Anti-scientism yog ib txoj kev xav uas tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm cov adherents yog hais tias science yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub neej. Nws tsis muaj chaw nyob hauv lub neej txhua hnub, yog li koj yuav tsum tsis txhob mloog ntau. Vim li cas lawv thiaj txiav txim siab li ntawd, qhov twg los ntawm qhov twg thiab cov kws tshawb fawb pom qhov sib txawv no tau piav qhia hauv kab lus no.
Nws pib nrog kev tshawb fawb
Ua ntej koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias kev tshawb fawb yog dab tsi, thiab tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem txav mus rau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Kev tshawb fawb yog ib qho kev xav tshwj xeeb uas paub txog kev tshawb fawb raws li tus nqi siab tshaj. André Comte-Sponville, ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm kev tshawb fawb, hais tias science yuav tsum tau saib raws li kev cai dab qhuas dogma.
Cov kws tshawb fawb yog cov neeg ua lej lossis physics thiab hais tias txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum sib npaug rau lawv. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog Rutherford cov lus muaj npe nrov: "Kev tshawb fawb muaj ob hom: physics thiab stamp sau."
Lub tswv yim thiab kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb yoghauv cov postulates hauv qab no:
- Tsuas yog kev paub tseeb xwb.
- Txhua txoj hauv kev uas siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb muaj feem xyuam rau kev paub txog kev sib raug zoo thiab tib neeg.
- Kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem daws txhua yam teeb meem ntsib tib neeg.
Tam sim no qhov tseem ceeb
Hauv kev sib piv rau kev tshawb fawb, txoj kev xav tshiab tau pib tshwm sim, hu ua anti-scientism. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, qhov no yog ib tug txav uas cov founders tawm tsam science. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb, kev xav txog kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb sib txawv, tau txais kev ywj pheej lossis tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb.
Thaum pib, kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb tau ua raws li cov qauv kev paub uas tsis suav nrog kev tshawb fawb (kev coj ncaj ncees, kev ntseeg, thiab lwm yam). Niaj hnub no, kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb thuam kev tshawb fawb xws li. Lwm version ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb suav nrog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab hais tias kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum muaj lub luag haujlwm rau txhua qhov kev tshwm sim uas tshwm sim los ntawm nws cov haujlwm. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem hais tias kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb yog ib qho qauv uas pom hauv kev tshawb fawb qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg kev loj hlob.
hom tsiaj
Feem ntau, kev tiv thaiv kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem muab faib ua nruab nrab thiab radical. Kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb nruab nrab tsis yog tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb ib se, tab sis yog rau cov kws tshawb fawb ardent uas ntseeg tias txoj kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam.
Radical views tshaj tawm qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb, ua rau nws ua phem rau tib neeg. Kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis muaj ob pawgkev cuam tshuam: ntawm ib sab, nws yooj yim rau tib neeg lub neej, ntawm qhov tod tes, nws ua rau kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Yog li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb yuav tsum raug rhuav tshem, hloov los ntawm lwm yam ntawm kev sib raug zoo.
Tus sawv cev
Kev tshawb fawb ua rau tib neeg lub neej tsis muaj ntsuj plig, tsis muaj tib neeg lub ntsej muag lossis kev sib hlub. Ib qho ntawm thawj zaug qhia nws txoj kev npau taws thiab lees paub nws txoj kev tshawb fawb yog Herbert Marcuse. Nws qhia tau hais tias ntau haiv neeg manifestations yog suppressed los ntawm technocratic tsis. Kev nplua nuj ntawm kev nce siab uas ib tus neeg ntsib txhua hnub qhia tau hais tias tib neeg nyob rau hauv lub xeev tseem ceeb. Overloaded nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntws tsis yog tsuas yog cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev tshaj lij, tab sis kuj yog tib neeg, uas nws txoj kev xav ntawm sab ntsuj plig yog stifled los ntawm cov qauv ntau dhau.
Nyob rau xyoo 1950, Bertrand Russell tau nthuav tawm ib qho kev xav nthuav dav, nws tau hais tias lub tswv yim thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm antiscientism tau muab zais rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb, uas tau dhau los ua qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev poob ntawm tib neeg thiab cov txiaj ntsig.
Michael Polanyi ib zaug tau hais tias kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas nrog lub tsev teev ntuj, uas cuam tshuam tib neeg kev xav, yuam kom lawv zais kev ntseeg tseem ceeb tom qab kab hlau rhuav. Nyob rau hauv lem, kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb yog tib qho kev ywj pheej uas tso cai rau tus neeg los ua nws tus kheej.
Neo-Kantianism
Kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb yog cov lus qhuab qhia tshwj xeeb uas tuav nws tus kheej hauv kev xav. Tau ntev, lub tswv yim tau suav tias yog kev tshawb fawb, tab sis thaum kawg tau muab cais ua ib qho tseem ceebchav tsev, nws txoj hauv kev tau pib sib tw. Qee lub tsev kawm philosophical ntseeg tias kev tshawb fawb txwv tsis pub tus neeg los ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev xav dav, lwm tus tau lees paub nws qhov zoo. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau qhov kev xav tsis meej txog kev tshawb fawb.
B. Windelband thiab G. Rickett yog thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Baden neo-Kantian lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas tau txhais Kant lub tswv yim los ntawm kev xav txog kev puas siab puas ntsws, qhov uas nws xav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej. Lawv tiv thaiv txoj hauj lwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg, xav tias nws tsis yooj yim sua kom xav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub cais los ntawm kab lis kev cai lossis kev ntseeg. Hauv qhov no, kev tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nkag siab. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, ib qho tseem ceeb qhov chaw yog nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab cov qauv, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg uas kawm lub ntiaj teb no, vim hais tias nws tsis muaj peev xwm tso nws tus kheej los ntawm innate subjectivity, thiab scientific dogmas infringe rau nws nyob rau hauv no hais txog..
Hauv qhov sib piv rau lawv, Heidegger hais tias ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib raug zoo tshwj xeeb thiab lub tswv yim feem ntau. Kev paub txog txuj ci yog ib qho ua tau uas tso cai rau koj nkag siab txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua, txawm tias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv me me. Kev tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem muab cov lus piav qhia tag nrho ntawm txhua yam uas tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm hloov kho cov xwm txheej tshwm sim.
Existentialism
Cov tsev kawm txuj ci tseem ceeb tau coj los ntawm Karl Jaspers cov lus qhia txog kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb. Nws paub tseeb tias lub tswv yim thiab kev tshawb fawb yog cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws, txij li lawv tau taw qhiakom tau txais qhov sib txawv. Nyob rau lub sijhawm uas kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub khaws cov kev paub, thiab nws cov kev xav tshiab tshaj plaws yog suav tias yog qhov kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws, lub tswv yim tuaj yeem, yam tsis muaj lub siab xav, rov qab mus rau txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus nug uas tau sau ib txhiab xyoo dhau los. Kev tshawb fawb ib txwm tos ntsoov. Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim tus nqi peev xwm ntawm tib neeg, txij li nws tau tsom mus rau qhov kev kawm nkaus xwb.
Nws yog tib neeg lub cev xav tias tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ua ntej cov kev cai lij choj uas twb muaj lawm ntawm xwm thiab tib neeg, thiab nws kuj yog nyob ntawm qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov xwm txheej uas ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho xwm txheej. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no tshwm sim tas li mus txog qhov kawg, thiab tsis yog ib txwm muaj peev xwm cia siab rau kev paub qhuav ib leeg kom kov yeej lawv.
Nyob hauv lub neej txhua hnub, ib tug neeg nyiam hnov qab txog qhov tshwm sim zoo li kev tuag. Tej zaum nws yuav hnov qab tias nws muaj lub luag haujlwm ncaj ncees lossis lub luag haujlwm rau qee yam. Thiab tsuas yog nkag mus rau ntau qhov xwm txheej, ntsib kev xaiv ncaj ncees, ib tus neeg nkag siab tias kev tshawb fawb tsis muaj zog hauv cov teeb meem no li cas. Tsis muaj cov qauv uas los xam qhov feem pua ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov phem hauv ib zaj dab neeg. Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xwm txheej uas muaj tseeb, tsis muaj cov duab qhia txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev xav thiab tsis sib haum xeeb rau ib rooj plaub tshwj xeeb. Kev tshawb fawb tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau tib neeg kom tshem tawm qhov kev tsim txom no thiab ua kom lub ntiaj teb lub hom phiaj. Qhov no yog raws nraim li Karl Jaspers xav thaum nws hais tias kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb yog ib yam hauv kev xav.los ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim.
Personalism
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm tus kheej, kev tshawb fawb yog kev lees paub lossis kev tsis lees paub, thaum lub tswv yim yog nug. Kawm txog kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb, cov lus qhia ntawm qhov sib txawv no qhia txog kev tshawb fawb raws li qhov tshwm sim uas cuam tshuam txog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob, txav mus deb ntawm kev ua. Personalists sib cav hais tias txiv neej thiab ua yog ib tug, tab sis nrog lub advent ntawm science, qhov kev sib sau ploj mus. Kev siv thev naus laus zis hauv zej zog yuam ib tus neeg los tawm tsam qhov xwm txheej, uas yog, tawm tsam lub ntiaj teb uas nws yog ib feem. Thiab qhov abyss no tsim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb yuam tus neeg los ua ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman ntawm inhumanity.
Key messages
Anti-scientism yog (hauv lub tswv yim) txoj haujlwm uas cuam tshuam qhov kev siv tau ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab nws cov omnipresence. Yooj yim muab, philosophers paub tseeb tias, ntxiv rau kev tshawb fawb, yuav tsum muaj lwm lub hauv paus uas lub ntiaj teb kev xav tuaj yeem tsim. Hais txog qhov no, ib tus tuaj yeem xav txog ntau lub tsev kawm philosophical uas tau kawm txog qhov xav tau kev tshawb fawb hauv zej zog.
thawj tus qauv yog neo-Kantianism. Nws cov neeg sawv cev ntseeg tias kev tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb thiab tsuas yog kev nkag siab lub ntiaj teb, txij li nws cuam tshuam rau qhov kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg, kev xav thiab kev xav. Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob raug tshem tawm tag nrho, vim hais tias kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb pab txhawb txhua tus txheej txheem, tab sis nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov lawv qhov tsis zoo.
Existentialists tau hais tias kev tshawb fawb txwv tsis pub tus neeg xaiv qhov ncaj ncees. Kev xav txog science yog tsom raukev paub txog lub ntiaj teb ntawm tej yam, tab sis thaum nws los txog rau kev xaiv ntawm qhov yog thiab qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm, tag nrho cov theorems ua tsis muaj qab hau.
Tus kheej tus kheej muaj kev xav tias kev tshawb fawb cuam tshuam qhov xwm txheej ntawm tib neeg. Txij li thaum tib neeg thiab lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig nws yog ib qho tag nrho, thiab kev tshawb fawb yuam nws tawm tsam nrog xwm, uas yog, nrog ib feem ntawm nws tus kheej.
Result
Kev tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb sib txawv: qhov chaw nws thuam nws, tsis kam lees paub nws qhov muaj nyob, thiab qhov chaw nws pom nws qhov tsis zoo. Thiab nws tseem yuav tau nug koj tus kheej cov lus nug ntawm seb science puas zoo lossis phem. Ntawm ib sab, kev tshawb fawb tau pab tib neeg muaj sia nyob, tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, nws ua rau sab ntsuj plig tsis muaj kev pab. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej xaiv qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab kev xav, nws tsim nyog ua ntej kom raug.
