Centralized economic - yog dab tsi?

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Centralized economic - yog dab tsi?
Centralized economic - yog dab tsi?

Video: Centralized economic - yog dab tsi?

Video: Centralized economic - yog dab tsi?
Video: (LCAP) yog dab tsi? 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Kev lag luam hauv nruab nrab yog dab tsi? Qhov no, yog tias ib tug neeg tsis paub, yog lub npe thib ob ntawm kev npaj nyiaj txiag. Dab tsi nta tau pom ntawm no? Yuav ua li cas yog qhov kev sib tshuam system tsim? Cov no, nrog rau ntau yam teeb meem, peb yuav xav txog hauv kab lus no.

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Centralized kev lag luam yog
Centralized kev lag luam yog

Kev npaj kev lag luam hauv nruab nrab yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam haujlwm uas ua los ntawm ib tus neeg lossis pab pawg thiab tsom mus rau kev ua tiav lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb. Vim muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub micro-level thiab macro-theem yog sib cais. Hauv thawj kis, kev npaj ntawm theem kev lag luam yog implied. Nyob rau theem macro, cov txheej txheem no twb tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm tag nrho lub xeev. Ob hom no tuaj yeem pom hauv ib daim ntawv lossis lwm yam hauv kev lag luam. Tab sis qhov ntsuas thiab qhov tseem ceeb hloov pauv hauv qhov tseem ceeb. Lub sijhawm no, kev npaj ua lag luam-qib yog nrov. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias ua tsaug rau nws, koj tuaj yeem suav cov nuj nqis yav tom ntej thiab cov nyiaj tau los, qhia txog tus nqi kwv yees ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab tseem tsim kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Tab sis rau peb, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tsab xov xwm, nws yog lub hauv paus kev lag luam uas muaj kev txaus siab ntau dua. Nws txhais tau tias,tias kev tsom mus rau cov teb chaws.

Centralized economic system: theoretical foundations

kev lag luam kev lag luam centralized
kev lag luam kev lag luam centralized

nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm no yog kev sib cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem uas nyob hauv Soviet Union. Tab sis nws tau tsim li cas? Lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb tau tso los ntawm Wilfred Pareto, Friedrich von Wieser thiab Enrique Barone. Lawv tau ua pov thawj tias kev npaj kev lag luam, uas muaj kev tswj hwm hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab tus nqi, tuaj yeem coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg thiab thaum kawg ua rau muaj kev sib npaug ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev xav tau. Cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb saum toj no tau siv los ntawm Karl Marx thiab Friedrich Engels. Lawv tau tshaj tawm tias kev npaj kev lag luam yog qhov ua tiav tseem ceeb thiab, tib lub sijhawm, qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm lub zej zog socialist. Vladimir Lenin echoed lawv. Kev siv tswv yim ntawm kev tsim kho theoretical pib tshwm sim tam sim tom qab Bolsheviks los ua lub zog. Tab sis cov txheej txheem no, ua ntej yuav siv nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, rub rau ib xyoo caum.

Kev tsim ntawm kev lag luam hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus qauv ntawm Soviet Union

Centralized economic system
Centralized economic system

Lub Rooj Sab Laj Siab Tshaj Plaws ntawm Lub Tebchaws Economy, tsim los rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1917, tau los ua tus qauv ntawm tag nrho cov kab ke. Nws yog thawj lub koom haum sib koom tes thiab kev npaj. Tab sis qhov kev tawg tiag tiag yog kev tsim ntawm GOELRO. Yog tias koj tau paub txog cov ntaub ntawv kev tshaj lij, tom qab ntawd rau ntau qhov nws yuav yog qhov kev tshawb pom tias qhov kev npaj no tsis yog tsuas yog muab rau kev tsim hluav taws xob hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob, tab sis kuj tseem muaj hluav taws xob tag nrho.kev lag luam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, GOELRO, ntawm qhov pib ntawm Vladimir Lenin, tau tsim Lub Xeev General Planning Commission hauv xyoo 1921, uas yog paub rau cov pej xeem raws li Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Npaj. Nws cov dej num suav nrog kev txiav txim siab thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov phiaj xwm hauv tebchaws rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam. Maj mam, lub hauv paus rau kev hloov pauv tau tsim. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1927, nws tau txiav txim siab los tsim thawj tsib lub xyoos txoj kev loj hlob, uas yog tsom rau lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm lub Soviet Union. Tus qauv tsim tau raug mercilessly thuam vim tsis txaus nyob rau hauv lig 80s thiab 90s. Tab sis cia peb tso tseg txoj kev nom kev tswv thiab saib seb qhov kev lag luam hauv lub xeev puas yog los ntawm qhov kev pom zoo.

txiaj ntsig

economics ntawm central kev npaj
economics ntawm central kev npaj

Lawv tseem ceeb heev thiab tsim nyog mloog:

  1. Tseem muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam.
  2. Kev sib npaug thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev.
  3. Pib pej xeem muaj kev kawm dawb, tshuaj.
  4. Kev muab coj los rau hauv kev sib npaug nrog kev thov.
  5. Txoj haujlwm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb tau daws tau zoo.
  6. Cov peev txheej siv tau zoo, txawm tias lawv muaj tsawg.
  7. Qee cov nqi tsim khoom thiab kev hloov pauv tsis raug.
  8. Txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom.
  9. Txoj kev ntseeg ntawm pej xeem nyob rau yav tom ntej ntawm lawv lub tebchaws.
  10. Kev lag luam tuaj yeem txav nrawm los ua qee yam haujlwm.

Flaws

Nws yuav yuam kev yog tias tau them nyiaj raunkaus xwb. Tom qab tag nrho, tib neeg tseem tsis tau muaj peev xwm zam kev tsis txaus:

  1. Txoj kev nruj thiab kev lag luam hauv nruab nrab siab heev.
  2. Kev tsis txaus siab hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, nrog rau cov lus teb qeeb rau cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev thov rau qee yam khoom hauv kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb.
  3. Nrog kev tswj tsis tau cov ntaub ntawv, cov nyiaj ntau nyob hauv tes ntawm cov pej xeem. Qhov no yog nrog los ntawm kev tsis txaus ntawm kev lag luam rau qee pawg lossis hom khoom.
  4. Ntseeg ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm bureaucracy.
  5. Lub zog ntawm lub zog hauv txhais tes ntawm ib tus neeg lossis ib pab pawg me.
  6. Nrog kev tswj tsis tau ntawv, cov xwm txheej tsis tsim los tsim kev txaus siab rau tus kheej hauv ib tus neeg thiab kev lag luam kom ua tau zoo thiab xa cov khoom zoo (lossis kev pabcuam).

Ntse

centrally npaj kev lag luam kev lag luam kev lag luam
centrally npaj kev lag luam kev lag luam kev lag luam

Peb tau txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas lub hauv paus kev npaj kev lag luam muaj. Kev lag luam kev lag luam tam sim no yuav raug txiav txim siab rau kev sib piv. Yog li, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau pom qhov predominance ntawm ntau hom khoom. Yog li, kev npaj kev lag luam tsis suav nrog tias ib tus neeg muaj kev tsim khoom. Tab sis yav tas los lawv tau nkag siab zoo li rauj, tshuab ua tsev thiab lwm yam. Kev kos duab sib piv nrog kev niaj hnub, 3D tshuab luam ntawv kuj tuaj yeem ntxiv rau ntawm no. Whereas nyob rau hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam feem ntau ntawm kev tsim khoom yog nyob rau hauv tes ntawm tus kheej peev. Tau kawg, yog tias tsim nyogmus ua haujlwm rau ib qho haujlwm loj yog qhov tsis zoo. Vim tias thaum koj sau cov peev txheej, npaj txhua yam, lub sijhawm muaj txiaj ntsig yog nkim. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tus txheeb ze stability, qhov teeb meem no txawv heev. Tab sis ntawm no, ib yam nkaus, muaj pitfalls. Yog li, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tias tsis muaj monopolies uas yuav nyem tag nrho cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo tawm ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom. Ntawd yog, tseem muaj kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm no, tab sis rau feem ntau nws tsis pom zoo heev thiab muaj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev cuam tshuam tsis ncaj. Nws puas tuaj yeem yog kev lag luam kev lag luam yog centralized? Yog, thiab ua li cas! Fabkis tuaj yeem raug suav ua piv txwv. Ntawm no, txawm hais tias tsis muaj kev npaj ua raws li cov qauv ntawm USSR, tab sis lawv tus kheej cov phiaj xwm tsib xyoos tau tsim, uas muab rau cov tswv yim kev loj hlob.

Zoo kawg

xeev centralized economic
xeev centralized economic

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, kev lag luam hauv nruab nrab yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev tshawb fawb txog nyiaj txiag. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo, nws tuaj yeem ua tau zoo. Thiab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse txawj ntse, tshuab ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm muab lub laj thawj los hais tias kev lag luam hauv nruab nrab yog lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm noob neej. Tsuas yog nws yuav tsis raug tswj los ntawm peb, tab sis los ntawm cov khoos phis tawj programmed kom ua kom lub neej yooj yim dua.

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