoj haujlwm ntawm ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum. Tab sis qhov tseeb nws hloov tawm hais tias cov cheeb tsam yog ib nrab ywj siab ntawmIraqi tsoom fwv. Txawm li cas los xij, Catalans hauv Spain xav tib yam, tab sis lo lus tseem ceeb yeej ib txwm nrog Madrid. Thiab lub teb chaws cov tub ceev xwm tsuas yog coj thiab rhuav tshem Parliament ntawm Catalonia, thaum tom kawg tau sim qhia lawv txoj kev xav thiab cais tawm ntawm Spain.

Txoj kev daws teeb meem ntawm haiv neeg Kurds

Tab sis Sab Hnub Tuaj yog qhov teeb meem me me, muaj cov kev cai sib txawv thiab kev lis kev cai. Cov cheeb tsam ntawm haiv neeg Iraqi Kurdistan (qhov kev xaiv tsa thaum kawg ntawm 2005 tau hloov kho, ua raws cai rau thaj av rau cov Kurds) suav nrog thaj chaw hauv qab no:

  • Erbil.
  • Soleimani.
  • Dahuk.
  • Kirkuk.
  • Khanekin (tshwj xeeb yog Diyala Governorate);
  • Makhmur.
  • Sinjar.

Cov no yog txhua thaj chaw uas muaj ntau haiv neeg Kurds nyob. Tab sis dhau ntawm lawv, ntau lwm haiv neeg tau nyob hauv thaj chaw no. Nws yog kev cai hu tsuas yog peb tus thawj tswj hwm ncaj qha rau thaj tsam Kurdistan - Suleimani, Erbil thiab Dahuk.

iraqi kurdistan referendum
iraqi kurdistan referendum

Tej thaj av uas nyob hauv Kurds tseem tsis tuaj yeem khav theeb tsawg kawg yog ib feem ntawm kev ywj pheej.

Kev xaiv tsa hauv Iraqi Kurdistan tau npaj los tuav rov qab rau xyoo 2007. Yog tias txhua yam ua tiav, ces pawg haiv neeg nyob hauv lwm lub tebchaws Iraq yuav tau txais kev ywj pheej, txawm tias ib nrab. Tab sis qhov xwm txheej tau nce mus tas li - ntau tus Turkomans thiab Arabs nyob hauv cov av no, uas tsis lees txais cov cai ntawm Kurds thiab feem ntau tawm tsam lawv.

Kev nyab xeeb nta hauv Kurdistan

Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan, lojcov pas dej thiab cov dej ntws, qhov nyem yog feem ntau roob, qhov siab tshaj plaws yog Mount Chik Dar, nws lub ncov yog 3,611 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem. Muaj ntau hav zoov hauv cov xeev - feem ntau hauv Dahuk thiab Erbil.

thaj chaw ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan
thaj chaw ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan

Tag nrho thaj tsam ntawm cov hav zoov yog 770 hectares. Cov tub ceev xwm tab tom txhim kho thaj av, thaj chaw cog ntoo nrog hav zoov. Hauv tag nrho, peb thaj chaw huab cua tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm thaj chaw Kurdistan hauv Iraq:

  1. Subtropics yeej nyob hauv thaj chaw tiaj tus. Kub thiab qhuav summers nrog kub ntawm 40 degrees, thaum lub caij ntuj no yog me me thiab los nag.
  2. Ntau thaj chaw roob uas lub caij ntuj no feem ntau txias nrog cov daus, tab sis qhov kub thiab txias poob qis qis qis heev. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov, nws kub heev nyob rau toj siab.
  3. Highlands. Ntawm no lub caij ntuj no txias heev, qhov kub thiab txias ib txwm qis dua xoom, daus los ze rau lub Rau Hli-Lub Xya Hli.

Keeb kwm ntawm South Kurdistan ua ntej nkag mus rau Iraq

Muaj cov lus qhia tias cov haiv neeg niaj hnub ntawm Kurds tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan. Cov pab pawg neeg Median Ameslikas nyob ntawm no. Yog li, nyob ze Sulaimaniya, thawj qhov chaw sau ntawv sau ua lus Kurdish tau pom - qhov parchment no rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 7th. Nws muaj ib zaj paj huam me me uas sau rau ntawm nws quaj rau kev tawm tsam Arab thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm thaj chaw Kurdish.

kev xaiv tsa hauv iraqi kurdistan
kev xaiv tsa hauv iraqi kurdistan

Hauv xyoo 1514, Kev Sib Tw ntawm Chaldiran tau tshwm sim, tom qab uas Kurdistan tau koom nrog cov khoom ntawm Ottoman Empire. Feem ntau, cov pej xeem ntawm IraqiKurdistan tau nyob rau ntau pua xyoo ntawm tib thaj chaw. Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, ntau lub emirates muaj nyob rau hauv cov av no ib zaug, muaj yuav luag tiav kev ywj pheej:

  1. Sinjar yog qhov chaw nyob hauv lub nroog Lalesh.
  2. Soran yog lub peev hauv Rawanduz.
  3. Bakhdinan yog lub peev hauv Amadia.
  4. Baban yog lub peev hauv Sulaymaniyah.

Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov emirates tau ua tiav los ntawm cov tub rog Turkish.

Keeb Kwm ntawm Kurdistan hauv xyoo pua 19th

Thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau cim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob hauv yuav luag txhua thaj chaw ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan muaj kev tawm tsam tawm tsam kev tswj hwm ntawm Ottoman emperors. Tab sis cov kev tawm tsam no tau tawg sai sai, thiab cov Turks, qhov tseeb, rov kov yeej txhua lub tebchaws.

Feem ntau ntawm cov pab pawg uas nyob hauv qhov chaw nyuaj mus txog tsis tau nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Ottoman Empire. Qee tus muaj peev xwm tuav tau kev ywj pheej tag nrho, lwm tus tsuas yog ib feem. Tag nrho xyoo pua 19th tau cim los ntawm kev tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej ntawm qee pawg neeg ntawm Kurdistan.

Kurdistan thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, cov tub rog Askiv nkag mus hauv Kirkuk, thiab cov tub rog Lavxias nkag mus hauv Sulaymaniyah. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1917, tab sis tsis ntev lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia puas tag nrho pem hauv ntej. Thiab tsuas yog cov neeg Askiv tseem nyob hauv Iraq, uas tau tawm tsam los ntawm Kurds.

Qhov kev tawm tsam raug txib los ntawm Barzanji Mahmud, uas tshaj tawm nws tus kheej yog Vajntxwv ntawm Kurdistan. Cov British tau npaj los tsim ib lub koom haum ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Kurdish hauv Mosul. Tab sis tom qab lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Iraq tau tsim, Mosul tau suav nrog thaj chawIraq.

dab tsi tshwm sim hauv iraqi kurdistan hnub no
dab tsi tshwm sim hauv iraqi kurdistan hnub no

Ib qho kev xav tias yog vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim li no yog qhov chaw roj loj tau pom nyob ze Kirkuk xyoo 1922. Thiab cov Anglo-Saxons nyiam "dub kub" thiab tau npaj ua txhua yam kom muaj nws - los rhuav tshem tsoomfwv txoj cai, rhuav tshem tib neeg los ntawm kev tua neeg, kom tsis txhob muaj kev tsov rog ntev thiab ntshav.

Qaib ntxhw tau sim thov rau Mosul, thov tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw los ntawm cov neeg Askiv tsis raug cai, tab sis Pab Koomtes ntawm Tebchaws tau xaus rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1925, suav nrog txoj kab sib cais.

Iraqi huab tais

Tom qab kev hloov ntawm Mosul mus rau hauv kev xa mus rau Iraq, cov Kurds tau tshaj tawm txoj cai hauv tebchaws. Tshwj xeeb, tsuas yog cov neeg nyob hauv zos tuaj yeem dhau los ua cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv Kurdistan, thiab lawv cov lus tau sib npaug rau cov lus hauv lub xeev - nws yuav tsum tau qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv, thiab nws yuav tsum yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv chaw ua haujlwm, hauv tsev hais plaub.

cov pej xeem ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan
cov pej xeem ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan

Tab sis qhov tseeb, cov cai no tsis tau pom dua - cov thawj coj tsuas yog cov neeg Arabs nkaus xwb (tsawg kawg 90% ntawm tag nrho), cov lus Kurdish tau qhia ntau tshaj hauv tsev kawm theem pib, tsis muaj kev txhim kho kev lag luam. Tsis muaj kev xaiv tsa hauv Iraqi Kurdistan tuaj yeem kho qhov xwm txheej.

1930-1940 kev tawm tsam

Muaj kev ntxub ntxaug tawm tsam cov Kurds - lawv tsis kam ntiav, hauv tsev kawm tub rog thiab tsev kawm qib siab. Sulaimaniya tau suav hais tias yog lub peev ntawm Kurdistan. Nws yog los ntawm no uas tus kheej tshaj tawm huab tais Mahmud Barzanji kav. Tab sis, sai li sai tau thaum nws qhov kev tawm tsam zaum kawg raug rhuav tshem, Barzan pawg neeg ntawm Kurds yuav siv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.

Tshwj xeeb, lub hwj chim yog nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm Ahmed thiab Mustafa Barzani. Lawv coj cov kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov thawj coj hauv nruab nrab. Xyoo 1931-1932, cov neeg ntxeev siab mloog Sheikh Ahmed, xyoo 1934-1936. - Khalil Khov. Thiab Mustafa Barzani coj lawv los ntawm 1943 txog 1945

Iraqi Kurdistan tom qab kev xaiv tsa
Iraqi Kurdistan tom qab kev xaiv tsa

Nrog rau kev tawm tsam ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, xyoo 1939, lub koom haum Khiva tau tshwm sim hauv Iraqi Kurdistan, uas txhais tau tias "kev cia siab" hauv Kurdish. Tab sis xyoo 1944, kev sib cais tau tshwm sim hauv nws - Ryzgari Kurd tog tau tso nws. Xyoo 1946, nws tau koom ua ke nrog kev tawm tsam Shorsh tog thiab tsim ib pawg Democratic tshiab, coj los ntawm Mustafa Barzani.

Lub sijhawm xyoo 1950 txog 1975

Xyoo 1958, huab tais tau rhuav tshem hauv Iraq, uas ua rau lub sijhawm luv luv kom sib npaug cov Kurds nrog cov Arabs. Muaj kev cia siab tias kev txhim kho yuav tshwm sim hauv txhua qhov ntawm lub neej - ob qho tib si kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam (tshwj xeeb, kev ua liaj ua teb). Tab sis qhov kev cia siab tsis raug cai, xyoo 1961 muaj lwm qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Kurds, hu ua "Cuaj Hlis".

Nws kav yuav luag 15 xyoo thiab xaus rau xyoo 1975 xwb. Qhov laj thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam kuj yog qhov tseeb tias tsoomfwv, coj mus rau lub sijhawm ntawd los ntawm Kasem, xaiv sab ntawm Arabs, thiab, los muab nws maj mam, tsis quav ntsej txog cov Kurds.

lub peev ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan
lub peev ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan

Cov lus hais ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam yog ib qho: "Kev ywj pheej thiab kev ywj pheej rau Kurdistan!". Thiab thawj xyoo, Mustafa Barzani tau tswj hwm yuav luag txhua thaj chaw roob, uas nws cov pej xeem yuav luag ib thiab ib nrab lab tus tib neeg.

Xyoo 1970, Saddam Hussein thiab Mustafa Barzani tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus raws li cov neeg Kurds muaj tag nrho txoj cai rau kev ywj pheej. Thaum pib, nws tau hais tias tsab cai lij choj ntawm kev ywj pheej yuav raug tsim nyob rau hauv 4 xyoo. Tab sis thaum pib ntawm 1974, nom tswv Baghdad unilaterally dhau ib txoj cai uas tsis haum cov Kurds.

Kev ywj pheej tau tso cai, tab sis tsuas yog Kirkuk (uas muaj cov roj loj loj) tseem nyob tom qab Iraq, thaum cov Kurds yuav luag raug ntiab tawm ntawm qhov ntawd. Cov cheeb tsam no tau nyob los ntawm Arabs.

Kurdistan nyob rau hauv Saddam Hussein

Tom qab kev swb ntawm cov Kurds hauv xyoo 1975, kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw mus rau Iran tau pib. Tsis muaj lus nug txog kev lees paub txog kev ywj pheej ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan, nrog rau kev xaiv tsa thiab kev tawm suab. Koj tuaj yeem sib ntaus nrog riam phom hauv koj txhais tes - qhov ntawd yog qhov tshwm sim xyoo 1976. Kev tawm tsam tshiab tau pib nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Jalal Talabani. Tab sis nws lub zog ntawm kev tiv thaiv tsuas yog negligible. Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias "autonomy" tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv peb lub xeev, nws yog tag nrho subordinate rau Baghdad.

Xyoo 1980, Iran-Iraq tsov rog pib, thiab thaj chaw Kurdistan tau dhau los ua kev sib ntaus sib tua. Xyoo 1983, cov Iranians tau tawm tsam Kurdistan, tswj hwm Penjvin thiab thaj chaw ib puag ncig ntawm 400 square metres hauv ob peb lub hlis. km. Xyoo 1987, cov Iranians mus txog Soleimani, tab sisraug nres ze nws. Thiab xyoo 1988, Iraq tau tshem tawm cov neeg tawm tsam los ntawm thaj chaw Kurdistan.

lees paub txog kev ywj pheej ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan
lees paub txog kev ywj pheej ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan

Thaum kawg, muaj kev tshem tawm - ntau dua 180 txhiab Kurds raug coj tawm hauv tub rog tsheb thiab rhuav tshem. 700 txhiab tus neeg raug xa mus rau cov chaw pw hav zoov. Ntawm 5,000 Kurdistan chaw nyob, ntau dua 4,500 raug puas tsuaj tag nrho, feem ntau ntawm lawv. Saddam kho cov pej xeem hnyav - cov zos raug thab plaub, thiab cov neeg, yog tias lawv tuaj yeem, khiav mus rau Iran lossis Turkey.

Present

Lub sijhawm xyoo 1990, qhov tshwm sim ua ntej tau tshwm sim - thaj chaw uas keeb kwm koom nrog cov neeg Kurds tau ua tib zoo tshem tawm. Cov neeg hauv paus txawm raug ntiab tawm, qee zaum raug tshem tawm. Tag nrho cov av tau nyob hauv Arabs, mus nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Baghdad. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 2003, US ntxeem tau ntawm Iraq pib. Cov Iraqi Kurds coj ib sab ntawm cov tub rog Asmeskas. Xyoo ntawm Iraqi kev tsim txom ntawm cov neeg no tau ua lub luag haujlwm.

Nws nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kurdistan uas tau ua tiav kev hloov ntawm Asmeskas tub rog. Thaum kawg ntawm lub Peb Hlis, lub koom haum suav nrog 1,000 tus neeg tua rog. Tab sis cov Turks tau thim rov qab cov haujlwm siab ntawm Kurds - lawv hem tias yuav siv dag zog thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm Mosul thiab Kirkuk.

Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Baghdad, kev ywj pheej tuaj rau cov Kurds. Ntau txhiab lub tuam txhab tab tom txhim kho nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Kurdistan thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ncig xyuas - muaj qee yam pom hauv thaj av qub. Rau cov tub ua lag luam txawv teb chaws, kev nqis peev hauv Iraqi Kurdistan tsuas yog manna los saum ntuj ceeb tsheej, vim lawv raug zam los ntawm kev them se rau ntau npaum li 10 xyoo.los yog se. Kev tsim roj kuj tseem txhim kho - peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam ntawm txhua lub teb chaws hauv Middle East.

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