Hindu lub tuam tsev hauv Is Nrias teb: architecture, duab

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Hindu lub tuam tsev hauv Is Nrias teb: architecture, duab
Hindu lub tuam tsev hauv Is Nrias teb: architecture, duab

Video: Hindu lub tuam tsev hauv Is Nrias teb: architecture, duab

Video: Hindu lub tuam tsev hauv Is Nrias teb: architecture, duab
Video: 9/24/21. Biden Qhib Kev Rau Neeg Mus Ncig Ua Si Txawv Teb Chaw Lawm/Ntau Yam Xov Xwm Zoo Thoob Ntuj. 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Cov kab lis kev cai thiab architecture ntawm Is Nrias teb tau tsim ntau txhiab xyoo, suav nrog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ntau haiv neeg (ntau dua 200) thiab ntau yam qauv. Lub tuam tsev Hindu muaj keeb kwm ntau dua plaub txhiab xyoo, tab sis tseem nws txoj kev tsim kho tau ua raws li qee qhov kev tsim vaj tsev, paub txij thaum ub.

lub tuam tsev Hindu
lub tuam tsev Hindu

Ancient temples

Nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb thaum ub, architectural architecture tau ua ob qho tib si kev cai dab qhuas thiab secular. Feem ntau, ntoo thiab av nplaum tau siv rau kev tsim kho, vim lawv tsis muaj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm. Lawv pib tsim los ntawm pob zeb tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thawj centuries ntawm peb era. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho, txhua yam tau nruj me ntsis raws li kev cai dab qhuas Hindu ntawv. Los teb cov lus nug: yuav ua li cas cov qauv vaj tsev ntawm lub tuam tsev Hindu tau tsim ntau txhiab xyoo thiab tau txais daim ntawv uas muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, ib tus yuav tsum nkag siab txog hom tuam tsev.

lub tuam tsev Hindu hauv India
lub tuam tsev Hindu hauv India

Hindu lub tuam tsev architecture muaj ob hom:

  1. Dravilian style (Dravida), uas belongs rau lub siab pyramidal yees, decorated nrog carvedkab nrog dluab ntawm vajntxwv, vajtswv, warriors (style ntawm sab qab teb cheeb tsam ntawm Is Nrias teb). Cov tiers nyob rau hauv lub pyramid feem ntau txo nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla upwards, thiab nyob rau sab saum toj yog ib tug dome (shikhara). Cov tuam tsev zoo li no tau qis dua qhov siab. Cov no suav nrog lub Tuam Tsev Katarmala thiab Baijnath.
  2. Nagara style (tej yam nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws) - nrog beehive-shaped towers (shikhara), muaj li ntawm ob peb txheej ntawm architectural ntsiab, qhov ua tiav ntawm uas zoo li "nruas". Cov style pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 5th AD. Lub layout ntawm lub tuam tsev yog raws li ib tug square, tab sis cov hniav ntsiab nyob rau hauv ua txhaum lub chaw thiab muab lub tswv yim ntawm roundness. Hauv cov tsev tom qab, lub hauv paus (mandapa) yog ib puag ncig los ntawm cov tuam tsev me me, thiab tag nrho cov qauv ua qhov pom kev zoo ib yam li tus ciav.

Tseem tseem muaj Visara style, uas sib txuas qee yam ntawm ob hom no.

Hindu lub tuam tsev architecture
Hindu lub tuam tsev architecture

Qhov sib txawv loj tshaj ntawm cov tuam tsev no yog qhov loj ntawm lub rooj vag: nyob rau sab qaum teb cov tuam tsev lawv tau ua me me, thiab sab qab teb lawv tsim cov rooj vag zoo nkauj loj loj (Gopuram), qhib qhov nkag mus rau lub tshav puam. ntawm lub tuam tsev Indian. Feem ntau cov rooj vag zoo li no tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab puab thiab pleev xim.

Yuav ua li cas thaum ub cov kws kes duab vajtse ua

Ib lub tuam tsev Hindu hauv Is Nrias teb tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv uas tau xaiv nyob ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tsim kho hauv zos. Piv txwv li, lub tuam tsev ntawm Hoysala lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub 12th thiab 13th centuries - nrog ntau sanctuaries thiab zoo nkauj ntsiab - tau tsim los ntawm ductile soapstone. Vim lub plasticity ntawm xws li ib tug pob zeb, ancient sculptorsmuaj lub cib fim zoo hauv kev tsim kho kom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj ntawm cov tuam tsev.

Thiab, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Mamalapuram, qhov chaw uas lub tuam tsev tau tsim los ntawm granite, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua kom nthuav dav zoo ntawm cov phab ntsa. Tuam tsev ua los ntawm cib kuj txawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov stylistic nta.

lub luag hauj lwm ntawm sculptural kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tuam tsev Hindu
lub luag hauj lwm ntawm sculptural kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tuam tsev Hindu

Lub tuam tsev Hindu tau xeeb thiab tsim ua Vajtswv lub tsev, txhua qhov kev faib ua feem thiab kev pab cuam ib txwm ua raws li cov canons. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav yog txoj kev uas cov architectural cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tuam tsev Hindu reproduce lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm Vastu Shastra, kev tshawb fawb ntawm architectural tsim thiab kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev. Cov ntsiab cai ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau tsim los ntawm tus kws kos duab legendary Vishvakarman, uas tam sim no hu ua tus kws kos duab los saum ntuj.

Ntau yam ntawm cov tuam tsev qub

Cov tuam tsev qub tshaj plaws hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm architecture tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg:

  1. Ib-zaj me me hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub voj voog lossis square yam tsis muaj superstructure.
  2. Tuam Tsev, zoo ib yam li cov qhov tsua, feem ntau yog ib-zaj dab neeg uas muaj qhov nkhaus apse.
  3. Cov tsev siab (6-12 plag tsev) ua hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub roob, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog shikhara superstructure.

Txoj kev npaj ntawm lub tuam tsev Hindu feem ntau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm mandala (daim duab geometric nrog lub peev xwm tab sis zais qhov muaj peev xwm). Kev txav ntawm cov neeg ntseeg hauv lub tuam tsev yuav tsum tau coj los ntawm sab nraud mus rau sab hauv, mus rau qhov chaw. Ntxiv mus, cov ntseeg tsis mus ncaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug roundabout txoj kev, los ntawm "qee lub rooj vag, passages", thiab ntawm txoj kev nws yuav tsum muab pov tseg txhua yam tsis tsim nyog thiaj li yuav tuaj mus rau. Basics of existence.

Sab hauv ntawm lub tuam tsev

lub tuam tsev Hindu txij xyoo pua 6 CE e., muaj ib txoj kev npaj subordinate rau lub canon, uas tswj tag nrho cov sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj thiab kev cai dab qhuas rituals.

Qhov chaw nruab nrab hauv lub tuam tsev yog lub thaj nrog lub thaj neeb (garbha graha), uas tau tsim tsa ntauwd (shikhara). Ib sab ntawm lub thaj yog lub rooj sib txoos, ua raws li lub rooj sib txoos thiab qhov nkag nrog ib lub portico.

lub tuam tsev Hindu
lub tuam tsev Hindu

Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam tsev yog Garbhagriha sanctuary, uas yog ib lub xwmfab, qhov nkag mus uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ib txoj kev nqaim thiab qis, tsis muaj qhov rooj thiab qhov rais hauv chav tsev no (thiab nws tsaus heev.). Deity yog piav nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Nyob ib ncig ntawm nws yog ib lub voj voog, nrog rau cov ntseeg ua parikrama.

Txoj kev txuas lub sanctuary nrog lub tsev loj (Mukhamandapa). Kuj tseem muaj txoj kev nqaim Antarala (manhole). Lub mandapa yog siv rau kev cai dab qhuas ceremonies, yog li lub tsev tej zaum kuj tsim loj heev kom haum rau txhua tus neeg ncaj ncees.

Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub qhov nkag mus rau lub tuam tsev, feem ntau muaj ib tug tsiaj (daim duab puab los yog ib tug chij nrog ib tug duab), uas lub tuam tsev no yog fij tseg. Nws tuaj yeem yog ib tug nyuj (Shiva tuam tsev), tsov ntxhuav (Niam vajtswv poj niam lub tuam tsev), ib tug txiv neej nrog ib tug noog taub hau (hauv Vishnu tuam tsev). Lub tuam tsev, feem ntau yog nyob ib puag ncig ntawm ib phab ntsa qis. Shrines of deities tuaj yeem nyob hauv lub laj kab.

Hindu kev ntseeg

Hinduism yog ib txoj kev ntseeg qub txeeg qub teg uas suav nrog kev coj noj coj ua thiab cov tsev kawm kev xav hauv Is Nrias teb. Raws li txoj kev ntseeg no, lub ntiaj teb no (samsara) yog ib tug series ntawm rebirths, muaj xws li ib tug zoo tib yam thiab txhua txhua hnub, thiab tshaj nws.sab nraud yog qhov muaj tiag qhov twg txoj cai Absolute.

Txhua tus neeg hauv Hinduism tab tom sim, raws li nws tau ua, kom tawg tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab koom ua ke nrog Absolute, thiab tib txoj hauv kev kom ua tiav qhov no yog kev tsis lees paub tus kheej thiab kev ntseeg. Karma yog kev ua hauv kev yug dua tshiab yav dhau los (ob qho tib si zoo thiab phem), thiab kev faib ua pawg kuj cuam tshuam nrog qee yam karma.

Ntawm ntau tus vajtswv Indian, peb lub ntsiab lus maj mam tuaj rau qhov chaw tseem ceeb:

  • Vajtswv Brahma, uas tsim thiab tswj lub ntiaj teb;
  • Vishnu, uas pab tib neeg nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev puas tsuaj;
  • tus vajtswv loj heev Shiva, tus tuav ntawm lub zog muaj tswv yim thiab kev puas tsuaj cosmic.

Tsev tuam tsev muab tso rau hauv qhov tsua

Lub tuam tsev Hindu, carved tag nrho los ntawm ntuj pob zeb, yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua siab tshaj plaws thiab ntau yam kev kos duab thiab kev tsim vaj tsev. Cov kos duab ntawm carved architecture tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub geological nta ntawm lub struts. Tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tuam tsev monolithic yog lub tuam tsev Kailasanatha hauv Ellora, uas tau mob siab rau Shiva. Txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub tuam tsev raug txiav rau hauv cov pob zeb tuab hauv ob peb xyoos. Txoj kev carving lub tuam tsev yog supposedly ua los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab.

yuav ua li cas cov ntaub ntawv architectural ntawm lub tuam tsev Hindu
yuav ua li cas cov ntaub ntawv architectural ntawm lub tuam tsev Hindu

Lub tuam tsev no thiab nyob ze 34 lub tsev teev ntuj hu ua Qhov tsua ntawm Ellora, cov qauv no ntev 2 km. Tag nrho cov monasteries thiab lub tuam tsev yog carved rau hauv pob zeb bas alt. Lub tuam tsev yog tus sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm Dravidian style. Kev faib ua feem ntawm lub tsev thiab cov pob zeb sculptures uas adorned lub tuam tsev yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov txuj ci siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg qub.sculptors thiab artisans.

Nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev muaj ib lub tshav puam, nyob rau sab uas muaj 3-storey arcades nrog txhua. Cov arcades yog carved nrog sculptured panels ntawm loj loj Hindu deities. Yav dhau los, kuj tseem muaj cov choj ua los ntawm cov pob zeb sib txuas ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus lawv poob.

Yuav ua li cas cov ntaub ntawv architectural ntawm lub tuam tsev Hindu reproduce
Yuav ua li cas cov ntaub ntawv architectural ntawm lub tuam tsev Hindu reproduce

Hauv lub tuam tsev muaj ob lub tsev: lub tuam tsev ntawm tus nyuj Nandi Mandapa thiab lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb ntawm Shiva (ob leeg siab 7 m), qhov qis dua yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov pob zeb carving, thiab ntawm lub hauv paus muaj. ntxhw txhawb nqa ob lub tsev.

pob zeb sculptures thiab bas-reliefs

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tuam tsev Hindu (piav qhia txog tsiaj ntiaj teb thiab lub neej zoo tib yam ntawm tib neeg, scenes ntawm mythological legends, cov cim kev cai dab qhuas thiab vajtswv) yog qhia cov neeg saib thiab cov ntseeg ntawm lub hom phiaj tseeb ntawm lawv lub neej thiab nyob.

Sab nrauv ntawm lub tuam tsev qhia txog kev sib txuas nrog lub ntiaj teb sab nraud, thiab sab hauv qhia txog kev sib txuas nrog lub ntiaj teb los saum ntuj. Yog hais tias koj saib ntawm cov khoom zoo nkauj los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab, qhov no yog nyeem raws li indulgence ntawm divine rau tib neeg, thiab nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub hauv paus mus rau sab saum toj - lub ascent ntawm tib neeg ntsuj plig mus rau saum ntuj los heights.

lub tuam tsev Hindu
lub tuam tsev Hindu

Tag nrho cov sculptural decorations yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev ntseeg thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Ancient India.

Buddhist temples

Kev ntseeg Vajtswv tau nthuav dav thoob plaws ntiaj teb dhau xyoo txhiab xyoo dhau los, tab sis qhov kev ntseeg no tau tshwm sim hauv Is Nrias teb. Hauj samcov tuam tsev tau tsim ua ib txoj hauv kev los ua kom muaj "Peb Cov Nyiaj Txiag" ib zaug (Buddha nws tus kheej, nws cov lus qhia thiab cov neeg zej zog ntseeg).

Buddhist lub tuam tsev - lub tsev uas yog qhov chaw ntawm kev mus ncig thiab chaw nyob ntawm cov hauj sam, uas tiv thaiv tag nrho los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud (suab, tsw, pom, thiab lwm yam). Nws tag nrho thaj chaw raug kaw tag nrho tom qab cov phab ntsa muaj zog thiab rooj vag.

cov tuam tsev buddhist Hindu
cov tuam tsev buddhist Hindu

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub tuam tsev yog "lub tsev kub" (kondo), qhov chaw uas muaj ib tug pej thuam los yog cov duab ntawm Buddha. Kuj tseem muaj lub tsev teev ntuj uas cov seem ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub cev ntawm Buddha tau khaws cia, feem ntau muaj 3-5 tiers nrog tus ncej tseem ceeb hauv nruab nrab (rau cov seem hauv qab lossis saum toj). Cov tuam tsev monumental ntawm cov tuam tsev yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau cov arches, kab, reliefs - tag nrho cov no yog muab rau Buddha.

Cov tuam tsev uas nrov tshaj plaws hauv Is Nrias teb nyob hauv lub xeev Maharashtra:

  • Ajanta (qhov tsua complex ntawm monasteries).
  • Ellora, qhov chaw ntawm cov tuam tsev, cov tuam tsev Hindu ib sab (tawm ntawm 34 lub qhov tsua: 17 yog Hindu, 12 yog cov ntseeg).
  • Mahabodhi (qhov twg, raws li cov lus dab neeg, kev rov ua dua ntawm Gautam Sidharth rau hauv Buddha) thiab lwm tus.

Lub tsev teev hawm Buddhist yog nrov heev nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb - cov qauv uas yog ib lub monument rau qee qhov kev cai dab qhuas ntawm Buddhism, uas cov neeg tseem ceeb tau khaws cia. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, stupa coj kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev vam meej rau lub ntiaj teb, cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb.

Lub tuam tsev Hindu loj tshaj plaws hauv Is Nrias teb

Nov yog lub tuam tsev Akshardham hauv Delhi, uas yog qhov chaw loj heev rau Hindu kab lis kev cai thiab sab ntsuj plig. Qhov nolub tuam tsev niaj hnub no tau tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb liab hauv xyoo 2005 raws li cov canons thaum ub. 7,000 tus kws ua txuj ci thiab cov kws ua haujlwm ua haujlwm tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim kho.

lub tuam tsev Hindu
lub tuam tsev Hindu

Lub tuam tsev yog crowned nrog 9 domes (qhov siab 42 m), nws yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog txhua kab (234 nyob rau hauv tag nrho), uas depict cov duab los ntawm Indian mythology, thiab ib ncig ntawm lub perimeter muaj 148 pob zeb ntxhw, thiab lwm yam tsiaj, noog thiab tib neeg cov duab. Nws qhov loj loj tso cai rau nws suav nrog hauv Guinness Phau Ntawv Cov Ntaub Ntawv.

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