Tsev khaws puav pheej Architecture: duab thiab tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws. State Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture muaj npe tom qab A.V. Shchusev

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:52

Russian tsev cia puav pheej qhia txog keeb kwm thiab niaj hnub ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Lawv ua qhov no tsis tsuas yog nrog cov khoom pov thawj, tab sis kuj nrog lawv cov hmoov zoo. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv Vozdvizhenka nyob rau hauv Moscow yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav - ib tug surreal qhov chaw rau ib tug zoo tib yam qhua. Cov kws tshaj lij (lossis tsuas yog cov neeg uas muaj ib yam dab tsi ua nrog kev tsim vaj tsev "hangout") yuav qhia rau koj tias nws yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub nroog, txij li ntau cov khoom qub tau raug sau los ntawm no, muaj cov ntaub ntawv nplua nuj ntawm Soviet thiab Lavxias architecture.

History of the Museum

Lub tsev khaws puav pheej no tau muaj txij li xyoo 1934, txawm tias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yuav tsum tau tsim nws. Cov kws tshaj lij tshaj plaws hauv txoj kev xav, kev coj ua thiab keeb kwm ntawm architecture ua haujlwm hauv nws (thiab muab nws cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg rau nws). Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tswv yim kev sib tw ntawm yav dhau los "so" ntawm no - muaj ib tug archive ntawm lub architecture ntawm Ancient Russia, sau los ntawm Pyotr Baranovsky, lub zoo restoration, raws li zoo raws li sketches ua los ntawm Ivan Leonidov, nto moo project ntawm cov neeg Commissariat. ntawm Red Square. Ib zaug hauv tsevlub tsev kawm ntawv yog ib qho txaus nyiam tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb no.

A. V. Shchusev

A. V. Shchusev, uas nws lub npe lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm architecture bears, yog ib tug titan nyob rau hauv daim duab no. Nws tsim lub mausoleum ntawm Lenin, nrog rau lub kaum os iconic vaj tse ntawm lub USSR. Shchusev pib qhib lub tsev khaws puav pheej tshwj xeeb hauv xyoo 1934, nyob hauv Academy ntawm Architecture. Alexey Viktorovich, thaum xyoo 1946, nrog nws cov kev txhawb nqa, lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Vozdvizhenka tau tshwm sim, nws kuj tau los ua thawj tus thawj coj (nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1946 txog 1949). Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture twb nyob rau hauv Shchusev los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev npaj nroog thiab architecture nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm lub chaw tshawb fawb nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd.

nyiaj txiag

Kev tsim cov nyiaj tau pib xyoo 1934. Cov khoom pov thawj hauv qab no thiab thaj chaw ntawm Anti-Religious Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Art raug xa mus nyob rau hauv lawv (nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los ntawm 1929 txog 1934): lub tsev thiab thaj chaw ntawm lub Donskoy Monastery, ntau yam collections ntawm iconostases, lub tsev teev ntuj tais diav, lub tsev teev ntuj vestments, vaj ntxwv lub qhov rooj.

Cov nyiaj hauv xyoo 1930 thiab 40s tau nce ntxiv. Fragments ntawm keeb kwm thiab architectural monuments tau sau. Xyoo 1930 yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tsev keeb kwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau yam khoom siv sab hauv ntawm cov tsev qub tau muab pub rau lub tsev cia puav pheej.

Nyob rau xyoo 1946, cov vaj tsev qub ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam (qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th) ntawm Talyzins-Ustinovs raug xa mus rau cov cuab yeej. Lawv qhov chaw nyob ntawm Vozdvizhenka, ze rau Kremlin, hais txog kev siab dawb siab zoo ntawm cov tswv qub. Lub "chamber pub" kuj nkag mus rau hauv lub manor complex -ib tug tsawg architectural monument ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, uas yog ib tug refectory ntawm lub Aptekarsky vaj. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib lub tsev pob zeb ua rau xyoo 1676 tau ua rau hauv pem teb thib ob.

Ib tug neeg nyob ze rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej yuav nco ntsoov tias lub tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm no, uas nws cov architecture xav paub heev, tau ntsib teeb meem loj txog 20 xyoo dhau los, txij li thaum nws sau tau nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Donskoy Monastery pauv. mus rau Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv 1991. Tag nrho cov xyoo no nws tsuas yog qhov chaw ua yeeb yam xwb, vim tias yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom khaws cia hauv chav tsev.

Qhib ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia mus tas li

Qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim tsis ntev los no, thaum Lub Rau Hli 19, 2012. -Qhov no yog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm ib qho chaw mus tas li hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej no. Yuav kom pom cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas tau nthuav tawm hauv nws, cov pej xeem los ntawm thoob plaws lub nroog tau ncav cuag lub tsev nthuav qhia. Qhov no yog qhov uas surrealism pib rau qhov nruab nrab qhua.

Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog, hauv Talyzin Palace loj, lub tsev rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 18th. Nws kuj muaj xws li ib tug manor tis hu ua "Ruin", thiab ib lub tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, nyob rau hauv lub Pharmaceutical Order. Nruab nrab ntawm peb lub tsev no yog ib lub tshav puam me me, kuj tau yoog rau kev nthuav qhia.

Museum Description

Thawj yam uas koj yuav pom thaum koj mus txog ntawm no yog lub rooj muag khoom ib leeg thiab lub chaw tos txais khoob. Ib qho kev pom zoo heev yog qee zaum nthuav tawm los ntawm Lavxias tsev cia puav pheej. Tus qhua, cia siab rau kev nthuav dav architectural tshwm sim, nce sharplymus rau pem teb thib ob raws lub palace ntaiv - thiab nkag mus rau Saib iav. Tag nrho cov chav khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob.

Nws tsis yog qhov exaggeration hais tias cov chav khoob no uas ua lub Tsev Tsev Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture: yeej tsis muaj dab tsi nyob ntawm no, tsuas yog cov khoom pov thawj dai rau ntawm phab ntsa, piv txwv li, cov duab ntawm kev xav hauv Roman theatre. Raws li ib tug neeg tuaj saib, qhov no yog yuav ua li cas ib tug fashionable art gallery yuav saib niaj hnub no, uas twb muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm Moscow, tab sis los ntawm tsis tau txhais hais tias lub ntsiab kev tshawb fawb chaw thiab architectural tsev cia puav pheej nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Nrog kev txaus siab, txawm li cas los xij, ib tus tuaj yeem saib cov duab puab medallions, tha xim ntawm plafonds ntawm lub qab nthab, stucco cornices, siab reliefs, thiab cov phab ntsa ua los ntawm cov khoom siv marble. Tab sis lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau txais cov palace interiors ua ke nrog lub tsev. Lawv tau rov qab los nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thiab tsis yog yuav tsum tau ua pov thawj.

Unique exhibit

Ob lub tsev loj tau muab rau lub rooj nthuav tawm mus tas li thaum Lub Rau Hli 19, 2012. Nws yog npaj los ua cim lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej no. Tam sim no peb tab tom tham txog ib qho kev nthuav qhia zoo kawg nkaus - qhov no yog tus qauv (ntoo) ntawm Grand Kremlin Palace, uas yog nyob deb ntawm tus qauv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1770s los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Catherine II los ntawm Vasily Bazhenov. Qhov ntev ntawm qhov layout yog 17 meters. Nws yog qhov loj heev uas, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, nws yuav tsum muaj lub pavilion cais: hauv ob lub tsev khaws puav pheej uas tau hais tseg saum toj no yogtsuas yog cov seem ntawm nws, txawm tias zoo heev.

Kev thuam

Hnub no, kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob ib puag ncig lub xeev tam sim no ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej tsis txo qis hauv cov zej zog tshwj xeeb, tab sis nws cov kev sib koom, kev qhuab qhia thiab kev nthuav qhia hauv ib puag ncig kev tshaj lij tseem muaj txiaj ntsig. Peb yuav tsis qhia qhov kev xav ntawm tus neeg tuaj saib, tsis yog tus kws tshaj lij uas nws tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm, qhov chaw thiab nyiaj txiag. Cov teeb meem no qhia meej rau txhua tus, lawv tsuas yog ua rau muaj kev khuv leej tiag tiag. Tab sis tus neeg tuaj saib xyuas yuav tuaj yeem pom qee qhov piav tsis tau, los ntawm qhov "nyiaj txiag" qhov pom, cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus siab.

Piv txwv li, nws yog txwv tsis pub thaij duab Bazhenov lub layout. Kev txwv yog categorical - tsis muaj nqi, txawm hauv xov tooj. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia vim li cas, lawv hais tias qhov no yog txoj hauv kev. Txawm hais tias ib daim duab tso rau hauv blog tuaj yeem coj ntau tus neeg tuaj saib ntawm no, thiab them nyiaj rau nws tuaj yeem ntxiv qee cov nyiaj rau cov neeg khaws nyiaj tsis zoo ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej.

Nws tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev lag luam nyuaj vim li cas "lub tsev noj mov ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev" tau teeb tsa hauv lub tsev ntawm Aptekarsky kev txiav txim qub, uas yog, qhov tseeb, lub tsev noj mov sushi; yog vim li cas cov cua txias "decorate" lub facade ntawm lub tsev, thiab nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub ancient sculptures depicting tsov ntxhuav, muaj ib tug nres tsheb nyob rau hauv lub tshav puam. Cov bas-reliefs piled nyob rau hauv nws thaj chaw es randomly yog pov thawj ntawm tsis muaj nyiaj txiag, chaw.

D. S. Khmelnitsky, tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm architecture, thuam lub tsev khaws puav pheej no rau qhov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog nyiaj txiag thiab kev sau nyiaj (hauv1991, nws qhov kawg thematic catalog tau luam tawm), nrog rau cov txheej txheem nyuaj heev rau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg sau keeb kwm kom nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv. Melnikov Tsev khaws puav pheej yog ib ceg ntawm MUAR. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 2014, qhov xwm txheej nrog kev nkag mus ntawm nws cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj Melnikov tus qub txeeg qub teg, uas nyob rau ntawd, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo.

Museum Fund

Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tshwj xeeb thaum xub thawj tsuas yog hauv Lavxias architecture. Tab sis cov neeg ua haujlwm tau sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov haujlwm niaj hnub thiab keeb kwm, thaij duab, ua kev ntsuas, tshuaj xyuas kev hloov pauv thiab kev txhim kho hauv nroog txoj cai. Yog li ntawd, lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv Moscow tau sau ib qho nyiaj loj, uas niaj hnub no nthuav tawm yuav luag txhua yam: los ntawm cov duab niaj hnub mus rau lub plinth ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv, los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsim ntawm ntau lub tsev mus rau masterpieces ntawm kev tsim kho cov cuab yeej.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij phooj ywg sawv daws

Cov nyiaj hauv tsev cia puav pheej nyob rau nruab nrab-1980s tau rov ua dua nrog cov khoom tsis muaj nqi. Nws yog ib tug archive ntawm Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky, ib tug zoo heev restorer thiab architect ntawm lub Soviet era. Txij li xyoo 1984, cov ntaub ntawv no tsis tau kawm - tsis muaj sijhawm txaus thiab cov kws tshaj lij rau qhov no. Tsev khaws puav pheej khaws cia sawv cev rau lub ntiaj teb me me uas yuav tau kawm los ntawm ntau tiam neeg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.

Thaum pib ntawm xyoo 1990, lub sijhawm muaj teebmeem tuaj, uas tseem tab tom mus dhau lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm architecture hauv Moscow. Niaj hnub no lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov raug. Txog tam sim no, tus neeg tuaj saib tsuas tuaj yeem kwv yees txog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas lub tsev khaws puav pheej khaws cia zais, tawm mus.phau ntawv qhia nws zaj dab neeg.

Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture thiab Lub Neej

kev coj noj coj ua zoo siab heev. Yog tias koj txaus siab rau kev tsim vaj tsev, peb tuaj yeem qhia koj kom mus xyuas Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Folk Architecture thiab Lub Neej, nyob hauv lub zos Ozertso hauv Belarus. Nws exposition yog nthuav heev. Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Folk Architecture thiab Lub Neej yuav qhia koj txog cov vaj tsev nyob thiab kev lag luam, cov chaw pe hawm, thiab cov tsev rau pej xeem. Nws rov tsim dua lub neej neeg ua liaj ua teb nyob rau tiam 19th - ntxov 20th century.