Russian pej xeem khoom siv tes ua. Ancient Russian pej xeem crafts. Crafts thiab pej xeem crafts

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:47

Russian pej xeem khoom siv tes ua sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kab lis kev cai loj. Lub peculiarity ntawm peb lub teb chaws kuj yog hais tias yuav luag txhua txhua ces kaum, cheeb tsam los yog autonomous cheeb tsam muaj nws tus kheej hom ntawm needlework. Nws tuaj yeem pleev xim rau ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv, cov khoom siv av nplaum thiab cov khoom ua si, lace weaving, pastries thiab ntau, ntau ntxiv.

Painting

Tau ntev, Russia tau nto moo thoob plaws ntiaj teb rau nws cov kws ua yeeb yam. Xws li cov qauv, uas tau ua los ntawm peb tus tswv, tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ib tus kws kos duab European. Sij hawm dhau mus, txawm tias nyias muaj nyias cov lus qhia thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim kho uas txuas ntxiv cov kev cai ntawm peb cov neeg.

Nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem sau txhua hom thiab cov tswv yim ntawm kev pleev xim hauv tebchaws Russia. Muaj ntau ntau ntawm lawv, thiab txhua tus muaj qee yam ntawm thaj chaw thiab kab lis kev cai. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab pej xeem kos duab crafts,qhov no yog:

• Gzhel. Cov qauv xiav ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) dawb no paub thoob plaws hauv CIS thiab txawv teb chaws. Thaum pib, cov tais diav ua los ntawm cov av nplaum tshwj xeeb yog siv rau kev xav tau ntawm tus kheej. Thaum lub sij hawm, nws kis thoob plaws hauv Russia thiab txawm pib siv rau "kev xav tau tshuaj." Cov qauv qub thiab nco txog ntawm cov tais diav dawb tau tshwm sim ntau tom qab - thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.
• Nkauj hmoob crafts - Khokhloma. Qhov no yog lwm qhov zoo-paub cim ntawm Russia. Qhov kev xav no twb muaj 400 xyoo lawm. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod. Lub peculiarity ntawm daim duab yog hais tias ntau yam berries, paj, noog thiab tsiaj yog depicted ntawm ib tsob ntoo los yog tais diav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, feem ntau xim liab thiab dub xim ntawm ib tug kub keeb kwm yav dhau yog siv. Qee zaum ntsuab thiab daj yog siv.
• Gorodets painting. Cov khoom siv tes ua no yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntoo sib txawv uas yog siv los ntawm nws cov txheej txheem: ib qho yog lub teeb, lwm qhov yog tsaus. Txiav tawm qhov chaw tau muab tso rau hauv tshwj xeeb recesses thiab ib tug peculiar qauv tau txais. Tom qab ntawd lawv pib siv tint. Hauv yuav luag txhua daim duab, lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog nees nrog lub caj dab zoo nkauj elongated.

Ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem no, uas yog siv los ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua thiab cov khoom siv pej xeem, tseem muaj ntau cov duab kos uas txhua tus ntawm Russia txaus siab rau hnub no. Lawv yog ib lub cim ntawm peb lub teb chaws thiab lub hauv paus ntawm nws txoj kev khav theeb. Cov no yog Zhostovo thiab Mezen paintings, Fedoskino thiab Palekh miniatures thiab ntau ntxiv.

khoom qab zib

Raws li koj paub, Russians feem ntau yog neegnyob thiab ua haujlwm hnyav. Ntau yam ntawm cov lauj kaub tais diav tau nquag siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Yog li ntawd, xws li ib tug pej xeem Lavxias teb sab crafts yog nrov nyob rau hauv cov hnub - pottery.

Muaj tsawg tus neeg paub tias thaum xub thawj tsuas yog cov poj niam koom nrog qhov no. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntau qhov khoom siv tes ua no tau dhau mus rau hauv cov txiv neej txhais tes muaj zog.

Raws li txoj cai, lawv tau koom nrog cov khoom siv tes ua no hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov av nplaum sib xyaw ua ke. Raws li txoj cai, cov zos thiab thaj chaw tau tsim nyob ze lawv. Cov lus zais ntawm lub lauj kaub tais diav tau dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam.

Novgorod, Smolensk, Ryazan, Gzhel, Vologda thiab ntau, ntau lwm tus tau los ua cov cheeb tsam nto moo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia, uas yog nto moo rau lawv cov tswv uas ua cov khoom zoo los ntawm av nplaum. Feem ntau, cov no yog thaj chaw ze ntawm tus dej thiab pas dej.

Tsis yog tais ua los ntawm av nplaum xwb. Ntau yam khoom ua si, figurines, whistles, decorations thiab cov khoom siv sab hauv tau dav siv. Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm qhov no yog pej xeem crafts ntawm Gzhel. Thaum pib, ntau yam tais diav ceramic tau ua ntawm no. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib lub khw muag khoom plig hauv tebchaws Russia koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov khoom lag luam ceramic nrog kos npe xiav qauv.

Nyob hauv thaj av Nizhny Novgorod, lub lauj kaub tais diav pib hauv xyoo pua 16th. Ib qho ntawm nws cov chaw yog lub zos Bogorodskoye. Txog rau tam sim no, muaj kev ua koob tsheej ntawm tus tswv thiab cov kiv cua ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua no.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Russia, av nplaum vuas tau dav paub thiab siv. Xws li kev kos duab xav tau kev txawj tshwj xeeb thiab kev ua siab ntev. Cov tsev ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj boyars, nrog rau ntau lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj, tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm av nplaum.

weaving thiab lace ua

Qhov no yog qhov ua tau zoo ib yam li kev kos duab rau Russia xws li tha xim lossis kos duab ntoo. Txawm li cas los, lub ancient Lavxias teb sab pej xeem khoom siv tes ua nqa tej yam yees siv zog. Tom qab tag nrho, cov khaub ncaws Slavic tsis yog tsuas yog ib txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv huab cua txias thiab huab cua phem, tab sis kuj yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los tiv thaiv koj tus kheej los ntawm qhov muag phem, kev puas tsuaj lossis kab mob.

Yog vim li cas tus qauv ntawm cov khoom ntawm Lavxias teb sab masters tseem ceeb heev. Tau ntau pua xyoo, nws tsis tau hloov ntau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj yog daim npav hu xov tooj ntawm txhua haiv neeg nyob hauv Russia. Lawv kuj muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws txoj kev loj hlob, hais txog cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb thiab tus phab ej.

Cov khoom siv nto moo tshaj plaws yog:

• khoom muaj koob muaj npe. Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov khoom siv tes ua haujlwm no tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab feem ntau nyob hauv cov tsev ntawm cov nplua nuj boyars thiab princes ib tug tuaj yeem pom embroidered embassy tablecloths, patterned fabrics thiab tshwj xeeb linen. Cov tswv ntawm Kadashevskaya Sloboda thiab Khamovnikov ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow tau txais koob meej tshaj plaws. Cov khoom los ntawm Cherkasovo thiab Breitovo hauv cheeb tsam Yaroslavl kuj muaj nuj nqis.
• Qhia shawls. Cov khoom no, nrog rau cov menyuam roj hmab zes lossis Khokhloma, yog lub cim ntawm Russia. Orenburg downy shawls tau txais qhov nrov tshaj plaws. Thawj zaug, lawv tau paub thaum kaj ntug ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov mos mos thiab sov tshis, nrog rau cov ntaub qhwv, paj rwb thiab lwm yam xov uas coj los ua lub hauv paus. Kuj tseem paub yog ib nrab-woolen thiab woolen Pavlovo-Posad luam shawls.
• Lace weaving. Thawj zaug, cov khoom siv tes ua pej xeem no tau nthuav dav hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Lace yog tsim los ntawm tes siv ntoo bobbins. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv muaj cov grooves tshwj xeeb rau cov xov. Nws yog nrog kev pab los ntawm cov sticks uas cov craftswomen weave cov qauv tsim nyog. Thawj qhov chaw ntawm lace-making nyob rau hauv Russia yog Vologda, lub Mikhailovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Ryazan, lub Sovetsky koog tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Kirov cheeb tsam thiab lub Yelets cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv Lipetsk cheeb tsam.

Zoo li ntau cov khoom siv hauv zej zog hauv tebchaws Russia, kev xaws thiab lace-ua hauv lub sijhawm Soviet thiab niaj hnub no tsis tau tsim. Muaj ob peb craftsmen sab laug uas tuaj yeem rov tsim cov txheej txheem thiab cov qauv raws li kev lis kev cai qub.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.

Rus ib txwm muaj npe nrov rau cov neeg muaj zog thiab noj qab haus huv. Nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas kev ua haujlwm hlau tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua zoo tshaj plaws thiab hwm ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv. Nws yog hais txog cov neeg muaj zog thiab tawv tawv uas cov dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg tau tsim, raws li kev khav theeb ntawm cov neeg thiab lawv tus phab ej.

Hlau tau paub rau peb cov yawg koob ncaj - cov Slavs. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI, qhov khoom siv tes ua ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem tau nthuav dav tshaj plaws. Txawm tias cov thawj coj loj tshaj plaws tau nyob ze ze ntawm cov pob zeb thiab av nplaum.

Feem ntau yog cov kws ua hlau ua nws tus kheej mined thiab ua hlau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem forging nws tus kheej xyaum tsis hloov mus txog rau thaum xyoo pua 19th. Ua ntej, ib daim hlau tau rhuab nrog ib lub forge, thiab tom qab ntawd cov hlau tau compacted nrog rauj thiab tag nrho cov slag raug tshem tawm.

Artisans tsis yog rab ntaj nkaus xwb. Lawv muab neegCov xauv thiab cov yuam sij, axes thiab riam, ntsia hlau thiab koob, cauldrons, hnyav thiab ntau ntxiv.

Lub chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam hlau hauv Russia yog lub nroog Zlatoust, uas tau muaj nuj nqis thiab hwm los ntawm peb tsars ua lub peev ntawm riam phom, Pavlovsky Ostrog, Siberia, lub nroog Belev thiab ntau, ntau lwm tus. Nws yog cov chaw no uas tau qhuas txog kev ua haujlwm hlau thiab mus ib txhis suav nrog hauv cov khoom siv tes ua pej xeem ntawm Russia.

ntoo thiab pob txha carving

Lwm yam qub, tab sis tsis nco qab kiag li khoom siv tes ua. Rau peb cov neeg, txhua yam muaj nws lub ntsiab lus dawb ceev. Txawm nyob hauv cov khoom siv niaj hnub zoo tib yam, cov poj koob yawm txwv tau sim siv cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Nws yog rau qhov no uas muaj ntau yam pej xeem siv khoom siv tes ua. Cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim tau txais txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb: pob zeb, pob txha lossis ntoo.

Ntxiv rau kev ua ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev, kos duab kos duab, thiab lwm yam., carvings tau siv los kho lub facades ntawm lub tsev, ua sculptures, thiab lwm yam.

Cov khoom siv tes ua hauv qab no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog:

YShemogodskaya slotted birch bark. Qhov kev kos duab no tshwm sim hauv cheeb tsam Vologda. Birch bark, txawm tias nws pom tseeb fragility, yog ib yam khoom muaj zog thiab ruaj khov. Vologda craftsmen ua ntau yam pob tawb, tais diav, tuesas, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, thiab txawm khau thiab khaub ncaws. Lub peculiarity ntawm cov khoom no yog hais tias ib tug natural floral ornament, nplooj thiab berries, paj thiab stems yog intertwined nrog cov tsoos qauv.

Varnavinskaya pob txha carving. Qhov no yog cov kos duab ntawm pej xeem crafts ntawm Nizhny Novgorod masters. Nws tshwm sim ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev tshwj xeeb carving ua rau ntoo. Lub peculiarity ntawm xws li cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub meej originality thiab tus kheej. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua yam khoom yog ua los ntawm tes, tsis muaj templates thiab stamps.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving. Qhov kev kos duab tshwj xeeb no tau paub dav dav hauv lub xyoo pua 19th. Siv cov txheej txheem no, lawv tau ua ladles, tais diav, vases thiab caskets, nrog rau txhua yam khoom siv hauv tsev thiab khoom siv hauv tsev. Qhov peculiarity ntawm cov khoom no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntau yam curls, rosettes, twigs, ntoo tinting thiab polishing.

Dhau li ntawm cov khoom siv hauv zej zog no, Russia muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm nplua nuj uas tuaj yeem ua ntau dua li tsuas yog siv cov qauv rau pob zeb, pob txha lossis ntoo. Lawv zoo li ua tiav cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv nrog lawv tus kheej ua haujlwm. Yog vim li cas cov khoom no thiaj li txawv txawv thiab txawv.

Crafts: khoom ua si

Qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua tsev neeg yog kev tsim tawm. Yog li ntawd, cov menyuam yaus ib txwm tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Lawv tau saib, cob qhia thiab, tau kawg, ua si nrog. Txhawm rau kom lom zem rau tus menyuam, lawv tau ua cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb: los ntawm tawv, ntaub, ntoo, pob zeb, thiab lwm yam.

Russian pej xeem khoom siv tes ua rau menyuam yaus:

• Matryoshka. Cov khoom ua si nto moo tshaj plaws uas tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm Russia. Tus menyuam roj hmab ntoo no tau tshwm sim thawj zaug thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws muaj 8 qhov chaw. Tus menyuam roj hmab yog tig los ntawm ib tug zoo tib yam turner. Tom qab ntawd nws tau pleev xim rau kom zoo li tus ntxhais Lavxias nrog tib yam tab sis cov ntawv me me hauv.



• KhojBogorodskaya, kos duab. Cov khoom ua si no tau pib ua hauv 16th-17th centuries. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov craftsmen ua tsis tau tsuas yog cov duab puab, tab sis kuj tshwj xeeb txav cov duab. Cov no yog cov neeg yos hav zoov, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, tsiaj lossis noog, nrog rau tag nrho cov xwm txheej ntawm lub neej nyob deb nroog txhua hnub.
• Dymkovo cov khoom ua si. Folk crafts ntawm qhov kev sib hais haum no paub yuav luag thoob plaws hauv Russia. Raws li thaum ntxov xyoo pua 15th, kev lig kev cai tau sawv los ua cov khoom ua si lom zem xuav tawm ntawm av nplaum. Cov figurines ntawm cov tsiaj, tib neeg thiab noog nqa cov duab qub. Cov kab lig kev cai ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua no tsis tau dhau mus li ib txwm, ntawm leej txiv mus rau tus tub, tab sis los ntawm niam mus rau tus ntxhais.

Nws yog qhov kawg uas yuav teev tag nrho cov npe nrov thiab cov huab tais thaum ub uas tau mob siab rau lawv cov kev txawj ntse rau cov menyuam yaus. Thiab txhua yam khoom ua si muaj nws tus yam ntxwv, tshwj xeeb uas tus so tsis muaj.

iav tshuab

Ntawm no yog ib qho nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws ua rau tib lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub iav tshuab tshuab tau tshwm sim tsis ntev dhau los - nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Nws tus tsim yog Prince Menshikov. Thiab, txawm tias qhov tseeb tias thaum xub thawj cov neeg txawv teb chaws raug caw mus rau kev tsim khoom, tom qab ntawd txoj haujlwm tau hloov mus rau hauv peb lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab khoom siv tes ua.

Lub nroog Klin tau dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm cov iav tshuab. Nws yog nyob ntawd tam sim no koj tuaj yeem tau txais mus rau qhov kev nthuav qhia zoo heev ntawm Christmas cov khoom ua si thiab kho kom zoo nkauj. Vim li cas lub nroog tshwj xeeb ze Moscow? Cov cheeb tsam no yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv deposits ntawm cov xuab zeb muaj nqis tshaj plaws rau glassblowers - quartz, yam tsis muaj kev tsim khoom yog tsis yooj yim sua.

Lwm qhov chaw paub thoob plaws lub tebchaws yog Gus-Khrustalny. Lub nroog no tshuav nws lub npe rau cov neeg qubiav-blowing Hoobkas tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th thiab muaj los ntawm nto moo Lavxias teb sab businessmen M altsov.

Tam sim no cov nroj tsuag zoo kawg nkaus tsim ntau yam khoom los ntawm cov khoom tawg yooj yim no. Cov no yog cov iav iav thiab iav, vases thiab shtofs, nrog rau cov khoom plig zoo nkauj thiab cov khoom sab hauv.

Modern handicraft exhibitions

Tam sim no qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau ntau cov khoom siv tes ua hauv Lavxias thiab tus tswv yog txhawm rau txhim kho. Nrov nrov yog tus yuam sij rau kev vam meej. Tom qab tag nrho, ntau tus neeg paub thiab txaus siab rau cov khoom siv tes ua, qhov zoo dua, ntau cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv tes ua pab cov neeg tiam tshiab kom nkag siab txog keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm lawv lub teb chaws. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog nthuav thiab qhia, tab sis kuj muaj kev lom zem ntau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov menyuam yaus. Tom qab tag nrho, yuav luag txhua yam ntawm peb cov khoom siv cov xim ci, kos duab funny nrog cov cim funny.

Raws li txoj cai, qhov chaw uas tsim cov khoom siv tes ua kom muaj zog, muaj kev sib tw txhua xyoo thiab kev nthuav qhia. Nov yog qhov uas cov kws ua zaub mov coj lawv cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws los nthuav tawm thiab muag.

Ntaus nto moo thiab nthuav fairs hnub no:

• Exhibition of folk crafts "Rook". Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod txhua txhua xyoo. Artistic crafts yog nthuav tawm ntawm no tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm lub zos masters, tab sis kuj los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws craftsmen ntawm Russia. Qhov xwm txheej no tshwm sim thaum nruab nrab Lub Kaum Ob Hlis.
• Ethnomir - tus tswv thiab khoom siv tes ua. Qhov kev nthuav qhia no tshwm sim hauv cheeb tsam Kaluga thaum lub Cuaj Hli. Nws coj ua ke tus tswv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Russia thiab lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm no Success, heev nthuav thiabkev cob qhia kev kawm rau txhua tus.

Solovki craft fair. Qhov kev tshwm sim txhua xyoo hauv thaj av Arkhangelsk yog mus xyuas los ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm ntawm Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Moscow, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod thiab lwm lub nroog thiab cov zos. Folk crafts xws li Khokhloma, cov khoom ua si thiab Gzhel tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus siab los ntawm cov qhua.

Ntxiv rau cov chaw ua yeeb yam no, muaj ntau lwm cov neeg tuaj koom ua ke thiab pab txhawb kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov neeg uas tsis nco qab mus ntev.

riam craft

Kev ua yeeb yam hlau tau nthuav dav thoob plaws yuav luag tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Russia. Thiab nyob rau hauv ntau cheeb tsam, tag nrho cov chaw rau zus tau tej cov riam, tais diav, thiab ntau yam cutlery tshwm sim.

Nizhny Novgorod masters tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nto moo rau lawv cov txuj ci. Pavlovskaya Sloboda tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv hlau kos duab. Thawj qhov kev nco txog nws tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Tom qab ntawd qhov kev kos duab ntawm pej xeem crafts kis mus rau lwm lub cheeb tsam thiab cheeb tsam. Piv txwv li, qhov no yog lub zos ntawm Vorsma. Kev kos duab thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm cov craftsmen hauv zos tau paub deb dhau ntawm ciam teb ntawm Russia. Thaum lub sij hawm xyoo ntawm USSR, qhov chaw no tau los ua lub peev ntawm Riam Industry.

Lavxias riam thiab cutlery tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau yam khoom siv: los ntawm pob txha mus rau niam-ntawm-pearl thiab jasper. Lawv tau engraved nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb engraving, uas ua hauj lwm tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug kho kom zoo nkauj, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug ntau lawm hom.

Ib lub tsev nto moo tshaj plaws uas ua cov khoom siv tes ua no ua tsev neeg thiabdhau los ntawm thev naus laus zis thiab cov lus zais ntawm kev siv tes ua los ntawm leej txiv mus rau cov tub, dhau los ua Ptitsyns, Zavyalovs thiab Biryutins. Lawv cov khoom ua rau muaj kev txaus siab loj ntawm kev lag luam fairs hauv Philadelphia, London, Berlin thiab Paris.

jewellery in Russia

Nov yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab nrhiav tom qab cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm peb cov neeg. Txog rau tam sim no, cov khoom ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab masters amaze lub siab thiab kev xav ntawm cov qhua thiab cov kws txawj ntawm ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej thiab exhibitions. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov tseeb tias nws yog nyob ntawm ntau yam khoom siv tes ua thiab pej xeem crafts. Qhov no yog forging, carving, painting thiab ntau, ntau ntxiv.

Nkauj koob tsheej nrog rau cov neeg Lavxias txij thaum yug mus txog thaum tuag. Txawm tias ib tug me nyuam hnav ib co hlaws dai, thiab cov ntxhais pob ntseg raug tho thaum muaj hnub nyoog 6-8 xyoo. Cov tub hluas, raws li txoj cai, tso siab rau ib lub pob ntseg. Ntxiv nrog rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub no, ntau yam ntawm cov kauj-toog npab, nplhaib thiab cov nplhaib zoo nkauj, cov hlua khi thiab ntau dua tau nrov ntawm cov neeg. Cov khoom siv tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia yog kub, nyiaj thiab pearls. Tom qab ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm txhim kho kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo, rubies, emeralds, sapphires thiab garnets tshwm.

Txawm hais tias cov tswv txawv teb chaws feem ntau raug caw los ntawm Lavxias tus thawj tswj hwm tsev, Russia muaj ntau tus phab ej. Qhov no yog Gavrila Ovdokimov, uas ua lub hau ntawm lub thaj neeb rau tus tuag Tsarevich Dmitry, Moscow masters Ivan Popov, Tretiak Pestrikov thiab Afanasy Stepanov.

Cov cheeb tsam Central tau dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua khoom siv tes ua, ua rau pej xeem crafts - Gzhel, artistic forging thiab painting, thiab lwm yam., NizhnyNovgorod, Krasnoye Selo, Veliky Ustyug thiab lwm yam.