Dab tsi yog pej xeem thiab nws kawm dab tsi

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:53

Demography, txhais los ntawm Greek, txhais tau tias "peb cov lus piav qhia". Dab tsi yog demographics feem ntau? Qhov no yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm txoj kev, hom kev yug me nyuam ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab cov xwm txheej uas (ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov) cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem no.

Tus sau lo lus "peb haiv neeg" yog tus kws tshawb fawb Fab Kis A. Guillard xyoo 1855, thiab hauv tebchaws Russia tau pib siv los ntawm 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Thaum xub thawj, cov ntsiab lus ntawm "pej xeem txheeb cais" thiab "demography" tau suav hais tias yog ib qho piv txwv, tab sis dhau sij hawm qhov xwm txheej tau hloov me ntsis. Tam sim no, demography yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej uas kawm txog yam uas cuam tshuam rau kev tuag, fertility, kev sib yuav thiab kev txiav. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev tshawb fawb no tseem tshuaj xyuas thiab kwv yees cov txheej txheem pej xeem siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Yuav kom nkag siab txog dab tsi demography, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los kawm txog cov qauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb no. Yog li, pej xeem txoj kev xav yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev piav qhia cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb, tsim cov kev xav, nthuav dav cov ntaub ntawv thiab muab cov qauv sib txawv.

Sau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog ua tiav hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev suav pej xeem,uas tshwm sim nyob rau lub sij hawm tsis tu ncua. Lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog tsoomfwv cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov ntaub ntawv yog qiv los ntawm sociometry thiab kev txheeb cais, uas, feem ntau, yog ntuj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev tshawb fawb no piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem pej xeem. Analytical demography kawm txog kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam pej xeem phenomena thiab cov txheej txheem txuas mus ntxiv. Yog li, demographers tuaj yeem piav qhia qhov ntse lossis maj mam txo qis hauv cov pejxeem lossis nce tus lej yug los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam kev lag luam, kev sib raug zoo, ib puag ncig thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj keeb kwm, kev sib raug zoo, tub rog pej xeem. Cov teeb meem ntawm pej xeem nyob rau hauv Russia tau kawm txij thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Dab tsi yog demography nyob rau hauv tsarist Russia? Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm txog pej xeem txheeb cais. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov hauj lwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb A. A. Chuprov, mob siab rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib yuav thiab kev sib nrauj thiab kev xeeb tub, thiab Novoselsky, uas kawm txog kev tuag hauv kev nthuav dav.

Kev suav pej xeem tau ua tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj tig. Thiab cov ntaub ntawv no tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau ntau yam kev tshawb fawb (tsis yog pej xeem nkaus xwb). Txawm li cas los xij, hauv 1930s, tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm hom no raug txiav tawm. Cov pej xeem tau rov kho dua hauv xyoo 1960. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsis txwv rau cov neeg txheeb cais. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib kawm txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev nce thiab txo qis fertility, kev sib yuav, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tsev neeg. Txij li thaum lub 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug demographic kiv puag ncig tau tsim, tus sauuas tau los ua A. G. Vishnevsky. Txoj kev Cahors thiab cov qauv qauv tau nkag mus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pej xeem, thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev tau maj mam koom ua ke hauv ntiaj teb. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thiab pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, cov kws tshawb fawb tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau kev kawm txog kev tuag, cov qauv ntawm kev muaj menyuam thiab kev sib yuav, nrog rau kev tsim qauv thiab kev kwv yees. Tag nrho cov no ua ke tso cai rau peb los teb cov lus nug ntawm seb cov pej xeem yog dab tsi.