Cov txheej txheem:
- Lub pob zeb tseem ceeb hauv architecture yog dab tsi?
- pob zeb ua lub cim
- History
- Capstone: hom, hom phiaj
- Siv hauv St. Petersburg styles
Video: Architecture: capstone
2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:54
Cov khoom zoo nkauj yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov duab kos duab ntawm cov qauv vaj tsev. Txhua tus architectural style muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog lub capstone. Architects feem ntau qhia nws qhov tseem ceeb los ntawm nws qhov loj.
Lub pob zeb tseem ceeb hauv architecture yog dab tsi?
Yog li hauv cov qauv nws yog kev cai hu ib lub ntsiab lus tawm ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm phab ntsa, crowning lub koov lossis arched vault. Nws feem ntau yog wedge-puab. Ua los ntawm cov khoom kim heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pob zeb zoo nkauj kuj tseem muaj lub ntsiab lus ua haujlwm - nws ntxiv dag zog rau cov qauv arched hauv nws qhov chaw tsis ruaj khov, tsis yooj yim.
pob zeb ua lub cim
Cov lus qhia "keystone" nws thiaj li nkag mus rau peb lub neej txhua hnub thiab dhau los ua lub cim ntawm lub zog thiab ruaj khov, raws li qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho "kev tsim kho". Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev nom kev tswv - ib lub zej zog uas ruaj khov los ntawm lub zog thiab txawj ntse ntawm cov thawj coj. Nyob rau hauv Christianity, lub "keystone" feem ntau hu ua Vajluskub raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev cai dab qhuas cov lus qhuab qhia thiabqhov tseeb ntawm kev sawv rov los ntawm Yexus Khetos yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ntseeg. Thaum muaj kev tsis lees paub lossis tsis lees paub qhov tseeb no, cov ntseeg kev ntseeg nws tus kheej yuav raug puas tsuaj.
History
Arched cov qauv tau siv thawj zaug hauv kev kos duab ntawm Etruscans. Lawv tau txais los ntawm cov neeg Loos thaum ub thiab tau txais kev hwm raws li ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau nrog lub ceremony ntawm nteg lub capstone rau hauv lub arched qauv nrog ritual ua. Cov neeg Loos ua qhov kev nthuav dav no los ntawm kim hom pob zeb thiab ntoo. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, lub keystone tsis tau superimposed ntawm tus tsim ntawm lub koov. Nws tsav mus rau hauv nws zoo li ib tug wedge nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas nws tau los ua nws spacer thiab coj nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov load ntawm lub vault ntawm cov kev txhawb nqa.
Capstone: hom, hom phiaj
Raws li rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov qauv, lub capstones yog qhov yooj yim, muaj peb lub voj voos zoo li qhov, lub hauv paus ntawm uas protrudes ntau tshaj sab. Feem ntau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub nyem lossis mascaron - ib daim duab nyem ntawm lub muzzle ntawm tus tsiaj lossis tib neeg lub ntsej muag.
Tsiaj motifs hauv kev tsim cov pob zeb tseem ceeb muaj lub ntsiab lus zoo ib yam, zoo ib yam li lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom siv qub qub uas tau piav qhia ntawm "txoj phuam" - cov laug cam txuas rau kev sib tshuam ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm lub façade kawg ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab. Hauv ob qho tib si, lawv tau ua haujlwm tiv thaiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib daim paib uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus sau lub tsev tuaj yeem muab tso rau ntawm lub pob zeb. Ib yam dab tsi zoo li lub cim lossis monogram. Qhov kev lig kev cai no tau khaws cia txij thaum Nrab Hnub nyoog. Cov duab tshaj plaws ntawm tus tsov ntxhuav lub muzzle. Tom qab tag nrho, tsov ntxhuav yogib txwm cim ntawm fortitude, lub zog, ua siab loj thiab ua siab loj, nrog rau lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv medieval nroog. Lawv tau saib xyuas qhov nkag mus rau hauv cov tsev ntawm cov nom tswv thiab tau piav qhia txawm nyob rau ntawm qhov rooj nkag.
Siv hauv St. Petersburg styles
Tsiv rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Neva, lub nroog European tshiab ntawm St. Petersburg ntawm thawj theem muaj lub tsev pheeb suab thiab cov tsev ntoo. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab xyoo 1718, ntawm Vasilevsky Island, thiab me ntsis tom qab ntawm lub txhab nyiaj sab laug, lawv tau pib tsim lub tsev pob zeb raws li qhov project ntawm thawj tus kws kos duab ntawm lub nroog, Domenico Trezzini. Cov style ntawm St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th feem ntau hu ua Peter's los yog thaum ntxov Lavxias teb sab baroque. Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj yog qhov yooj yim qhov rais thav ntawv nrog "pob ntseg" ntawm cov ces kaum. Lwm tus - lub pob zeb tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub sab sauv crossbar ntawm lub casing los yog saum toj no nws. Lub pob zeb zoo nkauj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog laconic heev thiab, raws li txoj cai, tsis tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog frills.
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Elizabeth Petrovna, cov pob zeb tseem ceeb tau pib ua kom zoo nkauj dua. Lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntsug grooves, tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab thiab kho kom zoo nkauj, ornaments, thiab qee zaum lawv tau hloov tag nrho nrog stucco molding. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub facades ntawm lub tsev raug txiav los ntawm lub qhov rais ntawm ntau yam duab, nrog rau cov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug semicircular arch, qhov twg lub keystone pom nws "qhov chaw nkaum". Los ntawm txoj kev, thawj zaug nws pib siv precisely ntawm arches ntawm no hom - rov qab nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, feem ntau nyob rau hauv classical architecture.
Txij li xyoo 1830, classicism nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv décor uas cov keystones tau ua nyob rau hauvFeem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mascarons, maj mam muab txoj kev mus rau lub tom ntej style - eclecticism.
Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov style no muaj ib qho kev taw qhia "historicism", reviving nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas tshiab thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm cov qub architectural styles. Ntau hom hniav capstones kuj tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov tsev los ntawm lub sijhawm no.
Thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm sab qaum teb Art Nouveau, keystones pib ua siv cov nroj tsuag thiab zoomorphic motifs.
Pom zoo:
Lub teb chaws lub cim ntawm Austria - St. Stephen's Cathedral. St. Stephen's Cathedral: architecture, relics thiab sights
Lub tsev teev ntuj loj heev St. Stephen's Church, lub tsev teev ntuj Catholic uas muaj cov khoom zoo nkauj thiab cov duab kos duab tiag tiag, tau dhau los ua lub cim hauv tebchaws Austria thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub nroog Vienna. Nyob rau hauv nws yog tsis muaj tsawg nto moo catacombs, qhov uas seem ntawm tag nrho cov Austrian emperors dag. Los ntawm ib qho ntawm ob lub yees ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj muaj qhov pom zoo ntawm lub nroog qub thiab zoo nkauj
Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture thiab Tsim, Yekaterinburg: piav qhia, keeb kwm keeb kwm, duab, tshuaj xyuas
Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture thiab Tsim ntawm Yekaterinburg ua haujlwm ntawm Ural State University of Architecture thiab Art. Nws nyob hauv Historical Square ze ntawm lub pas dej ntawm Iset River. Nrog nws cov tsos nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1970s, nws yog lub koom haum no uas tau tso siab rau kev daws teeb meem ntsig txog kev cia siab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv lub Urals. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav saib cov keeb kwm ntawm nws creation, hais txog dab tsi sau tuaj yeem pom niaj hnub no, dab tsi tshuaj xyuas yog cov neeg tuaj xyuas
Gothic ornament hauv architecture thiab sab hauv
Gothic style tau tshwm sim hauv Fab Kis xyoo XII. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm Romanesque style, uas siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm clarity thiab transparency, lub siab xav rau constructive openness
Hindu lub tuam tsev hauv Is Nrias teb: architecture, duab
Txoj cai lij choj rau kev tsim kho cov tuam tsev Hindu hauv Is Nrias teb, lawv cov yam ntxwv, sculptural décor raug suav tias yog, cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog muab: lub qhov tsua lub tuam tsev hauv Ellora thiab Akshardham (lub tuam tsev loj tshaj plaws niaj hnub hauv Is Nrias teb)
Tsev khaws puav pheej Architecture: duab thiab tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws. State Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture muaj npe tom qab A.V. Shchusev
Russian tsev cia puav pheej qhia txog keeb kwm thiab niaj hnub ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Lawv ua qhov no tsis tsuas yog nrog cov khoom pov thawj, tab sis kuj nrog lawv cov hmoov zoo. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv Vozdvizhenka nyob rau hauv Moscow yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav - ib tug surreal qhov chaw rau ib tug zoo tib yam qhua